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A Christ figure, also known as a Christ-Image, is a literary technique that the author uses to draw allusions between their characters and the biblical Jesus. More loosely, the Christ figure is a spiritual or prophetic character who parallels Jesus, or other spiritual or prophetic figures.

In general, a character should display more than one correspondence with the story of Jesus Christ as depicted in the Bible. For instance, the character might display one or more of the following traits: performance of miracles, manifestation of divine qualities, healing others, displaying kindness and forgiveness, fighting for justice, being guided by the spirit of the father character, and the character's own death and resurrection. Christ figures are often martyrs, sacrificing themselves for larger causes.

In postmodern literature, the resurrection theme is often abandoned, leaving us with the image of a martyr sacrificing himself for a greater good. It is common to see Christ figures displayed in a manner suggestive of crucifixion as well.

Literature

[edit]
  • Jim Conklin in The Red Badge of Courage. R. W. Stallman has first put forward the hypothesis; however, it has led to a long-lasting and controversial debate among Crane scholars.[1]
  • Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities[2]
  • Alyosha Karamazov in The Brothers Karamazov[3][4]
  • Uncle Tom and Eva St. Clare in Uncle Tom's Cabin[5]
  • Jim Casy in The Grapes of Wrath[6] can be seen as taking on the role of both Jesus and Moses starting in the beginning of the novel where, after taking a break from being a preacher, returns to offer a new and important view of the lives the Okies live. Before his break it is important to note that the preacher is referred to as a burning bush. He then embarks on a journey with the 12 members of the Joad family which can also be seen as the apostles. Then when the Joads and the preacher arrive at a hooverville they come into an argument with a police officer and Tom lands a punch in. Then Jim Casy takes the blame for Tom and winds up in jail. Later, Jim Casy appears when the Joads are working at a peach farm. We learn that Jim Casy is trying to create a workers union, and he tries to convince Tom to get others to join, but Tom denies him 3 times like Peter did. Soon after, Jim Casy is killed and his last words are, "You don' know what you're a-doin'." which is similar to Jesus's last words "Forgive them, Father, they know not what they do." Then the man who has killed Jim Casy stands over his body and says, "Jesus, George. I think you killed him." which is similar to when the Roman guards realize that Jesus is Jesus. Then Tom returns to the rest of the Joads and reports the horrific scene to Ma which can attributed to Peter and Mary coming together after Peter betrays Jesus 3 times. Lastly, one can see the resemblance of Jim Casy as Jesus Christ by his initials—J.C.
  • Santiago of The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway.[7][8][9][10]
  • Aslan in The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis. Aslan the lion sacrifices himself to save Edmund but rises again from the dead to defeat the White Witch.[11]
  • Simon in William Golding's Lord of the Flies. When Simon reaches up and grabs fruit from the top of a tree for the little boys in the group, it parallels the story of Jesus feeding the people on the mountain with fish and bread.[12] Simon looks like Jesus, with long black hair. He also is spiritually sensitive. He likes to go off on his own (as Jesus did, going into the desert); he "wrestles with the devil" in the form of his conversation with the Lord of the Flies (the pig's head on a stick); he goes to the mountaintop to find out the revelation that the "beast" is only a dead pilot, and he is martyred for trying to bring the truth to the other boys. Finally, as Simon's dead body is taken by the sea, glowing creatures seem to form a halo around his head.[13]
  • Paul Atreides of Dune is seen as a messianic figure by many characters in the novel and its sequels as he fulfills many of their prophecies and gains precognizant abilities, though they are evidently a part of selective breeding. After reluctantly taking advantage of the prophecy to rise to power, Paul, in a subversion of the "chosen one" character trope, comes to reject his throne and the prophecy, ashamed of the effects of the cult around him. After abdicating, he spends his final days trying to destroy the religion built upon him until he is assassinated for doing so.[14]
  • Finny in A Separate Peace[15][16]
  • Billy Budd in Billy Budd by Herman Melville[17][18]
  • Queequeg in Moby Dick by Herman Melville[19]
  • John Coffey in The Green Mile.[20]
  • Harry Potter in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series displays Savior qualities every time he defends the wizard (and Muggle) world from the devilish Lord Voldemort. On multiple occasions, Harry willingly presents himself as a sacrifice and, by doing so, is able to destroy the evil wizard. As an innocent baby, Harry becomes the only being to withstand the killing curse and temporarily defeats Voldemort. Later, after defeating Voldemort for the second time, Harry ultimately dies, as Christ did on the cross. In the end, however, as Christ is resurrected, so is Harry Potter, who returns to ultimately destroy Voldemort.[21][22][23]
  • Meursault in The Stranger.[24]
  • Randle Patrick McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.[25]
  • Aragorn, a Ranger of the North and King of Gondor in The Lord of the Rings and Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings (film series). Aragorn represents the "kingship" nature of Christ. Like Christ, Aragorn too is the descendant of a long line of royalty who has been "exiled," or removed from his crown position. At the end of the series, Aragorn returns to Gondor and is named its official king. Along with Gandalf (sage/prophet) and Frodo Baggins (saviour/priest), Aragorn completes the triune representation of Christ in the series as its king.[26]
  • Gandalf the wizard in the novel The Lord of the Rings and Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings (film series). In saving his companions from the Balrog, he falls into an abyss with it, battles with it, dies, and is restored to life by divine intervention. After his return, his robe is no longer gray but brilliant white. The film emphasizes and brings out the symbolic aspects that Tolkien felt compelled to cut back in the book,[27] and adds to the aspects of the sage/prophet and the resurrection aspect also the aspect of the exorcist by making explicit the nature of his healing of Théoden.
  • Frodo Baggins, a hobbit, also in The Lord of the Rings. His Christ imagery was more emphasized in the film series. Frodo carried a burden of evil on behalf of the whole world, which is the One Ring, like Christ who carried his cross for the sins of mankind.[28] Frodo walks his "Via Dolorosa" to Mount Doom just like Jesus who made his way to Golgotha.[29] As Frodo approaches the Cracks of Doom the Ring becomes a crushing weight as the cross was for Jesus. Samwise Gamgee, Frodo's friend, parallels Simon of Cyrene, who carries Frodo up to Mount Doom, much as Simon aids Jesus by picking up his cross to Golgotha.[30] When Frodo accomplishes his mission, like Christ, he says "it is done".[31] As Christ ascends to heaven, Frodo's life in Middle-earth comes to an end when he departs to the Undying Lands.[32] Nevertheless, Tolkien makes sure not to present anything like a one-on-one parallel to Christ: Frodo is unmistakably presented as suffering from the effects of the Fall (in the sense of Catholic theology, in which it is not incompatible with being a genuinely friendly, not unheroic person of certain good-will), which does lead to a major false choice that has to be outdone by Providence; and he travels to the Undying Lands - an earthly Paradise, not Heaven - in order to find bodily healing and a possibly long, but finite life in peace.

Stage, television and film

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Michael Rennie as Klaatu in The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951)
  • Babette in Babette's Feast. She gives entirely of her lottery winnings for the sake of a poor puritanical community.[33]
  • James Cole in Twelve Monkeys.[34]
  • In Hair, the character Claude becomes a classic Christ figure at various points in the script. In Act I, Claude enters, saying, "I am the Son of God. I shall vanish and be forgotten," then gives benediction to the tribe and the audience. Claude suffers from indecision, and, in his Gethsemane at the end of Act I, he asks "Where Do I Go?". There are various textual allusions to Claude being on a cross, and, in the end, he is chosen to give his life for the others.[35]
  • Klaatu in The Day the Earth Stood Still comes down from the "heavens" in a flying saucer, takes the name "Carpenter" to walk incognito among the people, and is persecuted and killed. However, he resurrects back to life, gives a stern benediction to the people of Earth, and then ascends back to the heavens.[36][37]
  • Neo in The Matrix Trilogy. Although the film series makes many visual and textual references to various religions,[38] many Christ figure parallels exist. He is repeatedly called "the One" in a messianic sense; Neo saves various people (and all humanity at the trilogy's conclusion); he suffers and dies; he rises from the dead; and, in the ending of the first movie, ascends into the sky.[39] "Neo" is also an anagram of "one".
  • Superman in film. Both Superman and Jesus have been sent to Earth by their fathers (Jor-El and God, respectively). Recent film franchises, namely the 1978–2006 series and the DC Extended Universe, chronicle the beginning of Superman's story, with the first film including the famous quote: "They can be a great people, Kal-El, they wish to be. They only lack the light to show the way. For this reason, above all, their capacity for good, I have sent them you: my only son."
    • In Superman: The Movie, Kal-El is sent to retire for 12 years to be educated "in spirit" by his father to be earth's savior. At the movie's ending, he made Lois Lane "Rise from death".
    • In Superman Returns, Superman tells Lois "You wrote that the world doesn't need a savior," (referring to her article, "Why the World Doesn't Need Superman") "but every day, I hear people crying for one." Later in the movie, Superman is stabbed in the side as Jesus was believed to have been during the Crucifixion; after casting the Crystal Continent into space, the fatigued Superman falls to Earth in a pose almost identical to that of a man being crucified. Superman wakes from a coma in what seems the third day (by biblical timekeeping), mirroring Jesus' awakening on the third day after crucifixion.[40][41]
    • The DCEU films Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice also display overt allusions between its iteration of Superman and Christ, including the cross pose, Clark saving several classmates from drowning at age 12, and Jor-El saying that Kal would become a "god" to Earth's inhabitants.[42] Superman becomes a divisive figure in Batman v Superman as Jesus did prior to his crucifixion,[43] and even dies saving the world from Doomsday in the film's climax before being brought back to life in Justice League and its director's cut.[44]
  • In Spider-Man 2 After Peter Parker stops a runaway train from going off track and faints from exhaustion, the passengers carry him through the train with his arms extended similar to that of Jesus during the Crucifixion
  • The T-800 in Terminator 2: Judgment Day is sent to save humanity, and tries to do so by sacrificing itself.[36][better source needed]
  • Spock in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan exposes himself to a lethal amount of radiation in order to save the crew of the Enterprise, and is later "resurrected".[45][46]
  • Ellen Ripley in the Alien film series has been seen as a Christ figure. Both in the way that she serves as a personal savior to Newt in Aliens and in the matter that sacrifices her own life in Alien 3 (spreading her arms as she falls into a giant furnace) so the Alien cannot exist anymore.[47] Others have noted that she dies in an act of self-sacrifice, yet similarly to Jesus, she returns in "another form" in the aptly titled Alien Resurrection.[48]
  • Jeremy Reed in Powder.[49]
  • Lucas Jackson in Cool Hand Luke.[50]
  • E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.[51]
  • The Doctor in Doctor Who, "dying" in martyrdom and regenerating in a crucifix-esque position from time to time to save many worlds.[52]
  • Alex J. Murphy in the RoboCop films and other media. A policeman dead as a martyr in the line of duty resurrected to be a righteous champion and protector following faithfully his 3 "commandments": "Serve the public trust, protect the innocent, uphold the law".[53]
  • King Leonidas I in the historical-fantasy film 300 (2006), adapted from the graphic novel 300 by Frank Miller. At the movie's ending, Leonidas, along with the rest of his 300 Spartans, stay behind to defend a narrow pass against their vastly more numerable Persian foe. Despite suffering a gruesome death to arrow fire, Leonidas' death gives the rest of Sparta time to mobilize an army to defeat the Persian Empire. The final shots of the film show Leonidas' body laying in a crucifix-like pose, pierced in the side and hands by arrows.[54]
  • Walt Kowalski in Gran Torino. At the climax of the film, Kowalski lets himself get killed so that the Hmong-gang gets captured by the police. His dying posture even imitates the crucified Christ.

Comics and animation

[edit]
  • In comic books as in all other media, Superman saves the people from dangers they cannot overcome on their own. The House of El (Jor-El, Kal-El, etc.) echoes the Hebrew expression for God, El. Jor-El sent his son, Kal-El to Earth to not just to save him from Krypton's impending doom but to become a God on Earth, to protect and save humanity from others and themselves. Jor-El also refers to Kal as "my son" or "the son"; he even once said, "They only need the light to show them the way. For this reason, and this reason only, I have sent you, my only son."[55] We often see Superman in situations where he believes that he has to better humanity because he feels that he is the only one that can save humanity. Superman and society around him, sees him as someone to clean up the mess that humanity has made. They see him as a God because he is not one of them, they think that he is better than them. He even had to resurrect once to keep watching over Earth.[56] For all intents and purposes, Superman is looked at as the modern-day, comic book Jesus Christ sent to save Earth before we destroy ourselves in chaos.
  • Nausicaä, the protagonist of Hayao Miyazaki's manga Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and its film adaptation, is the humane and peace-loving Warrior Princess of the Valley of the Wind, a small post-apocalyptic society in a world dominated by large, powerful insects who reside in the "Sea of Corruption". Fueled by her love for others and for life itself, Nausicaä attempts to restore the balance of life among other human tribes and the insects, often making numerous sacrifices to do so. Although her character was intended to be viewed in the context of animistic philosophies by Miyazaki, she is often interpreted, especially in regards to Disney's English dub, as a Christ figure.[57][58]
  • Kamui Shiro in the manga series X.[59][60] The story takes place at the end of days. Kamui Shirō returns home to Tokyo after a six-year absence to face his destiny as the one who will determine humanity's fate. The construction of Kamui as a messiah is reinforced by his miraculous birth and given name. "Kamui" (a spiritual or divine being in Ainu mythology), like "Christ", doubles as a title that alludes to the character's divine nature.[61][62]
  • Kikyo, in Inuyasha, is able to perform miracles. Resurrected, she eventually gives up on her love for the main character and dies for the cause which allows the other characters to eliminate the antagonist. See Inuyasha: The Final Act "Among the Twinkling Stars"[63]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Jim Conklin ("The Tall Soldier") in The Red Badge of Courage". Shmoop.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  2. ^ Charles Dickens. "A Tale of Two Cities: Analysis of Major Characters". SparkNotes.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  3. ^ "Alyosha in Brothers Karamazov". Harrison Middleton University. Retrieved 2022-11-13.[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^ Berg, Lindsay Sargent (January 29, 2010). The Tarnished Halo: Dostoevsky's Christ Figures and the Problem of Moral Authority. Riga, Latvia: OmniScriptum. pp. iii–iv. ISBN 978-3639229516.
  5. ^ Ammons, Elizabeth. “Heroines in Uncle Tom's Cabin.” American Literature 49.2 (1977): 161-79.
  6. ^ John Steinbeck. "The Grapes of Wrath: Analysis of Major Characters". SparkNotes.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  7. ^ The Old Man and the Sea Essay | Essay. Retrieved 2016-02-12 – via Bookrags.com.
  8. ^ How to Read Literature Like a Professor. Thomas C. Foster p. 121
  9. ^ The Old Man and the Sea By Gerry Brenner p. 37
  10. ^ Understanding The Old Man and the Sea, Patricia Dunlavy Valent,i p. 13
  11. ^ Brady, Erik (2005-12-06). "Is that lion the King of Kings?". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  12. ^ "Luke 9:16 Taking the five loaves and the two fish and looking up to heaven, he gave thanks and broke them. Then he gave them to the disciples to distribute to the people". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  13. ^ Understanding Lord of the Flies: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents By Kirstin Olsen, p. 126
  14. ^ Kerr, James (2021-10-26). "How Dune's Messiah Prophecy Subverts Chosen One Narratives". ScreenRant. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
  15. ^ CliffsNotes on Knowle's A Separate Peace By Charles Higgins, Regina Higgins, Cary M. Roberts ISBN 0-7645-8578-9, ISBN 978-0-7645-8578-4 pp. 54, 65
  16. ^ A SeparatePeace: Four Decades of Critical Response by Lois Rauch Gibson pp. 14 - 15
  17. ^ Herman Melville By Brett Zimmerman p. 59 ISBN 0-7735-1786-3, ISBN 978-0-7735-1786-8
  18. ^ Allegory and the Modern Southern Novel By Jan Whitt p. 31 ISBN 0-86554-397-6, ISBN 978-0-86554-397-3
  19. ^ Herman Melville
  20. ^ "The Green Mile (1999)". Hollywoodjesus.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2000. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  21. ^ "Harry Potter, Christ Figure? Chart". Beliefnet.com. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  22. ^ Petre, Jonathan (2007-10-20). "J K Rowling: 'Christianity inspired Harry Potter'". Telegraph. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  23. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090112214424/http://www.mugglenet.com/editorials/editorials/edit-beauseigneura01.shtml. Archived from the original on January 12, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ^ John W. Martin (July 1976). "Saint Meursault, philosophe et martyr - Springer". Neophilologus. 60 (3): 367–375. doi:10.1007/BF01513766. S2CID 162342325.
  25. ^ "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest: Analysis of Major Characters". SparkNotes.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-19. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  26. ^ Yarbrough, Oliver. "Engaging the Passion: Perspectives on the Death of Jesus." Minnieapolis: Fortress Press, 2015. p. 216-218
  27. ^ Stucky, Mark (2006). "Middle Earth's Messianic Mythology Remixed: Gandalf's Death and Resurrection in Novel and Film" (PDF). Journal of Religion and Popular Culture. XIII (Summer). Retrieved 25 Nov 2006. [¶35] Although most viewers of the films would likely not notice all this symbolism, Gandalf's death and resurrection scenes are clearly messianic metaphors that add an additional spiritual dimension to the mythology of The Lord of the Rings.... [¶36] After publication, Tolkien thought his book's description of the return of Gandalf was a "defect." He explained that Gandalf "must return at that point, and such explanations of his survival as are explicitly set out must be given there—but the narrative is urgent, and must not be held up for elaborate discussions involving the whole 'mythological' setting...." The visual nature of film can often compress information into a scene equivalent to many scattered pages of text, and Jackson "encoded" more Christ figure imagery into his scenes than Tolkien's "severely cut" account. Since Jackson's films visually amplified Tolkien's Christological association in Gandalf's death and resurrection scenes, Jackson's cinematic presentations of Gandalf as a Christ figure may have communicated more fully the vision of what Tolkien had intended all along.
  28. ^ Bedell, Haley (2015). "Frodo Baggins: The Modern Parallel to Christ in Literature". Humanities Capstone Projects (Paper 24). Pacific University.
  29. ^ McAvan, Emily. The Postmodern Sacred: Popular Culture Spirituality in the Science Fiction, Fantasy and Urban Fantasy Genres. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc, 2012. Print.
  30. ^ Pearce, Joseph. “Christ.” J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. New York: Routledge, 2007. 97-98
  31. ^ "Humble Heroism: Frodo Baggins as Christian Hero in The Lord of the Rings | In Pursuit of Truth | A Journal of Christian Scholarship". Cslewis.org. 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  32. ^ Bedell, Haley, "Frodo Baggins: The Modern Parallel to Christ in Literature" (2015). Humanities Capstone Projects. Paper 24.
  33. ^ Curry, Thomas J. (October 2012). "Babette's Feast and the Goodness of God". Journal of Religion and Faith. 16 (2). University of Nebraska Omaha. Archived from the original on 2013-02-15. Retrieved 2016-01-06. Abstract: This article attempts to answer the preeminent question Babette's Feast invites viewers to consider: Why does Babette choose to expend everything she has to make her feast? Of the critical studies made of the film, few have considered analytically crucial the catastrophic backstory of Babette, the violence of which is implied and offscreen. Appreciation of the singularity of Babette's own personhood and the darker aspects of her experience, and not only how she might act as a figure of Christ, are key to understanding the motivating force behind her meal and its transformative effect: That through the feast Babette lays to rest the horrors of her past and takes refuge in God's goodness.
  34. ^ Kozlovic, Anton Karl. "The Structural Characteristics of the Cinematic Christ-figure". Journal of Religion and Popular Culture. Archived from the original on 2005-02-23. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
  35. ^ Miller, Scott. Let the Sun Shine In: The Genius of Hair (Heinemann, 2003) ISBN 0-325-00556-7, pp. 88-89
  36. ^ a b Anton Karl Kozlovic (2009), How to create a Hollywood Christ-figure: sacred storytelling as applied theology (PDF), retrieved May 29, 2019
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  38. ^ Brown, Kevin (November 2003). "The Deification of Neo, Again". KEVIN BROWN'S PAGE O'WRITINGS. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  39. ^ Stucky, Mark (October 2005). "He is the One: The Matrix Trilogy's Postmodern Movie Messiah". The Journal of Religion and Film. 9 (2). Retrieved 13 April 2017.
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  41. ^ "Superman Returns-Director Bryan Singer Interview - Beliefnet.com - Page 2". Beliefnet.com. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
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  44. ^ Ridgely, Charlie (2020-07-21). "Zack Snyder Says Superman Will Reach His "Pinnacle" in Justice League Snyder Cut". Movies. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
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  47. ^ Lansingh, Steve. "Christ figures are found in the strangest places". JoyOfMovies.com. Seattle Cat. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  48. ^ "Alien 3 …review and/or viewer comments : Christian Spotlight on the Movies". Christiananswers.net. 1992-05-22. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  49. ^ "Powder (1995)". Hollywoodjesus.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-15. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  50. ^ "Journal of Religion and Film: The Mssianic Figure in Film: Christology Beyond the Biblical Epic by Matthew McEver". Unomaha.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
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  52. ^ "Philip Purser-Hallard – The Spirituality of Doctor Who". Infinitarian.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  53. ^ "Robo Cop (1987)". Hollywoodjesus.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  54. ^ Breimeier, Russ (9 March 2007). "300: Movie Review". christianitytoday.com. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  55. ^ Short, Robert L. (1983). The gospel from outer space (1st ed.). San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN 0060673761. OCLC 9326058.
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  57. ^ Ogihara-Schuck, Eriko (December 23, 2010). "The Christianizing of Animism in Manga and Anime: American Translations of Hayao Miyazaki's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind". In Lewis, A. David; Hoff Kraemer, Christine (eds.). Graven Images: Religion in Comic Books and Graphic Novels. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 133–146. ISBN 9780826430267. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  58. ^ Ogihara-Schuck, Eriko (October 16, 2014). "The Christianizing of Animism in Manga and Anime: American Translations of Hayao Miyazaki's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind". Miyazaki's Animism Abroad: The Reception of Japanese Religious Themes by American and German Audiences. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Books. pp. 133–146. ISBN 978-0-7864-7262-8. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  59. ^ X Infinity: Illustrated Collection 2. (Kadokawa Shoten: ISBN 4-04-853895-0). 2005.
  60. ^ Williams, Kevin (March 24, 2000). "Anime loses its storytelling luster in X". Chicago Sun-Times.
  61. ^ Elliott, David (April 8, 2000). "X: an animated comic book with little between the covers". The San Diego Union-Tribune.
  62. ^ Yoshiaki Kawajiri (Director) (August 25, 2000). X: An Omen (DVD). Bandai Visual.
  63. ^ "Inuyasha the Final Act | Asia Animax". Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
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