Eyrewell Forest
Eyrewell Forest | |
|---|---|
 Destruction of pine trees at Eyrewell Forest on 1 August 1975 | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 43°25′S 172°19′E / 43.42°S 172.31°E | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Canterbury |
| Territorial authority | Waimakariri District |
| Ward | Oxford-Ohoka Ward |
| Community | Oxford-Ohoka Community |
| Electorates |
|
| Government | |
| • Territorial Authority | Waimakariri District Council |
| • Regional council | Environment Canterbury |
| • Mayor of Waimakariri | Dan Gordon |
| • Waimakariri MP | Matt Doocey |
| • Te Tai Tonga MP | Tākuta Ferris |
| Area | |
• Total | 272.11 km2 (105.06 sq mi) |
| Population (June 2024)[3] | |
• Total | 2,120 |
| • Density | 7.8/km2 (20/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+12 (NZST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+13 (NZDT) |
| Postcode | 7476 and 7495 |
| Area code | 03 |
| Local iwi | Ngāi Tahu |
Eyrewell Forest is a small rural area in the Waimakariri District, New Zealand.
Etymology
[edit]During the 1920s, kānuka was replaced with plantation forestry.[4] The name "Eyre" used for many geographic features in the wider area refers to Edward John Eyre who was Lieutenant-Governor of New Munster Province from 1848 to 1853. Eyrewell was named by an early settler, Marmaduke Dixon, when he found much-needed groundwater on his property.[5] With about half of the area in exotic pines, the "Forest" part of the name derived.
History
[edit]The Canterbury Plains were once covered in podocarp-broadleaf forest on good soil and kānuka (Kunzea) scrubland mixed with tōtara on stony soils. After the arrival of Polynesian settlers 750 years ago much of this was burned, with less than 0.5% of the original vegetation remaining today. Only some small remnants of kānuka forest survive, including 2.4 ha at Eyrewell Scientific Reserve.[6] Eyrewell Forest was Crown Land, administered by the New Zealand Forest Service; it was purchased from Ngāi Tahu in 1848 as part of the £2000 Kemp's Deed of 8 million ha.
Because of Canterbury's lack of native forest the government in the early 1900s planted exotic forests throughout North Canterbury, including at Eyrewell. The poor soil at Eyrewell was considered unsuitable for agriculture and used mainly for sheep farming.[7] Between 1928 and 1932, the 30 foot (9.1 m) tall mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) forest at Eyrewell was cleared and the 6764 ha Eyrewell Forest plantation of introduced Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) was established. Most of the area has been in plantation forestry ever since, with blocks of trees being felled in rotation approximately every 27 years.[6] The soil at Eyrewell Forest is very thin and stony, and on 1 August 1975 much of the Pinus radiata plantation was blown over by strong north-westerly winds.[8]
The area's 6700 ha pine plantation was the only place on earth where the critically endangered Eyrewell ground beetle had ever been found.[9] Some of the older blocks had an understory of kānuka up to 4 m high and most included native shrubs, herbs, and mosses, despite regular tree felling and replanting.[6] In 2000 the land was returned to Ngāi Tūāhuriri, a subtribe of Ngāi Tahu, as part of the 1998 Treaty of Waitangi settlement. Despite protests by the Department of Conservation, 1200 ha was converted into into three trial irrigated dairy farms, now known as Te Whenua Hou (The New Land) and managed by Ngāi Tahu Farming.[10] Six farms were later established as forestry licenses expired, then a seventh. In 2016 it was announced the Eyrewell Forest would be completely felled and converted into 8,500 ha of pivot-irrigated pasture to support 14,000 dairy cows in 13 farms and 7 dairy support farms, with almost all the forest to be cleared by 2017/2018.[11] Repeated searches following forest clearance failed to find any Eyrewell ground beetles, and they were considered extinct as a result.[4]
There has also been considerable concern over the large environmental impact of intensive dairy farming, considering the area's proximity to the Waimakariri River and its dry conditions.[12] In August 2022 Ngāi Tahu Farming partnered with the Ministry for Primary Industries to begin Te Whenua Hou Te Whenua Whitiora, a seven-year, $11.5 million trial of regenerative farming, running side-by-side with traditional dairy farming.[13] This was in response to learning the "very poor soils" under the recently-felled plantation were not able to support the intensive dairy farming that had been planned.[14] In Ngāi Tahu's 2025 High Court case over freshwater management, it was revealed that the regenerative farming project was producing nitrate contamination in groundwater of 2–4 mg/l, and possibly higher, exceeding the 1 mg/l recommended by freshwater ecologist Mike Joy.[15]
Demographics
[edit]The Eyrewell statistical area covers 272.11 km2 (105.06 sq mi).[2] It had an estimated population of 2,120 as of June 2024,[3] with a population density of 7.8 people per km2.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 918 | — |
| 2013 | 1,521 | +7.48% |
| 2018 | 1,806 | +3.49% |
| Source: [16] | ||
Eyrewell had a population of 1,806 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 285 people (18.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 888 people (96.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 627 households, comprising 900 males and 906 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female. The median age was 38.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 399 people (22.1%) aged under 15 years, 291 (16.1%) aged 15 to 29, 966 (53.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 150 (8.3%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 90.9% European/Pākehā, 9.1% Māori, 1.3% Pasifika, 4.8% Asian, and 3.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 22.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 59.0% had no religion, 30.6% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% were Hindu, 0.7% were Muslim, 0.3% were Buddhist and 2.3% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 261 (18.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 210 (14.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $43,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 333 people (23.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 858 (61.0%) people were employed full-time, 213 (15.1%) were part-time, and 33 (2.3%) were unemployed.[16]
Climate
[edit]The average temperature in summer is 16.2 °C, and in winter is 5.9 °C.[17]
| Month | Normal temperature |
|---|---|
| January | 16.8 °C |
| February | 16.3 °C |
| March | 14.6 °C |
| April | 11.6 °C |
| May | 8.3 °C |
| June | 5.8 °C |
| July | 5.3 °C |
| August | 6.5 °C |
| September | 8.9 °C |
| October | 11.2 °C |
| November | 13.3 °C |
| December | 15.5 °C |
| Climate data for Eyrewell Forest (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
22.5 (72.5) |
20.7 (69.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.2 (62.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) |
16.2 (61.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
8.7 (47.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
5.3 (41.5) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.0 (48.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.1 (55.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.6 (51.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
8.1 (46.6) |
5.3 (41.5) |
3.1 (37.6) |
0.4 (32.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
5.1 (41.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
9.2 (48.6) |
5.2 (41.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 56.8 (2.24) |
54.4 (2.14) |
71.9 (2.83) |
59.1 (2.33) |
69.5 (2.74) |
60.2 (2.37) |
76.9 (3.03) |
76.4 (3.01) |
56.7 (2.23) |
79.4 (3.13) |
51.0 (2.01) |
66.5 (2.62) |
778.8 (30.68) |
| Source: NIWA (rain 1971–2000)[18] | |||||||||||||
References
[edit]- ^ "Electorate Boundaries". Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- ^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
- ^ a b "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
- ^ a b Hancock, Farah (13 February 2019). "Hello cows, bye-bye rare beetle". Newsroom. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
- ^ Reed, A. W. (2010). Peter Dowling (ed.). Place Names of New Zealand. Rosedale, North Shore: Raupo. p. 119. ISBN 9780143204107.
- ^ a b c Ecroyd, Chris E.; Brockerhoff, Eckehard G. (2005). "Floristic changes over 30 years in a Canterbury Plains känuka forest remnant, and comparison with adjacent vegetation types". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 29 (2): 279–290.
- ^ Pawson, Steve M.; Ecroyd, Chris E.; Seaton, Richard; Shaw, William B.; Brockerhoff, Eckehard G. (2010). "New Zealand's exotic plantation forests as habitats for threatened indigenous species". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 34 (3): 342–355.
- ^ Wilson, John (6 July 2015). "The destruction of Eyrewell forest". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
- ^ Brockerhoff, Eckehard G.; Berndt, Lisa A.; Jactel, Hervé (2005). "Role of exotic pine forests in the conservation of the critically endangered New Zealand ground beetle Holcaspis brevicula (Coleoptera: Carabidae)". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 29 (1): 37–43.
- ^ "Ngai Tahu defends dairy farming plans". RNZ. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
- ^ Chalmers, Heather (30 October 2018). "Ngāi Tahu Farming replaces forestry with 14,000 cows at Eyrewell". Stuff. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
- ^ Chalmers, Heather (30 October 2018). "Ngāi Tahu Farming replaces forestry with 14,000 cows at Eyrewell". Stuff. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ Ngāi Tahu (13 June 2023). "'It could become the future of dairying'". Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
- ^ Cronshaw, Tim (25 July 2022). "Te Whenua Hou: Ngāi Tahu farm working towards a sustainable future in Canterbury". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
- ^ Williams, David (26 February 2025). "Tough nitrate limits put to iwi farm leader". Newsroom. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
- ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Eyrewell (313500). 2018 Census place summary: Eyrewell
- ^ "Weather statistics for EYREWELL FOREST, Canterbury (New Zealand)". yr.no. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
- ^ "CliFlo – National Climate Database : Eyrewell Forest". NIWA. Retrieved 19 May 2024.