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Tropical Storm Nate spreading heavy rain and strong winds over much of Central America, including Costa Rica.

Costa Rica (English: Rich Coast), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: República de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 5 million[1][2] in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles). Hurricanes are uncommon in the country, as only eighteen have been recorded in history.

Climatologically, the hurricanes that impact Costa Rica mostly formed in October and November. However, most of the hurricanes that hit the country were deadly and destructive, such as Hurricane Nate in 2017. Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN) is the national meteorological agency of Costa Rica.[3]

List of storms

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1887–2000

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Track of 1906 Florida Keys hurricane, which formed near Costa Rica
Hurricane Cesar was the deadliest hurricane to hit Costa Rica.
  • December 5–12, 1887 – Tropical Storm Nineteen made landfall in Costa Rica.[4]
  • October 8–10, 1906 – A hurricane formed near Costa Rica, causing damage to fruit plantations. Total damage was recorded at $1 million (1906 USD), though no deaths were reported.[5]
  • November 21–25, 1969 – Persistent rainfall from Hurricane Martha led to street flooding and inundated areas in Costa Rica, namely in Golfito.[6] The effects of Martha resulted in five deaths in the country. The nation incurred flooding from heavy rainfall, which caused significant destruction. The capital city of San José received flooding. In all, damages were estimated near $30 million (1969 USD).[7]
  • September 19, 1971 – Hurricane Irene caused $1 million in damage (1971 USD) to the banana crops in Costa Rica.[8]
  • November 18, 1973 – Tropical Depression Seventeen made landfall on northern Costa Rica and dissipated later that day. It may have briefly attained tropical storm intensity before making landfall.[9][10]
  • October 22, 1988 – Rainfall from Hurricane Joan caused 20 rivers in Costa Rica to burst their banks, flooding 75 settlements, including the city of Quepos on the Pacific coast. At Ciudad Neily, the Rio Corredores broke through a dike. In total, 7,500 Costa Ricans were rendered homeless.[11] Across the country, at least 28 people were killed and damages amounted to $65 million (1988 USD). Additionally, 75 people were listed as injured, and 18 people were listed as missing.[12]
  • August 10, 1993 – Tropical Storm Bret brought heavy rainfall and high seas to the east coast of Costa Rica,[13] as well as gusty winds.[14] One death occurred in the country, as well as US$7.7 million (1993 USD) in damage.[15]
  • September 15, 1993 – Hurricane Gert caused heavy damage in much of the nation. Although Gert's center remained off the coast of Costa Rica, its large circulation produced brisk winds and heavy rainfall across the country. A local weather station recorded 13.1 inches (332 mm) of rain during the storm.[16] The initial rainfall raised the levels of many rivers, exacerbating the flood threat. The imminent overflow of the Tempisque River prompted wide-scale evacuations, though the river crested gradually without major consequences. After hours of prolonged rainfall, many Pacific regions such as Quepos, Pérez Zeledón, and Osa experienced flooding and landslides, which inflicted moderate damage to roads and bridges.[17] The floods ruined about 500 acres (2.0 km2) of banana crop and damaged oil palm plantations. Small-scale farmers of reed, maize, beans, and rice were also affected. The storm disrupted local fishing and wrecked several small boats in Quepos.[18] High winds brought great destruction to about 65 percent of the vegetation in the Manuel Antonio National Park, vastly impacting the tourism-driven economy of Quepos.[19] Gert left moderate property damage in its wake; it destroyed 27 homes and otherwise damaged 659, mostly because of flooding. Overall costs totaled $3.1 million (1993 USD), of which $1.7 million (1993 USD) was due to the impaired infrastructure.[20] Roughly 1,000 people sought shelter during the storm. Owing to the timely preparations in the country, only one fatality was attributable to Gert when a landslide buried a home.[17][21]
  • July 28, 1996 – Hurricane Cesar hit Costa Rica, causing deadly and destructive landslides and widespread flash flooding. River flooding damaged 51 houses and washed away 213 more; 72 bridges were also destroyed. The road network was significantly damaged.[22] Costa Rica requested international aid subsequent to the storm. Across the country, at least 39 people were killed and damage amounted to $151 million (1996 USD). Additionally, 29 people were listed as missing.[23]
  • October 26–28, 1998 – Hurricane Mitch dropped heavy rains in Costa Rica, causing flash flooding and mudslides across the country, mostly in the northeastern part of the country.[24] The storm impacted 2,135 homes to some degree, of which 241 were destroyed,[25] leaving 4,000 homeless.[26] Throughout the country, the rainfall and mudslides affected 126 bridges and 800 miles (1,300 km) or roads, mostly on the Inter-American Highway which was affected by Hurricane Cesar, two years prior. Mitch affected 115 sq. miles (300 km2) of crop lands, causing damage to both export and domestic crops. In all, Hurricane Mitch caused $92 million in damage (1998 USD)[25] and seven deaths.[24]

2000–2009

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Hurricane Beta intensifying northeast of Costa Rica on October 29
  • October 25–31, 2005 – Hurricane Beta caused minimal damage and no deaths in Costa Rica. Although Panama and Costa Rica were not in the direct path of Hurricane Beta,[27] storm warnings were issued for the two countries on October 27 as heavy rains, up to 20 in (508 mm), from the outer bands of Beta were possible.[28]
  • May 29–31, 2008 – Tropical Storm Alma, a strong Pacific tropical storm, brought heavy rain to parts of Costa Rica. The National Emergency Commission of Costa Rica activated emergency shelters prior to the arrival of the storm; 250 people in Parrita evacuated from their homes.[29] As the storm hit, the precipitation caused river flooding, threatening 17 communities. It also caused widespread mudslides, which closed at least eight roads. The storm downed trees and power lines, leaving about 42,000 people without electricity in the country.[29] Two deaths were reported in the country, and damage in Costa Rica was estimated at $35 million (2008 USD).[30][nb 1]
  • November 4–5, 2009 – Hurricane Ida caused mudslides and flash flooding in Costa Rica. Upon the formation of Ida, officials in Costa Rica placed most northern regions under a yellow alert. Personnel from the Costa Rican Red Cross were also placed on standby.[31] The outer bands of Ida brought torrential rainfall, triggering isolated landslides. One of these landslides damaged three homes, leading to officials evacuating five families. Homes near Los Diques de Cartago were flooded and the sewage system was damaged, resulting in overflow.[32]

2010–2019

[edit]
Infrared satellite loop of Hurricane Otto making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane near the Nicaragua-Costa Rican border on November 24
  • October 12, 2011 – Tropical Depression Twelve-E caused landslides and flooding damaged property and roads.[33]
  • October 19, 2015 – Flooding from the precursor disturbance of Hurricane Patricia in Central America[34] damaged 10 homes in Jacó.[35]
  • November 24, 2016 – Hurricane Otto was the first hurricane to pass directly over Costa Rica since records began in 1851.[36] In Costa Rica, some areas near the border with Nicaragua observed over a month's worth of rainfall;[37] three-day accumulations exceeded 8 in (200 mm) in many areas. The highest recorded total was 12.11 in (308 mm) at the Miravalles Volcano.[38] The National Meteorological Institute of Costa Rica reported that Otto killed at least ten people in the country, mostly from flash flooding and landslides,[38] including six in Upala, three in Bagaces, and one in Guayabo.[39] Costa Rican president Luis Guillermo Solis described the situation as "chaotic and unprecedented", with the worst effects in Upala canton.[40] Authorities calculated at least $192.2 million (2016 USD)[nb 2] in damages across the country, including $68.9 million (2016 USD)[nb 3] in Upala canton, and another $34.4 million (2016 USD)[nb 4] in Bagaces.[41] The hurricane damaged 14 water systems.[42] The president declared three days of national mourning in the wake of the hurricane.[39][40] Officials opened 38 shelters that housed 3,370 people, mostly in Upala.[42]
Infrared satellite imagery showing Nate bringing heavy rain en masse to Nicaragua and Costa Rica
  • October 4–6, 2017 – Hurricane Nate was one of the worst hurricanes to ever hit Costa Rica. At the risk of flooding rains, Costa Rica's Central Valley, Pacific coast, and Huetar Norte region were placed under red alert for at least 3 days, starting on October 4, while a yellow alert was issued for the Caribbean coast.[43] The greatest quantities, reaching 19.19 inches (487 mm), fell in Maritima;[44] many other central Pacific locales, such as Quepos, recorded over 4.7 inches (120 mm) that day. In contrast, the capital of San José received no more than 1.4 inches (36 mm).[45] In the canton of Oreamuno, Cartago Province, a bridge and part of a riverside house succumbed to the forces of a river, swollen from the initial rains on October 3.[46] By October 5, the situation culminated: muddy waters surged through streets, neighborhoods, and even homes—some submerged to their roofs—as an increasing number of rivers burst their banks.[47][48] About 800 residents living in risk zones had to be rescued,[48] including 200 in Palmar Norte when the overflowing Térraba River swept away houses and belongings.[49] The storm cut off drinking water to nearly 500,000 people, and left 18,500 without power.[47] Torrents, landslides, and fallen trees—particularly in the provinces of Cartago, Puntarenas, Guanacaste, Alajuela, and San José—claimed the lives of 14 people,[50] and forced 11,300 into 170 shelters across Costa Rica.[51][52] The flooding was the worst to hit the country in recent years, leading to the "biggest crisis in Costa Rican history" according to President Luis Guillermo Solís.[53] In response, Solís declared a state of emergency for the entire country on October 6, as well as a national day of mourning.[47][54] The country's infrastructure, especially the road networks in southern regions, sustained tremendous damage from expansive flooding, landslides and subsidence; 117 roads throughout all provinces but Limón were affected in some way or form, 40 of which were rendered impassable.[55][56] Spanning 413 mi (665 km) through Costa Rica, the Inter-American Highway suffered various degrees of damage at 112 different sites, ranging from superficial cracks and potholes, to total structural failures.[55] At least 42 bridges collapsed, many waterways and drainage systems were overwhelmed, and a number of routes were practically "wiped out", isolating villages and leading to widespread disruptions in the transport sector.[47][56] Many petrospheres at the World Heritage archaeological site of Palmar Sur were covered with up to 12 inches (30 cm) of mud.[57] The infrastructural costs across the country exceeded $17.5 million (2017 USD)[nb 5], with repairs expected to take years.[58] With over 306,000 acres (124,000 hectares) of arable land damaged, the agricultural sector reported significant losses. Among the hardest hit crops were sugarcane, vegetables, grains, melons and papayas, especially in the Guanacaste, Puntarenas and Central Valley regions.[59] In Guanacaste, the storm converted pastures and sugarcane fields into ponds and washed out 3,200 acres (1,300 hectares) of rice.[60] Total damages caused by the hurricane in Costa Rica are estimated at $562 million (2017 USD)[44][nb 6] making it the costliest natural disaster in Costa Rican history.[61]

2020–present

[edit]
Tropical Storm Bonnie on July 1, 2022
  • August 20–22, 2020 – Tropical Depression Fourteen, which would later become Hurricane Marco, caused heavy rainfall in Costa Rica. According to the Instituto Meteorológico Nacional of Costa Rica, heavy rainfall from Marco affected parts of the country for three days. In Santa Cruz, Guanacaste Province, accumulations reached 17.0 in (431 mm); this was more than twice the average August rainfall of 9.1 in (231 mm). Areas in and around Santa Cruz reported flooding.[62]
  • November 3–5, 2020 – The outer bands of Hurricane Eta brought significant rainfall to Costa Rica. A mudslide killed 2 people as flooding was reported in parts of the country.[63][64]
  • June 30–July 1, 2022 – Tropical Storm Bonnie makes landfall in Costa Rica, just south of the Nicaragua-Costa Rica border.

Climatology

[edit]
Storms Affecting Costa Rica by month
Month Number of Storms
May
1
July
1
August
2
September
2
October
7
November
5
December
1
Overall
18
Storms affecting Costa Rica by period
Period Number of storms
1800s
1
1900s
9
2000s
3
2010s
4
2020s
2
Overall
19

Deadly storms

[edit]

The following are a list of Atlantic hurricanes that caused fatalities in Costa Rica.

Name Year Number of Deaths
Cesar 1996 39 (29 missing)
Joan 1988 28
Nate 2017 14
Otto 2016 10
Mitch 1998 7
Martha 1969 5
Alma 2008 2
Eta 2020 2
Gert 1993 1

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Caused ₡20 billion in Costa Rican colónes.
  2. ^ ₡106 billion in Costa Rican colónes.
  3. ^ ₡38 billion in Costa Rican colónes.
  4. ^ ₡19 billion in Costa Rican colónes.
  5. ^ Exceeding ₡10 billion in Costa Rican colónes.
  6. ^ ₡322.1 billion in Costa Rican colónes.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  2. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  3. ^ World Meteorological Service list of members Archived 2013-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Torres, Rico (November 21, 2016). "How Rare Is A Hurricane Llandfall In Nicaragua?". Today Nicaragua. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  5. ^ Fernández-Partagás, José; Diaz, Henry F. (1997). A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources (PDF). Boulder, Colorado: Climate Diagnostics Center, NOAA. pp. 41–48. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  6. ^ I. V. Chapman Jr. (May 28, 1970). 1969 (JPG) (Report). United Fruit Company. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  7. ^ Robert H. Simpson and Arnold L. Sugg (April 1970). The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969 (PDF) (Report). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. pp. 297 and 305. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  8. ^ Staff Writer (1971-09-23). "Banana Crop is Hit by Hurricane Irene". The Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune.
  9. ^ Hurricane Specialists Unit (2009). "Easy to Read HURDAT 1851–2008". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
  10. ^ Paul J. Herbert; Neil L. Frank (January 28, 1974). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1973" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
  11. ^ Harold P. Gerrish. "NHC Joan report p. 3". Retrieved April 10, 2006.
  12. ^ McLean (December 19, 1988). "Natural disasters took record tolls this year". USAToday. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
  13. ^ Lixion Avila (August 9, 1993). "Tropical Storm Bret Discussion Twenty-Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  14. ^ "Preliminary Data from Bret" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. August 12, 1993. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  15. ^ "GEO Centroamérica Perpectivas del medio ambiente 2004" (PDF) (in Spanish). Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente. 2004. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  16. ^ Fallas, Jorge; Valverde, Carmen (2007). Aplicación de ENOS como indicador de cambios en la precipitación máxima diaria en la cuenca del río Pejibaye y su impacto en inundaciones (PDF). III Congreso Iberoamericano Sobre Desarrollo Y Ambiente 5–9 de noviembre 2007 (in Spanish). Heredia, Costa Rica: Universidad Nacional. p. [20]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
  17. ^ a b "Parte A: Informe de operaciónes: Tormenta Gert" (PDF). Plan regulador para la reconstrucción de las zonas afectadas por la Tormenta Tropical Gert (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Comisión Nacional de Emergencias. September 1993. section 3, part A, pp. 2, 3, 7, [9], [15]. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  18. ^ "Tormenta Tropical Gert: Resumen Ejecutivo" (PDF). Plan regulador para la reconstrucción de las zonas afectadas por la Tormenta Tropical Gert (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Comisión Nacional de Emergencias. September 1993. section 2, p. [5]. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
  19. ^ "Plan regulador: Tormenta tropical Gert" (PDF). Plan regulador para la reconstrucción de las zonas afectadas por la Tormenta Tropical Gert (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Comisión Nacional de Emergencias. September 1993. section 1, pp. 2–5. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  20. ^ "Informe final de operaciónes: Tormenta Gert" (PDF). Plan regulador para la reconstrucción de las zonas afectadas por la Tormenta Tropical Gert (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Comisión Nacional de Emergencias. September 1993. section 4, pp. 4, 13. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  21. ^ "Storm hits two nations". Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 1993-09-17. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  22. ^ "Hurricane Cesar Kills 28 in Central America". Reuters Foundation. July 29, 1996. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
  23. ^ "Effects of the Damage Caused by Hurricane Cesar on the Development of Costa Rica in 1996" (Report). United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Ceribbean. October 23, 1996. Retrieved October 10, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ^ a b National Climatic Data Center (2004). "Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2006-04-25.
  25. ^ a b Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- Costa Rica". Archived from the original on December 19, 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-28.
  26. ^ ERRI Watch Center. "Real-Time Reports Concerning the Devastation Caused by Hurricane Mitch". Archived from the original on April 22, 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-28.
  27. ^ Richard J. Pasch; David P. Roberts (March 28, 2006). "Tropical Cyclone Report, Hurricane Beta, 26–31 October 2005" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
  28. ^ Ivan Castro (October 27, 2005). "Tropical Storm Beta bears down on Central America". redOrbit.com. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
  29. ^ a b El País (2008-05-30). "Alma deja un muerto y cientos de evacuados a su paso por Centroamérica" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
  30. ^ Werner Stolz; Gabriela Chinchilla. "Tormenta Tropical Alma y sus efectos en Costa Rica (27-30 de mayo de 2008)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Meteorólogico Nacional. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  31. ^ Notimex (November 5, 2009). "Moviliza Costa Rica personal de emergencias por huracán Ida" (in Spanish). Publimetro. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  32. ^ Vanessa Loaiza N. (November 5, 2009). "Huracán Ida obliga a evacuar familias en Guararí" (in Spanish). Natión. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  33. ^ EFE (2011-10-13). "Cerca de 30 muertos por lluvias que comienzan a amainar en Centroamérica" (in Spanish). Univision Communications Inc. Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
  34. ^ Todd B. Kimberlain; Eric S. Blake; John P. Cangialosi (February 1, 2016). Hurricane Patricia (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  35. ^ Hufo Solano (October 19, 2015). "Barriadas de Jacó sufrieron grandes pérdidas por inundaciones" (in Spanish). La Nación. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  36. ^ Kendall, Matt (December 19, 2016). "Costa Rica Granted US$20,000 from Scotiabank to Support Hurricane Relief Efforts". Nearshore Americas. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  37. ^ George Rodriguez (November 25, 2016). "Storm Otto kills nine in Costa Rica, moves out to Pacific". San José, Costa Rica. Reuters. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
  38. ^ a b Daniel P. Brown (February 1, 2017). Hurricane Otto (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  39. ^ a b "Costa Rica declares national mourning as storm Otto kills nine". TRT World. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  40. ^ a b "Hurricane "Otto" in Costa Rica claimed the lives of ten people". Latest World News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  41. ^ Rodriguez, Angeles. "Costa Rica has hurricane Otto reconstruction price tag". BN Americas. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  42. ^ a b Flash Email 5 Central America Tropical Storm Otto 29 November 2016. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (Report). ReliefWeb. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  43. ^ Jiménez, Eillyn (October 4, 2017). "CNE declara alerta roja en el Pacífico, Valle Central y zona norte por influencia de depresión tropical". La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  44. ^ a b John L. Beven II and Robbie Berg (April 5, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Nate (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  45. ^ Díaz, Juan D. N. "Informe Meteorológico N°17: Condiciones del tiempo mejoran conforme se aleja Nate" (Bulletin) (in Spanish). Instituto Meteorológico Nacional de Costa Rica. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  46. ^ Calderón, Kenya; Salano, Hugo (October 3, 2017). "Río Toyogres falsea puente en Oreamuno de Cartago y se lleva parte de una casa". La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  47. ^ a b c d "La tormenta tropical Nate deja al menos 23 muertos y 27 desaparecidos en Centroamérica" (in Spanish). RTVE. EFE. October 6, 2017. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  48. ^ a b Cambronero, Natasha; Jiménez B., Eillyn; Cerdas E., Daniela; Arguedas C., Carlos; Oviedo, Esteban; Loaiza N., Vanessa (October 6, 2017). "Tormenta Nate deja 11 fallecidos, 2 desaparecidos y severos daños". La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  49. ^ "Costa Rica intenta de salir de la devastación que dejó la tormenta Nate". La Prensa (in Spanish). Agence France-Presse. October 9, 2017. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  50. ^ European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (November 8, 2017). La Unión Europea destina 68 millones de colones en ayuda humanitaria para los afectados por la tormenta Nate en Costa Rica (Report) (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  51. ^ "Se eleva a 11 la cifra de muertos por Nate en Costa Rica". El Diario (in Spanish). EFE. October 7, 2017. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  52. ^ "Son 10 los muertos en Costa Rica por Nate". Bohemia (in Spanish). La Prensa. October 6, 2017. Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  53. ^ Henson, Bob (October 7, 2017). "Ophelia Forms in Central Atlantic; Nate Leaves Dozens Dead in Central America". Weather Underground. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  54. ^ Portuguez Morales, Alejandra (October 6, 2017). "Presidente declara duelo nacional por las víctimas mortales que dejó Nate". La Teja (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  55. ^ a b Arguedas C., Carlos (October 9, 2017). "Tormenta deja daños en 112 sitios de carretera Interamericana". La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  56. ^ a b Bosque G., Diego (October 7, 2017). "MOPT: 'Daños de tormenta Nate en vías son de proporciones titánicas'". La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  57. ^ Artavia, Silvia (October 10, 2017). "Nate también dejó huella en las esferas de piedra de Osa". La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  58. ^ Luis Manuel Madrigal (October 9, 2017). "Nate dejó graves daños en infraestructura vial que podrían tardar años en repararse" (in Spanish). El Mundo. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  59. ^ Más de 124 mil hectáreas en cultivos fueron afectados por la tormenta Nate (Press release) (in Spanish). Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica. October 9, 2017. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  60. ^ Cruz, Maria Fernanda; Esquivel, Noelia (October 6, 2017). "Nate deja dos fallecidos, unas mil hectáreas de arroz inundadas y más de 70.000 personas sin agua". La Voz de Guanacaste (in Spanish).
  61. ^ "309 mil millones de colones para la reconstrucción convierten a Nate en el mayor desastre de origen natural de la historia en Costa Rica" (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional de Emergencias. January 12, 2018. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  62. ^ Hugo Solano (August 24, 2020). "Afectación por tormenta Marco dejó en tres días en Santa Cruz más del doble de la lluvia que cae en todo el mes". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  63. ^ Gustavo Palencia and Sofia Menchu (November 5, 2020). "Eta wreaks 'shocking' Central America devastation, dozens dead". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  64. ^ Josué Alvarado (November 3, 2020). "Eta en Costa Rica: 26 albergados, 12 rutas afectadas y 10 ríos crecidos". CRHoy.com (in Spanish). Retrieved November 3, 2020.
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