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List of retired Pacific typhoon names

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This is a list of all Pacific typhoons that have had their names retired from the international list of tropical cyclone names used in the Western Pacific Ocean. Since tropical cyclones started to be named in the basin after World War II a total of 77 typhoon names have been retired. Those typhoons that have their names retired tend to be exceptionally destructive storms. Several names were removed or altered naming list for various reasons other than retirement. Collectively, the typhoons with retired names have caused over $108 billion in damage (2024 USD), as well as over 12,000 deaths.

Background

[edit]
Main articles: Tropical cyclone naming, History of tropical cyclone naming, and List of historic tropical cyclone names

The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back several centuries, with systems named after places, saints or things they hit before the formal start of naming in the Western Pacific.[1] These included the Kamikaze, 1906 Hong Kong typhoon, 1922 Shantou typhoon and the 1934 Muroto typhoon.[2]

The practice of retiring significant names was started during 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in the Northern Atlantic basin, after hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel struck the East Coast of the United States and caused a significant amount of damage in the previous year.[3] Initially the names were only designed to be retired for ten years after which they might be reintroduced; however, it was decided at the 1969 Interdepartmental hurricane conference, that any significant hurricane in the future would have its name permanently retired.[3][4] The first tropical cyclone names to be retired in the Western Pacific were Lucille and Ophelia during 1960. Several names have been removed from the Pacific naming lists for various other reasons than causing a significant amount of death/destruction, which include being pronounced in a very similar way to other names and political reasons.[5][6]

In 2000, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began naming tropical cyclones from a list of 140 names, submitted by 14 countries. Previously, the JMA labeled storms with numbers, but not names. The JMA has been the official warning agency of the western Pacific Ocean since 1981, though other organizations have also tracked typhoons. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) unofficially named tropical cyclones from 1947 to 1999.[7] During this time period, there were several pre-determined tropical cyclone lists, in which many names were removed and replaced with others.[8] The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) names tropical cyclones using a separate list, which is adjusted periodically.[9]

Between 1947 and 2000, eleven names of significant tropical cyclones were retired from the list of names used by the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center.[10] During this time other names were removed from the naming lists, including in 1979 when the lists of names used were revised to include both male and female names.[10][11] Tropical Storm Lucille was the first name to be retired for its impacts, while Ophelia was retired because of its long 8,045 km (5,000 mi) track.[10]

At the 33rd session of the typhoon committee held in November 2000, the committee was informed that the India Meteorological Department had objected to the name Hanuman being used as a name because of potential religious sentiments.[12] Thailand also requested that the spelling of several names be corrected and indicated a desire to change the names Prapiroon, Durian and Khanun.[12] The representatives of the United States of America also requested that the name Kodo be changed as it would have an undesirable meaning if mispronounced.[12] The session subsequently accepted the spelling changes as well as the requests from Thailand and the United States and established that both countries would submit a list of four names in priority order to its Secretariat within a week of the session ending.[12] The Typhoon Committee Secretariat would then circulate the list to all members for comment, with the highest priority name acceptable to all members used.[12] The secretariat subsequently reported to the following years session that the names Morakot and Aere had replaced Hanuman and Kodo.[13]

Names retired in 1900s

[edit]
Name Replacement
name 		Dates active Peak
classification 		Sustained wind
speeds (10-min) 		Pressure Areas
affected 		Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Lucille Not replaced May 25 – June 4, 1960 Tropical storm Not Specified 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Philippines $2 million 300–500 [14][15][16][17]
Ophelia Not replaced November 21 –
December 6, 1960		 Typhoon Not Specified 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Caroline Islands Unknown 2 [10][15]
Karen Kim November 7 – 17, 1962 Typhoon Not Specified 894 hPa (26.40 inHg) Guam $250 million 11 [18]
Bess Bonnie October 8 – 14, 1974 Typhoon Not Specified 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) Philippines, China, Vietnam $9.2 million 32 [10][19][20]
Bess Brenda July 21 – August 3, 1982 Violent typhoon 230 km/h (145 mph) 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Japan $2.32 billion 95 [21]
Ike Ian August 26 –
September 6, 1984		 Very strong typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Guam, Philippines, China $1 billion 1,142
Roy Ryan January 7 – 19, 1988 Very strong typhoon 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Micronesia, Philippines $28.5 million 2
Mike Manny November 5 – 18, 1990 Very strong typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Micronesia, Philippines, China $389 million 748
Mireille Melissa September 13 – 27, 1991 Very strong typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea $10 billion 66
Thelma Teresa November 1 – 8, 1991 Tropical storm 75 km/h (45 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam $27.7 million 5,081–8,145 [22][23][24][25]
Omar Oscar August 20 –
September 6, 1992		 Very strong typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Mariana Islands, Guam, Taiwan, China $561 million 15

Names retired in 2000s

[edit]
Name Replacement
name 		Dates active Peak
classification 		Sustained wind
speeds (10-min) 		Pressure Areas
affected 		Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Vamei Peipah December 26, 2001 –
January 1, 2002		 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia $3.6 million 5 [nb 1][26]
Chataan Matmo June 27 – July 13, 2002 Very strong typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Chuuk, Guam, Japan $660 million 54 [27][28][29]
Rusa Nuri August 22 – September 4, 2002 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Japan, Korean Peninsula $4.2 billion 238 [30]
Pongsona Noul December 2 – 12, 2002 Very strong typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mariana Islands $730 million 1 [31][32]
Yanyan Dolphin January 11 – 21, 2003 Tropical storm 65 km/h (40 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
Imbudo Molave July 15 – 25, 2003 Very strong typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines, China $340 million 64 [33][34][35]
Maemi Mujigae September 4 – 16, 2003 Violent typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Korean Peninsula $4.8 billion 117 [30]
Sudal Mirinae April 2 – 18, 2004 Very strong typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Yap, Guam $14 million None [36]
Tingting Lionrock June 24 – July 4, 2004 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan $23.7 million 12
Rananim Fanapi August 6 – 15, 2004 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) China, Japan $2.44 billion 169 [37][38]
Matsa Pakhar July 30 – August 9, 2005 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) China, Taiwan $2.23 billion 29 [39][40]
Nabi Doksuri August 29 – September 9, 2005 Very strong typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea $535 million 32
Longwang Haikui September 25 – October 3, 2005 Very strong typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Taiwan, China $971 million 149 [41][42][43]
[44][45][46]
Chanchu Sanba May 8 – 19, 2006 Very strong typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, China, Vietnam $879 million 309 [47][48]
Bilis Maliksi July 8 – 16, 2006 Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (70 mph) 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, China $4.4 billion 859 [49][50][51]
Saomai Son-Tinh August 4 – 11, 2006 Violent typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mariana Islands, Taiwan, China $2.5 billion 458 [51][52]
Xangsane Leepi September 25 – October 2, 2006 Very strong typhoon 155 km/h (100 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand $750 million 312 [53][54][55][56]
Durian Mangkhut November 25 – December 7, 2006 Violent typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand >$400 million >1,500 [57][58][59][60]
Morakot Atsani August 2 – 12, 2009 Typhoon 140 km/h (85 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Taiwan, China, Korean Peninsula $6.2 billion 789
Ketsana Champi September 23 – 30, 2009 Typhoon 130 km/h (80 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Laos
Cambodia, Thailand		 $1.09 billion 710 [61]
Parma In-fa September 27 – October 14, 2009 Very strong typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines, China, Vietnam $617 million 500
21 names References:[nb 2][nb 3] $33.8 billion 5,849

Names retired in 2010s

[edit]
Name Replacement
name 		Dates active Peak
classification 		Sustained wind
speeds (10-min) 		Pressure Areas
affected 		Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Fanapi Rai September 14 – 21, 2010 Very strong typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Taiwan, China $1 billion 105 [63][64]
Washi Hato December 13 – 19, 2011 Severe tropical storm 95 km/h (60 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Micronesia, Palau, Philippines $97.8 million 1,268 [65][66]
Vicente Lan July 18 – 25, 2012 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Philippines, China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar $324 million 32 [67]
Bopha Ampil November 25 – December 9, 2012 Very strong typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Micronesia, Philippines $1.04 billion 1,901 [68]
Sonamu Jongdari January 1 – 10, 2013 Severe tropical storm 95 km/h (60 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia Minimal 2 [69][70]
Utor Barijat August 8 – 18, 2013 Violent typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Philippines, China $3.56 billion 97 [71][72][73]
Fitow Mun September 29 – October 7, 2013 Typhoon 140 km/h (85 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) China, Taiwan, Japan $10.4 billion 12 [71]
Haiyan Bailu November 3 – 11, 2013 Violent typhoon 230 km/h (145 mph) 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) Palau, Philippines, Vietnam, China $4.55 billion 6,352 [71][74]
Rammasun Bualoi July 9 – 20, 2014 Very strong typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines, China, Vietnam $8.08 billion 225 [75][76][77]
Soudelor Saudel July 29 – August 11, 2015 Violent typhoon 215 km/h (130 mph) 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan, Taiwan, China $3.84 billion 59 [78]
Mujigae Surigae September 30 – October 5, 2015 Very strong typhoon 155 km/h (100 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Philippines, China $4.25 billion 31 [78]
Koppu Koguma October 12 – 21, 2015 Very strong typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Philippines $309 million 62 [78]
Melor Cempaka December 9 – 17, 2015 Very strong typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines $149 million 51 [78]
Meranti Nyatoh September 9 – 16, 2016 Violent typhoon 220 km/h (140 mph) 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, China $4.8 billion 47
Sarika Trases October 13 – 19, 2016 Very strong typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Philippines, China, Vietnam $876 million 37
Haima Mulan October 14 – 22, 2016 Violent typhoon 215 km/h (130 mph) 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, China $976 million 19
Nock-ten Hinnamnor December 20 – 28, 2016 Violent typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Philippines $128 million 13
Hato Yamaneko August 19 – 24, 2017 Typhoon 140 km/h (85 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, China, Vietnam $6.82 billion 24 [79]
Kai-tak Yun-yeung December 13 – 23, 2017 Tropical storm 75 km/h (45 mph) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Philippines, Malaysia $75 million 83 [80]
Tembin Koinu December 20 – 26, 2017 Typhoon 130 km/h (80 mph) 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam $42.4 million 266 [81]
Rumbia Pulasan August 15 – 18, 2018 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Japan, China $5.36 billion 53 [82]
Mangkhut Krathon September 7 – 17, 2018 Violent typhoon 205 km/h (125 mph) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Northern Mariana Islands, Philippines, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, China, Vietnam, Japan $3.74 billion 134 [83]
Yutu Yinxing October 21 – November 2, 2018 Violent typhoon 215 km/h (130 mph) 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines, South China, Taiwan $854 million 30 [84][85][86]
Lekima Co-may August 2 – 13, 2019 Violent typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, South Korea, China $9.28 billion 105
Faxai Nongfa September 2 – 9, 2019 Very strong typhoon 155 km/h (100 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) Japan, Wake Island $10 billion 3
Hagibis Ragasa October 4 – 13, 2019 Violent typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan, South Korea, Russian Far East, Aleutian Islands, Alaska $17.9 billion 118
Kammuri Koto November 24 – December 6, 2019 Very strong typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines $116 million 17
Phanfone Nokaen December 19 – 29, 2019 Very strong typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines $67.2 million 50
28 names References:[nb 4][nb 2][nb 5] $89.6 billion 11,189

Names retired in 2020s

[edit]
Name Replacement
name 		Dates active Peak
classification 		Sustained wind
speeds (10-min) 		Pressure Areas
affected 		Damage (USD) Deaths Refs
Vongfong Penha May 8 – 18, 2020 Very strong typhoon 155 km/h (100 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) Palau, Philippines, Taiwan $50 million 5
Linfa Peilou October 6 – 12, 2020 Tropical storm 75 km/h (45 mph) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar $217 million 138
Molave Narra October 22 – 29, 2020 Very strong typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, Indochina $660 million 71
Goni Gaenari October 26 – November 6, 2020 Violent typhoon 220 km/h (140 mph) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos $1.02 billion 32
Vamco Bang-Lang November 8 – 15, 2020 Very strong typhoon 155 km/h (100 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand $1.06 billion 102
Conson Luc-binh September 5 – 13, 2021 Severe tropical storm 95 km/h (60 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Philippines, China, Vietnam $92.2 million 25
Kompasu Tokei October 7 – 14, 2021 Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Philippines, China, Vietnam, Thailand $245 million 44
Rai Sarbul December 11 – 21, 2021 Violent typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines, Vietnam, China, Taiwan $1.05 billion 410
Malakas Amuyao April 6 – 15, 2022 Very strong typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Caroline Islands, Japan None 0
Megi Gosari April 8 – 12, 2022 Tropical storm 75 km/h (45 mph) 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) Philippines $200 million 214
Ma-on Tsing-ma August 20 – 26, 2022 Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Philippines, Southern China, Northern Vietnam $46.2 million 7
Hinnamnor Ong-mang August 27 – September 6, 2022 Violent typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, South Korea, Russian Far East $1.21 billion 12
Noru Hodu September 21 – 29, 2022 Very strong typhoon 175 km/h (110 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, Indochina $110 million 40
Nalgae Jamjari October 26 – November 3, 2022 Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Philippines, Southern China, Hong Kong, Macau $237 million 160
Doksuri TBD July 20 – 30, 2023 Very strong typhoon 185 km/h (115 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Palau, Philippines, Taiwan, China, Vietnam $28.4 billion 137
Saola TBD August 22 – September 3, 2023 Violent typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Philippines, South China, Taiwan, Northern Vietnam $673 million 3
Haikui TBD August 27 – September 6, 2023 Very strong typhoon 155 km/h (100 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Northern Mariana Islands, Taiwan, Philippines, China $2.31 billion 16
17 names References:[nb 2] $38.1 billion 1,413

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The name Vamei was retired because it was the first tropical cyclone recorded near the equator.[10]
  2. ^ a b c Reference for the retired names between 2000 and 2022.[62]
  3. ^ Reference for the retired names between 1947 and 2013.[5]
  4. ^ Reference for dates, season, wind speeds and pressure between 2000 and 2023 [87]
  5. ^ Reference for the retired names between 2000 and 2018.[88]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Smith, Ray (1990). "What's in a Name?". Weather and Climate. 10 (1). The Meteorological Society of New Zealand: 24–26. doi:10.2307/44279572. JSTOR 44279572. S2CID 201717866.
  2. ^ Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (June 1, 2014). "Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  3. ^ a b Dorst, Neal; Hurricane Research Division (October 23, 2012). "They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones" (PPTX). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. Slides 8–72.
  4. ^ "It's time (June) to match for Anna...". The Daily Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. Reuters. June 1, 1969. p. 2. – via The Newspaper Archive (subscription required)
  5. ^ a b Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (June 20, 2014). "Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  6. ^ RA IV Hurricane Committee (May 9, 2023). Hurricane Operational Plan for North America, Central America and the Caribbean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
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  9. ^ Chris Landsea (2007). "How are Tropical Cyclones Named?". Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Zhou, Xiao; Lei, Xiaotu (2012). "Summary of retired typhoons within the Western North Pacific Ocean". Tropical Cyclone Research and Review. 1 (1). The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific/World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee: 23–32. doi:10.6057/2012TCRR01.03. ISSN 2225-6032. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  11. ^ Naval Oceanography Command Center; Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Chapter III: Summary of Tropical Cyclones" (PDF). Annual Typhoon Report: 1979 (Report). p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d e Report of the Typhoon Committee on its Thirty-Third Session (PDF) (Report). The ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. 2001. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  13. ^ Report of the Typhoon Committee on its Thirty-Fourth Session (PDF) (Report). The ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. 2002. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  14. ^ "1960 Typhoon Lucille (1960146N08131)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
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  17. ^ "150 Dead In Flood". Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal. Manila, Philippines. Associated Press. May 30, 1960. p. 1. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
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  19. ^ "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Bess" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1975. pp. 39–40. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
  20. ^ "ASN Aircraft Accident: Lockheed WC-130H Hercules 65-0965 South China Sea". Aviation Safety Network. 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
  21. ^ "台風198210号 (Bess) – 災害情報". Digital Typhoon (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  22. ^ "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Typhoon Thelma (27W)" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1992. pp. 132–135. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  23. ^ "Philippines Floods Nov 1991 UNDRO Situation Reports 1–8". United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. ReliefWeb. November 29, 1991. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
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  29. ^ Mark-Alexander Pieper (2002-07-19). "Typhoon Chataan Guam public damage hits $59.9 million". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 2008-03-05.[permanent dead link]
  30. ^ a b Qian Ye (2004). "Typhoon Rusa and Super Typhoon Maemi in Korea" (PDF). The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
  31. ^ John J. Kelly Jr. (2003). "Super Typhoon Pongsona Service Assessment" (PDF). United States Department of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
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  33. ^ Hong Kong Observatory (2003). "Typhoon Imbudo (0307) : 17–25 July 2003". Retrieved 2008-03-07.
  34. ^ Gary Padgett (2003). "Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Summary for August 2003". Retrieved 2008-03-05.
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  36. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2004). "Event Report for Typhoon Sudal". Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
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