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Might makes right

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"Might makes right" or "might is right" is an aphorism that asserts that those who hold power are the origin of morality, and they control a society's view of right and wrong.[1][2][3] Montague defined kratocracy or kraterocracy (from the Ancient Greek: κράτος, romanized: krátos, lit. 'might; strength') as a government by those strong enough to seize control through violence or deceit.[4]

"Might makes right" has been described as the credo of totalitarian regimes.[5] The sociologist Max Weber analyzed the relations between a state's power and its moral authority in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Realist scholars of international politics use the phrase to describe the "state of nature" in which power determines the relations among sovereign states.[6]

History

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The idea, though not the wording, has been attributed to the History of the Peloponnesian War, written around 410 BC by the ancient historian Thucydides, who stated that "right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must."[7]

In the first chapter of Plato's Republic, authored around 375 BC Thrasymachus claims that "justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger", which Socrates then disputes.[8] Callicles in Gorgias argues similarly that the strong should rule the weak, as a right owed to their superiority.[9]

The Book of Wisdom, written around the first century BC to first century AD, describes the reasoning of the wicked: "Let us oppress the righteous poor man; let us not spare the widow nor regard the gray hairs of the aged. But let our might be our law of right, for what is weak proves itself to be useless."[10]

The related idea of "woe to the conquered" is stated by Livy, in which the similar Latin phrase "vae victis" is first recorded.[11]

An early instance of the phrase in English is found in Thomas Carlyle's 1839 essay Chartism: "Might and Right do differ frightfully from hour to hour; but give them centuries to try it in, they are found to be identical." He later clarified his position in a journal entry from 1848, saying that "right is the eternal symbol of might" rather than the reverse.[12]

In 1846, the American pacifist and abolitionist Adin Ballou (1803–1890) wrote, "But now, instead of discussion and argument, brute force rises up to the rescue of discomfited error, and crushes truth and right into the dust. 'Might makes right,' and hoary folly totters on in her mad career escorted by armies and navies."[13]

Abraham Lincoln's Cooper Union campaign address (1860) reverses the phrase: "Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith, let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it". He spoke in defense of neutral engagement with slave-holders, as against violent confrontation.

Arthur Desmond authored Might Is Right in 1896, which prompted criticism from Leo Tolstoy.[14]

Philosopher William Pepperell Montague coined the term Kratocracy, from the Greek: κρατερός (krateros), meaning "strong", for government by those who are strong enough to seize power through force or cunning.[4]

In a letter to Albert Einstein from 1932, Sigmund Freud also explores the history and validity of "might versus right".[15]

Pope Francis has observed that "immense inequality, injustice and acts of violence" have arisen from adoption of the principle of "might is right".[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Definition of MIGHT MAKES/IS RIGHT". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  2. ^ "Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  3. ^ "might makes right". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  4. ^ a b Hausheer, Herman (1942). "Kratocracy". In Runes, Dagobert D. (ed.). Dictionary of Philosophy.
  5. ^ White, G.E. (1973), Evolution of Reasoned Elaboration: Jurisprudential Criticism and Social Change, The, Va. L. Rev.
  6. ^ Ray, J.L. (1982), "Understanding Rummel", Journal of Conflict Resolution, 26: 161–187, doi:10.1177/0022002782026001007, S2CID 220628906
  7. ^ Thucydides (431). The Melian Dialogue.
  8. ^ Plato (375). "Book 1". Plato's Republic.
  9. ^ Plato (380). Gorgias.
  10. ^ Wisdom 2, 10-11
  11. ^ "Vae victis | Etymology of phrase vae victis by etymonline".
  12. ^ Boos, Florence S. "Carlyle's Conception of the Hero in Sartor Resartus and On Heroes". victorianfboos.studio.uiowa.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  13. ^ Ballou, Adin (1846). Christian Non-Resistance, in All Its Important Bearings, Illustrated and Defended. Philadelphia: J. Miller M'Kim. p. 119. OCLC 7335706411.
  14. ^ What is art? Leo Tolstoy
  15. ^ Why War? An Exchange of Letters Between Freud and Einstein (PDF). Freud Museum. 30 July 1932. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2015.
  16. ^ Pope Francis, Laudato si' (On Care for our Common Home), paragraph 82, published 24 May 2015, accessed 11 June 2023


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