Jump to content

Mining industry of Ghana

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mining in Ghana)

A large, sharp, equant, translucent, yellow, spinel-twinned or macle twinned Diamond (Super macle twinned Diamond)from Akwatia Diamond Mine and Birim Diamond Field at Akwatia in the Eastern Region; and a couple of inclusions add character to this thick, lustrous crystal.

Mining in Ghana is a significant contributor to the nation's economy, accounting for approximately 5% of Ghana's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 37% of total exports. Gold dominates the mineral sector, contributing over 90% of total mineral exports.[1][2][3] In 2019, Ghana overtook South Africa to become the largest gold producer in Africa, producing 142.4 metric tonnes of gold that year.[4][5][6][7]

Ghana's mining sector produces minerals such as bauxite, manganese, natural gas, petroleum, salt, silver and diamonds.[8][9] In 2020, the country produced approximately 1.16 million metric tons of bauxite, ranking it among Africa's top bauxite exporters.[10][11][12][13] In recent years, Ghana has identified substantial lithium deposits.[14][15][16]

History

[edit]

Mining in Ghana predates colonial times, with evidence showing that gold mining in the region has been carried out for centuries. Indigenous communities mined gold along riverbanks such as the Pra and Ankobra Rivers using rudimentary tools, long before the arrival of Europeans. Gold played a central role in the development of the Ashanti Empire, which traded extensively with North Africa and Europe through trans-Saharan trade routes.[17][18][19]

With the arrival of Portuguese explorers in the 15th century, European powers began to recognize the region’s vast gold reserves. By the late 19th century, during British colonial rule, commercial mining operations began to take shape. The establishment of the Gold Coast Colony in 1821 marked the beginning of organized gold mining, primarily in areas such as Obuasi and Tarkwa, which would later emerge as major mining hubs.[20]

Gold miners at work in the Tarkwa Gold Mine This drilling machine crew are working 1,800 feet below the ground.

The Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, established in 1897, became a significant player in the industry and contributed to the Gold Coast's economy. Colonial authorities constructed railways and ports to facilitate the transportation of minerals.[21][22]

Following Ghana's independence in 1957, the mining industry saw a shift in focus. This led to the establishment of the Ghana State Mining Corporation (GSMC) in 1961, which was later reincorporated as the State Gold Mining Corporation (SGMC) in 1964. The SGMC took over operations of several mines, including those in Obuasi and Tarkwa, aiming to maximize national revenues from gold mining.[23][24]

The economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s under the Structural Adjustment Program initiated a liberalization of the mining sector. This period saw the influx of foreign direct investment, particularly from companies in Canada, Australia, and South Africa. Key legislative reforms, such as the Minerals and Mining Act of 2006, aimed to attract investors and ensure sustainable practices in the sector.[25][26] During this period, large-scale mining projects, such as AngloGold Ashanti's Obuasi mine and Newmont Goldcorp's Ahafo mine, began producing gold. By 2019, Ghana had overtaken South Africa to become Africa’s largest gold producer.[27]

While large-scale mining dominates Ghana’s economy, small-scale and artisanal mining (locally known as "galamsey") also flourish, particularly in rural areas. These activities, often informal and unregulated, contributes to gold production but brings challenges such as environmental degradation and conflicts over land use.[28][29]

Commodities

[edit]

Gold

[edit]
Main article: Gold mining in Ghana
Surface mining pit Anglogold Ashanti Iduapreim Ghana

Ghana is one of the largest gold producers in Africa, and it ranks as the sixth-largest producer globally.[5] Gold has been central to the country's economy for decades. In 2023, Ghana produced around 4.2 million ounces of gold, contributing to approximately 4% of the world’s total output. The main gold-producing regions are Ashanti, Western, and Eastern regions, with major players including Newmont, Gold Fields, AngloGold Ashanti, and Kinross Gold. Gold exports in 2022 accounted for about 12.3% of Ghana's GDP.[30][31][32]

The country’s gold deposits are primarily located within two major goldfields: the Ashanti Gold Belt and the Western Region Goldfields.[33][34] The Ashanti Gold Belt, in particular, is home to some of the most notable gold mines in the country, including the Ahafo and Akyem mines, both operated by Newmont. The Obuasi mine, one of the oldest gold mines in Ghana, is also situated within this region and is operated by AngloGold Ashanti. The mine has been in operation since the 1890s and remains one of the largest contributors to Ghana's gold output.[35]

In the Western Region, the Tarkwa and Damang mines are major players in the gold sector. Tarkwa, operated by Gold Fields, is one of the largest gold mines in the country and has been producing gold since 1998. The Damang mine, also operated by Gold Fields, is a contributor to Ghana's gold exports.[36][37]

Manganese

[edit]

Manganese is another key mineral in Ghana. The country ranks as Africa's second-largest producer of manganese, with production reaching approximately 2.5 million metric tons in 2022.[38] In 2022, Ghana exported $436 million in manganese ore, making it the fourth largest exporter in the world.[39][40] The main destinations for Ghana's manganese ore exports are China, Ukraine, France, and the Netherlands.

Ghana’s manganese reserves are primarily concentrated in the Western Region, where the country’s main manganese mines are located. The Ghana Manganese Company Limited (GMCL) is the sole producer and exporter of manganese in the country. GMCL holds a mining concession over 170 square kilometers in the Western Region, centered around Nsuta. The Nsuta mine has been operational since 1916, making it one of the oldest manganese mines globally.[41][42]

Bauxite

[edit]
Main article: Bauxite mining in Ghana

Ghana holds significant bauxite deposits, an ore essential for aluminum production.[43][44] As of 2022, Ghana produced approximately 1.5 million metric tons of bauxite, making it an important player in the global bauxite market.[45] The country’s bauxite reserves are primarily concentrated in the Awaso and Nyinahin areas, which are the main sources of the country’s bauxite production.[46][47]

Iron ore

[edit]

Iron ore mining in Ghana is still in its early stages.[48][49] In 2022, the country produced an estimated 920,000 metric tons of iron ore, with production expected to increase as the industry matures.[50] Ghana’s iron ore reserves are primarily located in the Western and Northern regions, notably in the Bawdie and Shieni areas, which are recognized for their significant iron ore deposits.[51][52]

Diamond

[edit]

Diamond is another notable contirbutor to the country’s economy.[53] In 2023, Ghana produced approximately 203,000 carats of diamonds, primarily sourced from alluvial deposits in the Akwatia region.[54] The diamond industry in Ghana is largely export-driven, with a smaller domestic industry focused on cutting and polishing. The majority of Ghana’s diamonds are exported to international markets, contributing to the country's mining exports.[9]

The Akwatia region, located in the Eastern Region of Ghana, is the principal source of diamonds in the country. The area has been known for its diamond deposits since the 1920s, and mining operations have been ongoing since then.[55][56][57]

Petroleum and natural gas

[edit]
A 2010 map to the location of the "Jubilee field" for petroleum (earth oil/gas) (red marked) before the western coast of Ghana near the border to Côte d'Ivoire.

Ghana's oil and gas industry has experienced notable developments in recent years.[58] In 2022, the country produced approximately 60,000 barrels of oil per day and 200 million cubic feet of natural gas daily, primarily from offshore fields such as Jubilee and TEN.[59][60] Ghana's petroleum industry generated a record revenue of US$1.43 billion in 2022, the highest since the inception of oil production in the country.[61][62][63]

The Jubilee field, situated approximately 60 kilometers offshore in Ghana's Western Region, was discovered in 2007 and is the country’s flagship oil field. It started production in 2010 and is operated by Tullow Oil, with other partners including Kosmos Energy, Anadarko, and the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC).[64] The field has been a significant contributor to Ghana's oil industry, with production reaching 300 million barrels by October 2020.[65][66]

Salt

[edit]

Salt production in Ghana is an essential industry that plays a significant role in both local consumption and export.[67][68] In 2022, Ghana produced approximately 1.2 million metric tons of salt, making it one of the leading producers in West Africa.[69] The majority of the salt is harvested through evaporation ponds along the coastal regions, with the Greater Accra and Volta regions being the primary production areas.[70][71] In 2022, Ghana exported $4.36 million worth of salt, ranking it as the 59th largest exporter globally.[72]

Silver

[edit]

Silver mining in Ghana is minimal compared to gold and it is produced in smaller quantities as a by-product of gold mining.[73] In 2022, Ghana's silver production was estimated at approximately 10,000 metric tons, primarily extracted during the processing of gold ores. While silver plays a secondary role in Ghana’s mining industry, it still contributes to the overall mining sector, alongside gold and other minerals.[74]

The country’s silver production is primarily tied to gold mining operations in the Ashanti, Western, and Eastern regions, which are the main hubs for gold extraction. Major players like Newmont, Gold Fields, and AngloGold Ashanti oversee extensive mining operations in these areas, where silver is often recovered during the refining process of gold. Additionally, the Obuasi mine, also produces a small amount of silver as a by-product of its gold production.[75]

Lithium

[edit]

Lithium is emerging as a significant focus of Ghana’s mineral exploration efforts. The country has identified lithium deposits primarily in the Ashanti and Western regions, with several exploration projects underway.[76][77][78][79]

Impact of mining

[edit]

Economic development

[edit]

The mining sector in Ghana has contributed to the nation's economic growth, with gold being a central export commodity. In 2023, Ghana produced approximately 4.2 million ounces of gold, accounting for about 4% of the world's total output.[80] The primary gold-producing regions include Ashanti, Western, and Eastern regions, with major players such as Newmont, Gold Fields, AngloGold Ashanti, and Kinross Gold. Gold exports in 2022 represented approximately 12.3% of Ghana's GDP.[81] Artisanal gold mining, locally known as "galamsey", has been credited with contributing to the development of local economies.[82]

In 2023, Ghana's mining sector continued to be a significant contributor to the nation's economy. The sector's mineral revenue increased by 4.3%, rising from US$5.6 billion in 2022 to US$5.8 billion in 2023. Gold remains the leading export commodity from Ghana, contributing the highest percentage of the country's total export earnings.[83]

As of October 2024, gold exports alone accounted for $9.58 billion, representing more than half of Ghana's total export earnings of $16.5 billion.[84] The mining sector also emerged as the largest source of domestic tax revenue in 2023, contributing a record GH₵11.55 billion (US$980 million) in taxes.[85]

Illegal mining site at Talensi District

Environmental impact

[edit]

Mining activities in Ghana, particularly gold extraction, have raised environmental concerns. The processes involved, including land clearing, excavation, and waste disposal, have led to habitat destruction, soil erosion, and water pollution.[86][87] Illegal small-scale mining, known locally as "galamsey," has exacerbated these issues. The unregulated use of hazardous chemicals like mercury and cyanide in galamsey operations has resulted in the contamination of water bodies.[88][89][90]

Deforestation is another critical concern, as mining activities have led to the clearing of vast forested areas, disrupting ecosystems and contributing to biodiversity loss. The Atewa Range Forest Reserve has faced threats from bauxite mining, sparking environmental protests and legal actions.[91][92]

Accidents

[edit]

In 2023, the mining industry recorded seven fatalities, an increase from just one in 2022, marking a 600% surge in mining-related deaths.[93] In addition to fatalities, there has been an uptick in other reportable injuries. The number of first aid injuries increased from 156 in 2022 to 162 in 2023. However, the frequency of near-miss incidents declined by 21.8%, from 325 in 2022 to 254 in 2023.[94] [95][96]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Mining sector contributions to nation's GDP increase over GH¢13bn in 2022 — Bono Minister - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 6 October 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  2. ^ "THE GHANA CHAMBER OF MINES 2021 MINING INDUSTRY STATISTICS AND DATA" (PDF).
  3. ^ "A.A Minerals | Gold Trade and Export". www.aaminerals.com. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  4. ^ sbesta (28 August 2020). "Top five gold mining countries of Africa from Ghana to Burkina Faso". NS Energy. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Ghana: #1 Gold Producer in Africa". Newcore Gold. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  6. ^ "Ghana overtakes South Africa as the largest producer of gold in Africa". Financial Nigeria International Limited. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  7. ^ "The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana," August 11, 2021, BBC News, retrieved August 11, 2021
  8. ^ "Ghana mining advantages include increased gold production and regulatory updates - Africa 2024 - Oxford Business Group". oxfordbusinessgroup.com. 29 April 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  9. ^ a b "10 Minerals Driving Ghana's Mining Industry". energycapitalpower.com. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  10. ^ sbesta (5 February 2021). "Profiling the top four bauxite exporting countries in Africa". NS Energy. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  11. ^ "Africa: bauxite production by country". Statista. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  12. ^ Power, Energy Capital & (23 February 2023). "5 critical mineral producers in Africa". FurtherAfrica. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  13. ^ Bermúdez-Lugo, Omayra. "The Mineral Industry of Ghana" (PDF). 2006 Minerals Yearbook. United States Geological Survey (May 2008).
  14. ^ "Lithium mining to begin in Central Region by December 2024 – MIIF CEO - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  15. ^ Dentsil-Koomson, Papa Kwasi. "Ghana's Industrial Minerals and Lithium: A Gateway to Global Growth". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  16. ^ "Ewoyaa Lithium Project, Ghana". Mining Technology. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  17. ^ Americas, Authors: Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the. "The Trans-Saharan Gold Trade (7th–14th Century) | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 8 December 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ "A study of pre-colonial and contemporary methods of gold mining in Ghana" (PDF).
  19. ^ Clark, Nancy L. "Mining and Petroleum Industries" (and subchapters). A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain..[1]
  20. ^ "Embassy of Ghana Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana Embassy Abidjan, Ghana Embassy Ivory Coast - Ghana At A Glance". Embassy of Ghana Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana Embassy Abidjan, Ghana Embassy Ivory Coast - Ghana At A Glance. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  21. ^ "Shining Through Time: The legacy of the Ashanti Goldfields Corporation". GhanaRemembers. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  22. ^ Hadebe, Siyabonga. "AngloGold Ashanti Digs Africa A Big Economic Hole: De ja vu!". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  23. ^ Dentsil-Koomson, Papa Kwasi. "Political Economy of the Mining Sector in Ghana". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  24. ^ "Mining in Ghana: Critical Reflections on a Turbulent Past and Uncertain Future".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ admin (22 August 2019). "The timely introduction of the new Minerals and Mining Act". Ghanaian Times. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  26. ^ "Minerals and Mining Act , 2006" (PDF).
  27. ^ "Ghana regains position as the leading gold producer in Africa | African Mining Market". 27 February 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  28. ^ "Ghana's Environmental Crisis: The urgent need to address galamsey - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 2 October 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  29. ^ "The Devastating Impact of Galamsey on Ghana's Environment and Its Role in Climate Change - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 15 May 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  30. ^ "Home". Mining Technology. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  31. ^ Boafo, Godfred (10 September 2024). "Ghana is Africa's largest gold producer, but it has an illegal mining issue: 5 essential reads". The Conversation. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  32. ^ "PERFORMANCE OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN 2023" (PDF).
  33. ^ "The Spectacularly Rich Gold Deposits of Ghana". Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  34. ^ "A review of gold mineralisation in the Ashanti belt of Ghana and its relation to the crustal evolution of the terrane" (PDF).
  35. ^ Admin (11 June 2020). "Obuasi Gold Mine". Byrnecut. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  36. ^ "GOLD FIELDS GHANA TARKWA MINE IS 2020 MINING COMPANY OF THE YEAR" (PDF).
  37. ^ "Damang Gold Mine". Mining Technology. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  38. ^ "Ghana: manganese production". Statista. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  39. ^ "Top 10 Manganese-producing Countries (Updated 2024) | INN". investingnews.com. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  40. ^ "Manganese - African Green Minerals Observatory". www.africangreenminerals.com. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  41. ^ "Mine Overview". Ghana Manganese Company Limited. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  42. ^ "$450m refinery to boost Ghana's manganese revenue by 40% - Minerals Commission CEO". 4 July 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  43. ^ "A new VALCO beckons: Government seeks strategic investor to galvanize integrated Aluminium Industry - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  44. ^ "THE GHANA CHAMBER OF MINES 2021 MINING INDUSTRY STATISTICS AND DATA" (PDF).
  45. ^ "Passage of new mining lease to increase bauxite production - GIADEC - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 10 September 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  46. ^ "Nyinahin bauxite deposits more than historically estimated - GIADEC-Rocksure MRE report". 15 November 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  47. ^ "Nyinahin Bauxite deposits now 375 million tonnes over previous 250 million tonnes estimate". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  48. ^ Awal, Mohammed (14 March 2023). "GIISDEC engages investors on iron ore exploration". The Business & Financial Times. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  49. ^ Awal, Mohammed (17 October 2022). "Iron Ore mining to start by 2025 - GIISDEC CEO". The Business & Financial Times. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  50. ^ "Ghana eyes local iron ore processing to boost economy".
  51. ^ "Business News of Monday, 17 October 2022DisclaimerSource: thebftonline.comIron Ore mining to start by 2025 – GIISDEC CEO".
  52. ^ "Iron ore mining to start by 2025 – GIISDEC CEO". Prime News Ghana. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  53. ^ "https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-diamonds-ghana". {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  54. ^ "Ghana Diamond production, carats - data, chart". TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  55. ^ "Akwatia Mine, Birim diamond field, Denkyembour District, Eastern Region, Ghana". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  56. ^ "Allow tributers resume Diamond mining activities - Akwatia MP pleads with government". 31 May 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  57. ^ "Akwatia Youth declare support for Great Consolidated Diamonds Ghana CEO, Enock Baah - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  58. ^ "Ghana's oil and gas infrastructure continues to develop as companies explore onshore and offshore potential - Africa 2020 - Oxford Business Group". oxfordbusinessgroup.com. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  59. ^ Boakye, Edna Agnes; Boakye, Edna Agnes (20 April 2023). "Ghana's oil production drops by 6% but revenue hits record high in 2022". Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  60. ^ "Ghana Earned its Highest Petroleum Revenue in 2022, Despite a Persistent Output Decline - Africa's premier report on the oil, gas and energy landscape". africaoilgasreport.com. 23 April 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  61. ^ "Unfavourable investment conditions in Ghanaian oil and gas sector: Key strategic recommendations - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 13 August 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  62. ^ "Top 5 Upcoming Oil and Gas Projects in Ghana". energycapitalpower.com. 6 July 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  63. ^ "Oil and Gas Reports". GUPC. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  64. ^ "Tullow Ghana and Jubilee Partners aim to boost oil production to over 100,000 per day later this year". Graphic Online. 22 June 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  65. ^ "Jubilee Field's oil production reaches 300 million barrels - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  66. ^ "Jubilee Field Development". NS Energy. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  67. ^ "MIIF Positions to Invest In Ghana's Potential Multi-Billion Dollar Salt Industry - MIIF". 3 October 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  68. ^ Africa, IMANI. "Prospects of Ghana's Salt Industry: A Pathway to adding an extra $1 Billion in foreign exchange earnings". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  69. ^ "Ghana: production volume of salt". Statista. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  70. ^ Awal, Mohammed (3 August 2022). "MIIF eyes multi-billion dollar salt industry". The Business & Financial Times. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  71. ^ Grit, Abigail (11 September 2024). "IMANI: Ghana's salt industry to generate US$1 billion annually by 2028 - Gajreport". Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  72. ^ "Prospects of Ghana's Salt Industry: A pathway to adding an extra $1 billion in foreign exchange earnings".
  73. ^ "Ghana: production volume of silver". Statista. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  74. ^ "GHANA CHAMBER OF MINES PERFORMANCE OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN 2022" (PDF).
  75. ^ "Newmont Announces 2023 Mineral Reserves for Integrated Company of 136 Million Gold Ounces with Robust Copper Optionality of 30 Billion Pounds". www.newmont.com. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  76. ^ "Ghana's mineral wealth: A blessing or a curse? Examining the lithium mining lease agreement". Brasil de Fato (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 January 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  77. ^ "GHANA TO HAVE ITS FIRST LITHIUM PROJECT WITH INCREASED ROYALTIES, STATE PARTICIPATION AND VALUE ADDITION". Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  78. ^ "Discovery of Ghana's lithium deposits generates investment opportunity - Africa 2024 - Oxford Business Group". oxfordbusinessgroup.com. 29 April 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  79. ^ "Lithium mining to begin in Central Region by December 2024 – MIIF CEO - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  80. ^ "Ghana's gold production rises to 4 million ounces in 2023". 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  81. ^ "Ghana's gold production rises to 4 million ounces in 2023". 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  82. ^ ACR. "Small-scale mining drives Ghana's gold output to 4mln ounces in 2023: Chamber of Mines – Africa Commodities Report". Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  83. ^ "Mineral revenue grows 4.3% in 2023".
  84. ^ Kwarteng, Fred (3 December 2024). "The Gold Paradox: Ghana's Top Export Yields Billions, but Little Stays in the Economy". THSJ. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  85. ^ "Mining sector top tax contributor with record GH¢11.55 billion - Report".
  86. ^ "Open Access Peer Reviewed Journals | Science and Education Publishing: Home". www.sciepub.com. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  87. ^ "Stronger regulations needed to curb environmental, social impacts of mining".
  88. ^ Thompson, Kofi. "The Devastating Cost of Ghana's Gold Rush". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  89. ^ Klutse, Felix Dela (7 October 2023). "Environmental Impact of Illegal Mining in Ghana (Part 1) | Business Day Ghana". Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  90. ^ "The environmental fallout of Ghana's mining boom: Ghana's story from 2005 - 2019".
  91. ^ "Mining of bauxite in Atewa Forest: Residents of communities protest". Graphic Online. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  92. ^ "Suhum-MCE-slams-protests-against-mining-in-Atewa-forest | Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana". 21 January 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  93. ^ "Ghana's mining sector sees sharp rise in fatal accidents - Report". www.classfmonline.com. 30 October 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  94. ^ "Incidence of injuries in mining industry surged 600% in 2023 – Ghana Chamber of Mines urges doubling safety efforts - MyJoyOnline". www.myjoyonline.com. 28 October 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  95. ^ "Mining fatalities in Ghana soar by 600% in 2023".
  96. ^ "Mining fatalities soar by 600%". GhanaWeb. 30 October 2024. Archived from the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Ghana&oldid=1264914146"