Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest
Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest | |
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Participating broadcaster | Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK) |
Participation summary | |
Appearances | 62 (59 finals) |
First appearance | 1960 |
Highest placement | 1st: 1985, 1995, 2009 |
Host | 1986, 1996, 2010 |
Related articles | |
Melodi Grand Prix | |
External links | |
NRK page | |
Norway's page at Eurovision.tv ![]() | |
![]() Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 |
Norway has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 62 times since making its debut in 1960 and has only been absent twice since then. In 1970, the country boycotted the contest over disagreements about the voting structure, and in 2002, they were relegated. The Norwegian participant broadcaster in the contest is Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK), which select its entrant with the national competition Melodi Grand Prix.
Before 1985, Norway's best result in the contest was a third-place with "Intet er nytt under solen" by Åse Kleveland in 1966. Norway's three victories in the contest were achieved by "La det swinge" by Bobbysocks in 1985, "Nocturne" by Secret Garden in 1995, and "Fairytale" by Alexander Rybak in 2009. Norway also finished second at the 1996 contest, with "I evighet" by former Bobbysocks member Elisabeth Andreassen. Norway has finished last in twelve Eurovision finals, of which four times with "nul points". Norway has a total of 12 top-five results in the contest, the latest being a fifth place with "Queen of Kings" by Alessandra in 2023.
History
[edit]Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK) is a full member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), thus eligible to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest. It has participated in the contest representing Norway since its fifth edition in 1960.
NRK's first entrant in the contest was "Voi Voi" performed by Nora Brockstedt in 1960, who finished fourth; Brockstedt would return the next year with "Sommer i Palma", this time placing seventh. "Intet er nytt under solen" by Åse Kleveland then finished third in 1966, following which Norway would fail to reach the top ten in fourteen out of their next fifteen attempts, with the exception being seventh place finish with "It's Just a Game" by the Bendik Singers in 1973. Before 1985, Norway had only received a top-ten score in six out of twenty-four attempts, and had finished last the same number of times.
Bobbysocks gave the country its first victory in 1985, with the song "La det swinge". Norway went on to achieve two more top five results over the next ten years, with Karoline Krüger in 1988 and Silje Vige in 1993, who both finished fifth.
Norway's second victory came in 1995 with Secret Garden's mainly instrumental Celtic-influenced ethno-piece "Nocturne". In 1996, Elisabeth Andreassen, who had won the contest as one half of Bobbysocks, returned to the contest as a solo artist, finishing in second place. In 2003, Jostein Hasselgård came fourth.
Norway won for the third time in 2009, with Alexander Rybak and his song "Fairytale". The song's score of 387 points was the highest ever winning total under the 1975-2015 voting system, and also achieved the biggest ever margin of victory: 492 points in total were distributed between the competing countries in 2009, meaning "Fairytale" received 78.7% of the points that could be rewarded. Rybak later returned to the contest in 2018, performing "That's How You Write a Song"; he received the highest number of votes of the second semi-final, but ultimately placed fifteenth. He remains the only Norwegian entrant to have won a semi-final, as well as the only two-time semi-final winner in the history of the contest.
In 2024, Norway finished last in the final for the twelfth time. Norway has the dubious distinction of finishing last in the Eurovision final more than any other country, and along with Austria, has received "nul points" (zero points) in the contest on four occasions; in 1963, 1978, 1981 and 1997.
Since the introduction of the semi-final round in 2004, Norway has finished in the top ten eight times. Wig Wam finished ninth in 2005, Maria Haukaas Storeng was fifth in 2008, Alexander Rybak won in 2009, Margaret Berger was fourth in 2013, Carl Espen finished eighth in 2014, Mørland and Debrah Scarlett finished eighth in 2015, Jowst finished tenth in 2017, Keiino won the public vote and finished sixth overall in 2019, Subwoolfer finished tenth in 2022, and Alessandra finished fifth in 2023. In total, Norway has 12 top-five and 27 top-ten finishes in the contest.
Participation overview
[edit]1 | First place |
2 | Second place |
3 | Third place |
◁ | Last place |
X | Entry selected but did not compete |
† | Upcoming event |
Hostings
[edit]Year | Location | Venue | Presenters |
---|---|---|---|
1986 | Bergen | Grieghallen | Åse Kleveland |
1996 | Oslo | Oslo Spektrum | Ingvild Bryn and Morten Harket |
2010 | Telenor Arena | Nadia Hasnaoui, Haddy N'jie and Erik Solbakken |
Songs of Europe
[edit]Year | Location | Venue | Presenters |
---|---|---|---|
1981 | Mysen | Momarken | Rolf Kirkvaag and Titten Tei |
Awards
[edit]Marcel Bezençon Awards
[edit]Year | Category | Song | Composer(s) lyrics (l) / music (m) |
Performer | Final | Points | Host city | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | Press Award | "Fairytale" | Alexander Rybak (m & l) | Alexander Rybak | 1 | 387 | ![]() |
|
2015 | Composer Award | "A Monster Like Me" | Kjetil Mørland (m & l) | Mørland & Debrah Scarlett | 8 | 102 | ![]() |
Winner by OGAE members
[edit]Year | Song | Performer | Place | Points | Host city | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | "Fairytale" | Alexander Rybak | 1 | 387 | ![]() |
Related involvement
[edit]Conductors
[edit]Year | Conductor[d] | Musical director | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1960 | Øivind Bergh | N/A | [4] | |
1961 | ||||
1962 | ||||
1963 | ||||
1964 | Karsten Andersen | |||
1965 | Øivind Bergh | |||
1966 | ||||
1967 | ||||
1968 | ||||
1969 | ||||
1971 | Arne Bendiksen | [e] | [5] | |
1972 | Carsten Klouman | |||
1973 | ||||
1974 | Frode Thingnæs | |||
1975 | Carsten Klouman | |||
1976 | Frode Thingnæs | [f] | ||
1977 | Carsten Klouman | |||
1978 | ||||
1979 | Sigurd Jansen | [g] | ||
1980 | [6] | |||
1981 | ||||
1982 | ||||
1983 | ||||
1984 | ||||
1985 | Terje Fjærn | |||
1986 | Egil Monn-Iversen | [h] | ||
1987 | Terje Fjærn | N/A | ||
1988 | Arild Stav | [i] | ||
1989 | Pete Knutsen | |||
1990 | ||||
1991 | ||||
1992 | Rolf Løvland | |||
1993 | ||||
1994 | Pete Knutsen | |||
1995 | Geir Langslet | |||
1996 | Frode Thingnæs | [j] | ||
1997 | Geir Langslet | N/A | ||
1998 |
Additionally, there was an orchestra present at the 1999 national final, conducted by Geir Langslet (the winning song, however, was presented without orchestral accompaniment) and at the 2015 national final, conducted by Anders Eljas.
Heads of delegation
[edit]Year | Head of delegation | Ref. |
---|---|---|
1998–2005 | Jon Ola Sand | |
2006–2009, 2012–2015 | Stian Malme | |
2010–2011 | Skjalg Solstad | |
2016–2024 | Stig Karlsen | |
2025 | Mads Tørklep |
Supervisors
[edit]List of supervisors of Melodi Grand Prix, better known as MGP-general or GP-general in Norway:
Year | Head of delegation | Ref. |
---|---|---|
c. 2007–2012 | Per Sundnes | |
2013–2015 | Vivi Stenberg | |
2016–2017 | Jan Fredrik Karlsen | |
2018–2024 | Stig Karlsen | |
2025 | Tarjei Strøm |
Commentators and spokespersons
[edit]Year | Television | Radio | Spokesperson | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Channel | Commentator(s) | Channel | Commentator(s) | |||
1960 | NRK Fjernsynet | Erik Diesen | NRK | Erik Diesen | Unknown | [14][15] |
1961 | Leif Rustad | Leif Rustad | [16][17] | |||
1962 | Odd Grythe | Odd Grythe | [18] | |||
1963 | Øivind Johnssen | Øivind Johnssen | [19][20] | |||
1964 | Odd Grythe | Odd Grythe | [21][22] | |||
1965 | Erik Diesen | Erik Diesen | [23] | |||
1966 | Sverre Christophersen | Sverre Christophersen | [24][25] | |||
1967 | Erik Diesen | Erik Diesen | Sverre Christophersen | [26][27] | ||
1968 | Roald Øyen | Roald Øyen | Unknown | [28] | ||
1969 | Sverre Christophersen[k] | Sverre Christophersen[k] | [30] | |||
1970 | No broadcast | Did not participate | ||||
1971 | NRK Fjernsynet | Sverre Christophersen | NRK | Sverre Christophersen | No spokesperson | [31] |
1972 | Roald Øyen | Roald Øyen | [32] | |||
1973 | John Andreassen | John Andreassen | [33] | |||
1974 | Erik Heyerdahl | Unknown | [34] | |||
1975 | John Andreassen | [35] | ||||
1976 | Jo Vestly | Erik Heyerdahl | [36] | |||
1977 | John Andreassen | [37] | ||||
1978 | Bjørn Scheele | [38] | ||||
1979 | Egil Teige | [39] | ||||
1980 | Knut Aunbu | [40] | ||||
1981 | [41] | |||||
1982 | Bjørn Scheele | [42] | ||||
1983 | Ivar Dyrhaug | [43] | ||||
1984 | Roald Øyen | [44] | ||||
1985 | Veslemøy Kjendsli | NRK P1, NRK P2 | Jahn Teigen and Erik Heyerdahl | [45] | ||
1986 | Knut Bjørnsen | Knut Bjørnsen | [46] | |||
1987 | John Andreassen | NRK P2 | John Andreassen | [47][48] | ||
1988 | Andreas Diesen | [49][50][51] | ||||
1989 | Unknown | [52][53] | ||||
1990 | Leif Erik Forberg | Leif Erik Forberg | [54][55] | |||
1991 | John Andreassen and Jahn Teigen | John Andreassen and Jahn Teigen | [56][57] | |||
1992 | John Andreassen | Leif Erik Forberg and Vidar Lønn-Arnesen | [58][59] | |||
1993 | Leif Erik Forberg | Leif Erik Forberg | [60][61] | |||
1994 | Jostein Pedersen | NRK P1 | Jostein Pedersen | Sverre Christophersen | [62][63][64] | |
1995 | Annette Groth | Stein Dag Jensen | [65][66][67] | |||
1996 | Jostein Pedersen | Stein Dag Jensen and Anita Skorgan | Ragnhild Sælthun Fjørtoft | [68][69][70][71] | ||
1997 | NRK1 | Kristian Lindeman | [72][73][74] | |||
1998 | Stein Dag Jensen | [75][76] | ||||
1999 | Jon Branæs | [77][78][79] | ||||
2000 | Stein Dag Jensen | Marit Åslein | [80][81][82][83] | |||
2001 | Stein Dag Jensen and Hege Tepstad | Roald Øyen | [84][85][86] | |||
2002 | No radio broadcast | Did not participate | [87] | |||
2003 | NRK P1 | Unknown | Roald Øyen | [88] | ||
2004 | NRK2 (Semi-final) NRK1 (All shows) |
NRK P1 (Final) | Ingvild Helljesen | [89][90][91] | ||
2005 | NRK1 | NRK P1 | [92][93][94][95] | |||
2006 | NRK P1 (Final) | [96][97][98] | ||||
2007 | Per Sundnes | Synnøve Svabø | [99][100] | |||
2008 | NRK1 (SF1/final) NRK3 (SF2) |
Hanne Hoftun | No radio broadcast | Stian Barsnes-Simonsen | [101][102][103][104] | |
2009 | NRK1 | Synnøve Svabø | [105][106][107][108] | |||
2010 | Olav Viksmo-Slettan | Anne Rimmen | ||||
2011 | Nadia Hasnaoui | [109][110] | ||||
2012 | [111][112] | |||||
2013 | Tooji | [113][114] | ||||
2014 | Margrethe Røed | [115][116] | ||||
2015 | NRK1 | NRK P1 (Final) | Per Sundnes | [117][118][119] | ||
NRK Tegnspråk | Sign language interpreters | |||||
NRK3 (Final) | Ronny Brede Aase , Silje Nordnes and Markus Neby | |||||
2016 | NRK1 | Olav Viksmo-Slettan | NRK P1 (SF2/Final) | Ole Christian Øen | Elisabeth Andreassen | [120][121][122][123] |
NRK3 (Final) | Ronny Brede Aase, Silje Nordnes and Markus Neby | |||||
2017 | NRK1 | Olav Viksmo-Slettan | Marcus & Martinus | [124][125][126][127][128] | ||
NRK3 (Final) | Ronny Brede Aase, Silje Nordnes and Markus Neby | |||||
NRK Tegnspråk (Final) | Sign language interpreters | |||||
2018 | NRK1 | Olav Viksmo-Slettan | NRK P1 (Final) | Aleksander Walmann and Jowst | [129][130][131][132] | |
NRK3 (Final) | Ronny Brede Aase, Silje Nordnes and Markus Neby | |||||
2019 | NRK1 | Olav Viksmo-Slettan | Alexander Rybak | [133][134][135][136] | ||
NRK3 (Final) | Ronny Brede Aase, Silje Nordnes and Markus Neby | |||||
Not announced before cancellation | [137][138] | |||||
2021 | NRK1 | Marte Stokstad | NRK P1 (Final) | Ole Christian Øen | Silje Skjemstad Cruz | [139][140][141][142][143] |
NRK3 (Final) | Martin Lepperød and Adelina Ibishi | |||||
2022 | NRK1 | Marte Stokstad | Jon Marius Hyttebakk and Marit Sofie Strand | Tix | [144][145][146][147][148] | |
2023 | Jon Marius Hyttebakk | Ben Adams | [149][150][151][152] | |||
NRK3 (Final) | Arian Engebø , Egil Skurdal, Adelina Ibishi and Nate Kahungu | NRK P3 (Final) | Arian Engebø, Egil Skurdal, Adelina Ibishi and Nate Kahungu | |||
2024 | NRK1 | Marte Stokstad | NRK P1 (Final) | Jon Marius Hyttebakk | Ingvild Helljesen | [153][154] |
Photo gallery
[edit]See also
[edit]- Melodi Grand Prix
- Norway in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest – Junior version of the Eurovision Song Contest.
- Norway in the Eurovision Young Dancers – A competition organised by the EBU for younger dancers aged between 16 and 21.
- Norway in the Eurovision Young Musicians – A competition organised by the EBU for musicians aged 18 years and younger.
Notes and references
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b According to the then-Eurovision rules, the top ten non-Big Four countries from the previous year along with the Big Four automatically qualified for the Grand Final without having to compete in semi-finals. For example, if Germany and France placed inside the top ten, the 11th and 12th spots were advanced to next year's Grand Final along with all countries ranked in the top ten.
- ^ Performance contains uncredited live vocals from Aleksander Walmann
- ^ The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- ^ All conductors are of Norwegian nationality unless otherwise noted.
- ^ Conducted by Egil Monn-Iversen at the national finals.
- ^ Conducted by Helge Hurum at the national final.
- ^ Conducted by Egil Monn-Iversen at the national finals.
- ^ Also conducted the Danish entry. Fred Nøddelund conducted at the national final.
- ^ The song was performed without orchestral accompaniment at the national final.
- ^ Conducted by Geir Langslet at the national final.
- ^ a b The connection between the commentary booth in Madrid and the NRK studios in Oslo was disabled partway through the broadcast, resulting in the Norwegian commentary provided by Sverre Christophersen not being relayed to Norwegian viewers and listeners. Commentary was temporarily provided by Janka Polanyi before the Swedish feed was rerouted to also cover the Norwegian broadcasts, with the original connection to Christophersen ultimately fixed before the start of the voting sequence.[29]
References
[edit]- ^ Klier, Marcus (18 May 2009). "The Eurovision 2009 Marcel Bezençon Awards". esctoday.com. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- ^ "Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2015". eurovision.tv. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- ^ Cobb, Ryan (21 April 2017). "Analysing ten years of OGAE voting: "Underneath the fan favourite bias is a worthwhile indicator"". escxtra.com. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. One: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 93–101. ISBN 978-1-84583-065-6.
- ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 142–168. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.
- ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9.
- ^ "Executive Supervisor". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ a b c "Se hele finalen her". 3 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ a b Vedeler, Linda Marie (19 August 2024). "Ferdig i Melodi Grand Prix". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ a b Vedeler, Linda Marie (29 October 2024). "Tarjei Strøm blir ny musikksjef for MGP". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 1 November 2024.
- ^ GP-general Per Sundnes slutter i NRK
- ^ – Skulle veldig gjerne hatt en seier i beltet før jeg gir meg
- ^ a b Gir seg som MGP-general
- ^ "Radioprogrammet | Fjernsynet" [The radio programmes | Television]. Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). Drammen, Norway. 29 March 1960. p. 4. Retrieved 15 June 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "TV". Drammens Tidende (in Norwegian). Drammen, Norway. 30 March 1960. p. 11. Retrieved 15 June 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Hørt i Radio" [Heard on the Radio]. Haugesunds Dagblad (in Norwegian). Haugesund, Norway. 20 March 1961. p. 3. Retrieved 19 June 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Radioprogrammet" [The radio programme]. Sandefjords Blad (in Norwegian). Sandefjord, Norway. 18 March 1961. p. 8. Retrieved 19 June 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Se og hør i dag" [See and hear today]. Oppland Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Oppland, Norway. 17 March 1962. p. 10. Retrieved 14 December 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Klart for Melodie Grand Prix 1963" [Ready for Melodie Grand Prix 1963]. Oppland Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Oppland, Norway. 23 March 1963. p. 12. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Grand Prix". Morgenposten (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. 18 March 1963. p. 14. Retrieved 21 July 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
Grythe was supposed to refer from this year's 'sound Olympiad', but now he has withdrawn in favour of Øyvind Johnssen from the steam radio's entertainment department. Grythe has so many irons in the fire that he simply does not have time to travel to London. [original: Grythe skulle refere årets «lyd-olympiade», men nå har han trakket seg til fordel for Øyvind Johnssen i dampradioens underholdningsavdeling. Grythe har så mange jern i ilden at han simpelthen ikke rekker å reise til London.]
- ^ "Se og Hør idag" [See and Hear today]. Oppland Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Oppland, Norway. 21 March 1964. p. 11. Retrieved 27 December 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Melodi Grand Prix 1964". Tiden (in Norwegian). Drammen, Norway. 21 March 1964. p. 3. Retrieved 28 December 2022 – via National Library of Norway. (subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
- ^ "Se og Hør idag" [See and Hear today]. Oppland Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Gjøvik, Norway. 20 March 1965. p. 11. Retrieved 15 January 2025 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Radio TV". Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Sarpsborg, Norway. 5 March 1966. p. 7. Retrieved 30 December 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Christophersen kommenterer Grand Prix" [Christophersen comments on the Grand Prix]. Rogalands Avis (in Norwegian). Stavanger, Norway. 5 March 1966. p. 11. Retrieved 30 December 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Radio Fjernsyn" [Radio Television]. Moss Dagblad (in Norwegian). Moss, Norway. 8 April 1967. p. 7. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "TV Radio: Melodi Grand Prix 1967 fra Wien". Sandefjords Blad (in Norwegian). Sandefjord, Norway. 8 April 1967. p. 8. Retrieved 26 June 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "TV radio". Oppland Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Gjøvik, Norway. 6 April 1968. pp. 26–27. Retrieved 3 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Fire ikke-vinnere!" [Four non-winners!]. Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. 31 March 1969. p. 7. Retrieved 3 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway. (subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
- ^ "Radio ∗ Fjernsyn" [Radio ∗ Television]. Østlands-Posten (in Norwegian). Larvik, Norway. 29 March 1969. p. 12. Retrieved 3 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Radio og TV". Nordlands Framtid (in Norwegian). Bodø, Norway. 3 April 1971. p. 19. Retrieved 2 February 2025 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Helgens radio og TV" [Weekend radio and TV]. Gjengangeren (in Norwegian). Horten, Norway. 25 March 1972. p. 2. Retrieved 2 February 2025 – via National Library of Norway.
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- ^ "Radio • TV". Haugesunds Avis (in Norwegian). Haugesund, Norway. 6 April 1974. p. 6. Retrieved 2 February 2025 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Radio og TV" [Radio and TV]. Ringsaker Blad (in Norwegian). Ringsaker, Norway. 22 March 1975. p. 10. Retrieved 30 January 2025 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "TV-Radio programmene" [TV-Radio programmes]. Oppland Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Gjøvik, Norway. 3 April 1976. p. 35. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Radio-TV". Tønsbergs Blad (in Norwegian). Tønsberg, Norway. 7 May 1977. p. 31. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "TV-radio programmene" [TV-radio programmes]. Oppland Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Gjøvik, Norway. 22 April 1978. p. 35. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "TV-radio programmene" [TV-radio programmes]. Oppland Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Gjøvik, Norway. 31 March 1979. p. 43. Retrieved 11 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "Radio TV i helgen" [Radio TV at the weekend]. Tønsbergs Blad (in Norwegian). Tønsberg, Norway. 19 April 1980. p. 31. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "RadioTV". Telen (in Norwegian). Notodden, Norway. 4 April 1981. p. 4. Retrieved 15 February 2025 – via National Library of Norway.
- ^ "TV Radio programmene" [TV Radio programmes]. Sandefjords Blad (in Norwegian). Sandefjord, Norway. 24 April 1982. p. 2. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
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- ^ "TV lørdag" [TV Saturday]. Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Sarpsborg, Norway. 30 April 1988. pp. 22–23. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
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- ^ "Dublin, can you hear me?". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. 30 April 1988. p. 54. Retrieved 17 December 2024 – via National Library of Norway. (subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
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- ^ "Radio/TV". Finnmark Dagblad (in Norwegian). Hammerfest, Norway. 4 May 1991. pp. 32–33. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
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- ^ "Radio og TV" [Radio and TV]. Oppland Arbeiderblad (in Norwegian). Gjøvik, Norway. 9 May 1992. pp. 60–61. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022 – via National Library of Norway.
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External links
[edit]- Melodi Grand Prix
- Points to and from Norway eurovisioncovers.co.uk