Partzufim

Partzufim or Partsufim (Hebrew: פרצופים, singular partzuf, Hebrew: פרצוף), are "Countenances"^[1] or "Personas" of God described in the Zohar.

The Idra Rabba describes a divine being composed of three partzufim: Arikh Anpin, the “Long-Faced One” or “Slow to Anger”; Zeʿeir Anpin, the “Small-Faced One” or “Short-Tempered”; and Nuqba, the feminine aspect of the Divine.^[2]^: 18 The Idra Zuta describes five partzufim, the aforementioned three and two additional ones Abba (Father) and Imma (Mother), forming an “inner” divine “family” within the Godhead.^[2]^: 19

In Lurianic Kabbalah, the partzufim are reconfigured arrangements of the ten sefirot, the divine attributes or emanations. Each partzuf is thus a configuration of disparate entities into a harmonious unit.^[3]^: 117 The names of the partzufim are derived from the Zohar, the foundational text of Kabbalah.^[1] There, they are synonymous terms for the sefirot. Their full doctrinal significance emerged in Lurianic Kabbalah in the 16th century concerning The World of Chaos and The World of Rectification.

Medieval Kabbalah described the ten sefirot as divine channels that emanate from their source and descend in a linear progression. Moses ben Jacob Cordovero systemised the different medieval interpretations of the Zohar. Later, Isaac Luria recast Kabbalah into its second articulation.

Lurianism describes the dynamic relationships between personas, which interact.^[3]^: 7 The higher partzufim clothe themselves within the lower ones as a soul is in a body. According to the Lurianic system, the linear scheme of sefirot precipitates the "shattering" of the World of Chaos. Their reformation as partzufim in the World of Rectification begins tikkun olam, cosmic repair. As a result of the collapse of the World of Chaos, sparks of holiness were lost or exiled in the three lower Worlds. The human, whose soul reflects the harmonised order of the partzufim, rectifies the mundane world by redeeming the exiled sparks of holiness through Torah study and performance of mitzvot.

Description

Traditional location of the Idra Assembly. In the *Zohar*, Shimon bar Yohai convenes his students to expound the partzufim. Later, Isaac Luria, who systemised the partzufim, convened his students there, each one sitting in the location of their former incarnation^[4]

In Lurianic Kabbalah, the Four Worlds of our created existence are arranged in a stable form, through the reconfiguration of the original sefirot into partzufim. The first realm to exhibit this new arrangement is the mature form of Atziluth, the World of Emanation, therefore also called the World of Rectification.^[5]^: 79 This follows on from the Shevirah "Shattering" of the sefirot vessels in the World of Chaos, the initial, unstable form of Atziluth.^[6]^: 231

In Tikun, the sefirot evolve into the harmonised partzufim, new arrangements where they can unite. The World of Chaos is characterised by abundant light (Ohr) and weak vessels, as the ten sefirot act independently as absolute forces, causing it to collapse. The World of Rectification is characterised by lower lights in strong vessels, as through the partzufim the sefirot inter-relate to absorb the illumination from Chaos . The task of humanity becomes the rectification of the fallen sparks of Chaos, the concealed sublime origins of lower Creation, latently active in their exiled state. The messianic goal is the union of the original great illumination of Chaos within the mature vessels of Rectification, revealing the ultimate divine essence of both.

Anthropomorphism of the partzufim

As Medieval Kabbalists never tire of stressing the unity and non-plurality in the concept of the sefirot, so Luria stressed the metaphorical nature of the partzufim. They are Divine "faces", manifestations of the Godhead, alternative aspects through which God manifests Himself, and do not imply any plurality in God. As Shimon bar Yochai recounts in the Zohar:

Whatever I said of the Atika Kadisha, Holy Ancient-One, and whatever I said of the Zeir Anpin, is all One; everything is absolutely One. There is no division in Him, blessed be He and blessed be His Name forever. The sum of all this is: the Ancient of the Ancient and the Zeir Anpin are absolutely One. All is, was, and shall be; He will not change, He is unchanging, and he has not changed...Should you ask, what then is the difference between one and the other? It is all One, but from above His paths divide and from below judgement is found; from our perspective they differ one from another.^[7]

Primary and secondary partzufim

The ten sefirot develop into five or six primary partzufim, which further develop into pairs of Male and Female secondary partzufim. The male principle in Kabbalah metaphorically denotes outward/emanator/giver, and the female principle denotes inward/receiver/nurturer, similar to the female process of pregnancy to nurture subsequent emanation. The terminology and system of partzufim describes detailed and specific aspects of Divinity, their nature and function discussed in Kabbalah.

Primary partzufim

The fundamental primary partzufim and the sefirot they develop from are:

Ancient of Days/Atika Kadisha, supreme "earliest/oldest" inner dimension of Keter Will (from Ein Sof)
Arich Anpin - "Long Face/Extending Patience", infinitely extending downwards source of divine compassion in Keter Will
Abba - "Father", Chokmah illumination of Wisdom insight, root of intellect on the "right" of the sefirot (Revelation)
Imma - "Mother", Binah intellectual Understanding nurturing pregnant emotions, on the "left" side of the sefirot (Internalisation)
Zeir Anpin - "Small Face/Short Patience", Son, 6 sefirot emotions that shattered, born from Imma on "left" side (Judgement)
Nukvah - "Female" of Zeir Anpin, Daughter, Malkuth reign in Feminine Shekhinah, born from Zeir Anpin on "left", man reunites

Full array of partzufim

The full array of primary partzufim and the secondary partzufim that develop from them:^[3]^: 118

Sephirah: Unstable separated forces	Partzufim: Stable harmonised reconfigurations	Secondary Partzufim: Particular Male/Female subdivisions
Above conscious: Keter	Ancient of Days Atika Kadisha Inner level of Keter-Delight Most primary earliest cause Arich Anpin ("Long Face/Macroprosopus") Outer level of Keter-Will Descending Divine soul in Creation	[Atik Yomin is Male "Ancient of Days"] Nukvah d'Atik Yomin ("Female of Ancient of Days") [Arich Anpin is Male "Long Face"] Nukvah d'Arich Anpin ("Female of Long Face")
Wisdom: Chokhmah	Abba Ila'ah ("The Higher Father") The power to spontaneously extract insight from the superconscious realm Yisrael Saba ("Israel the Elder") The power to subsequently direct insight into consciousness Abba ("Father") The combination of Abba Ila'ah and Yisrael Saba	Both partzufim of Chokhmah are male. For their female counterparts see primary partzufim of Binah
Understanding: Binah	Imma ("Mother") Joined influence with Abba-Father Nurturing development Tevunah ("Comprehension")	Both partzufim of Binah are female. For their male counterparts see primary partzufim of Chokhmah
6 Emotional Attributes: Chesed Gevurah Tiferet Netzach Hod Yesod	Zeir Anpin ("Small Face/Microprosopus") Youthful of Days^[8] Revealed Ben ("Son") Groom seeking unity with Nukvah Torah study/Written Torah/Sun/tree of life Revelation of Divine transcendence-Tetragrammaton "The Holy One Blessed be He"	Both partzufim of Zein Anpin are male and have their female counterparts in Nukvah Yisrael (named after "Jacob-Israel") The face that looks up Yaakov (named after "Jacob", father of Israelites)
Active Emotion: Malkuth	Nukvah/No"k d'Zeir Anpin ("Feminine" of Zeir Anpin) Receiving Bat ("Daughter") Bride seeking unity with Zeir Anpin Prayer/Oral Torah/Moon/tree of the knowledge of good and evil Immanence-Elohim Shekhinah-Indwelling Divine Presence	Both partzufim of Nukvah are female and have their male counterparts in Zein Anpin Leah (named after First wife of Jacob) Rachel (named after Second wife of Jacob)

Both of the secondary, male and female partzufim of Atik Yomin and Arich Anpin exist within the same configuration. There are therefore only 10 distinct secondary partzufim, and consequently the secondary partzufim of Keter do not have particular names, unlike the secondary partzufim of the other sefirot.

Manifestations

The 6 primary and 12 secondary partzufim are the basic harmonised Divine manifestations in the Four Worlds of created existence. More specifically however, within their interaction are numerous more particular aspects of Divinity, each denoting a differentiated expression. In the Idrot narratives of the Zohar, Shimon bar Yochai discusses profound manifestations of the partzufim. The Idra Zuta, traditionally ascribed to his day of passing from this world, the Hillula of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, is considered the deepest teachings of the Zohar.^[9]^: 136

Image gallery

The partzufim, 3 Reishin and 13 attributes - Tikunai Dikna from Cabala Denudata, 1684, by Knorr von Rosenroth.^[10] Jewish works avoid drawing personifications.

References

^ ^a ^b Dennis, Geoffrey W. (2019). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism (2nd ed.). Llewellyn Publications. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-7837-4591-6.
^ ^a ^b Hellner-Eshed, Melila (2021-09-14). Seekers of the Face. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-2858-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ginsburgh, Rabbi Yitzchak (2006). What you need to know about Kabbalah (1st ed.). Jerusalem: Gal Einai. ISBN 965-7146-119.
^ Fine, Lawrence (2003). Physician of the Soul, Healer of the Cosmos: Isaac Luria and his Kabbalistic Fellowship. Stanford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-8047-4826-1.
^ Kaplan, Aryeh (1991). Sutton, Abraham (ed.). Innerspace. New York/Jerusalem: Moznaim Publishing Company.
^ Vital, Ḥayyim ben Joseph (2005). Kabbalah of creation: the mysticism of Isaac Luria, founder of modern Kabbalah. Translated by Eliahu J. Klein. Berkeley, Calif: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-55643-542-8.
^ Zohar III:290a and 141a
^ "Idra Rabba". The Zohar | Pritzker Edition. Vol. 8. Translated by Daniel C. Matt. Stanford University Press. 2014. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-8047-8726-0.
^ Yitzchak Ginsburgh (2002). Rectifying the State of Israel. Gal Einai. ISBN 9789657146057.
^ Roob, Alexander (2016). "Opus Magnum: Sephiroth". Alchemy And Mysticism. Taschen. p. 267. ISBN 978-3-8365-4936-3.

External links

inner.org, Glossary of Kabbalah and Chassidut Letter P
inner.org, The Stages of the Creative Process from God's Infinite Light to Our Physical World. Includes detailed descriptions of particular partzuf manifestations
koshertorah.com, "The Partzufim - The Sefirotic Faces" By Rabbi Ariel Bar Tzadok (Originally published in Panu Derekh #13)
inner.org, "True Monotheism". Kabbalistic understanding of the absolute Unity of Divine Manifestations.

[TEoJMMM-1] Dennis, Geoffrey W. (2019). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism (2nd ed.). Llewellyn Publications. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-7837-4591-6.

[Hellner-Eshed2021-2] Hellner-Eshed, Melila (2021-09-14). Seekers of the Face. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-2858-8.

[Kab-3] Ginsburgh, Rabbi Yitzchak (2006). What you need to know about Kabbalah (1st ed.). Jerusalem: Gal Einai. ISBN 965-7146-119.

[4] Fine, Lawrence (2003). Physician of the Soul, Healer of the Cosmos: Isaac Luria and his Kabbalistic Fellowship. Stanford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-8047-4826-1.

[5] Kaplan, Aryeh (1991). Sutton, Abraham (ed.). Innerspace. New York/Jerusalem: Moznaim Publishing Company.

[Vital-6] Vital, Ḥayyim ben Joseph (2005). Kabbalah of creation: the mysticism of Isaac Luria, founder of modern Kabbalah. Translated by Eliahu J. Klein. Berkeley, Calif: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-55643-542-8.

[7] Zohar III:290a and 141a

[g766-8] "Idra Rabba". The Zohar | Pritzker Edition. Vol. 8. Translated by Daniel C. Matt. Stanford University Press. 2014. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-8047-8726-0.

[9] Yitzchak Ginsburgh (2002). Rectifying the State of Israel. Gal Einai. ISBN 9789657146057.

[10] Roob, Alexander (2016). "Opus Magnum: Sephiroth". Alchemy And Mysticism. Taschen. p. 267. ISBN 978-3-8365-4936-3.

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