Photuris pensylvanica
| Pennsylvania firefly | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photuris pensylvanica | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Lampyridae |
| Genus: | Photuris |
| Species: | P. pensylvanica
|
| Binomial name | |
| Photuris pensylvanica | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Photuris pennsylvanica | |
Photuris pensylvanica, known by the common names Pennsylvania firefly, lightning bug,[3] dot-dash firefly[4] and (in its larval state) glowworm,[5] is a species of firefly from the United States and Canada.[3][5] It is also widely known under the Latin name Photuris pennsylvanica, although the original spelling,[2] with one "n", was common in Latinized names of the time and remains the valid name.
Description
[edit]P. pensylvanica is a somewhat flattened beetle 11 millimetres (0.43 in) to 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in length.[6] Its primary color is black, but it has two bright red eyespots on its thorax, as well as yellow edging on its thorax and wing cases and usually a lengthwise yellow stripe partway down the center of each of the latter. The species is carnivorous, feeding mostly on insects but also on other invertebrates, such as land snails and earthworms. The terminal segments of its abdomen are white-yellow and glow greenish-yellow when the insect manifests its bioluminescence. The females of this species, like those of other members of the genus, lure males of other species by imitating their flash patterns in order to prey on them.[7]
State insect
[edit]In 1974, P. pensylvanica was designated the state insect of Pennsylvania.[3] Its designation as such started with a group of Highland Park Elementary School students in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania.[8] Fireflies are abundant in Pennsylvania and are enjoyed for their ability to "transform a midsummer night into a fairyland of tiny, brilliant twinkling lights"[3] Discovering that there was a species of firefly named after their state and that no other U.S. state had adopted a firefly as its state insect, the students began their campaign to have P. pensylvanica made Pennsylvania's state insect.[3][8]
With advice and support from state legislators, the students began a campaign that included letter writing, the circulation of petitions, and the distribution of bumper stickers. On April 10, 1974, Governor Milton J. Shapp signed Act 59 into law, making the Pennsylvania firefly their state's official insect. A few years later, Highland Park Elementary School was presented with a bronze plaque in honor of the students' achievement.[8]
Many Pennsylvanians know these insects by the name "lightning bugs" and may have confused "firefly" with "black fly" when that state was plagued by them in 1988[citation needed]. This might be why that year the legislature again confirmed the Pennsylvania firefly's official status and specified it by scientific name. The amended act reads:
Section 1. The firefly (Lampyridae Coleoptera) of the species Photuris pensylvanica De Geer is hereby selected, designated and adopted as the official insect of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
(1 amended Dec. 5, 1988, P.L.1101, No.130)[9]
The firefly is also the state insect of Tennessee, but in this case the specific species referred to (if any) may be Photinus pyralis, the most common species of firefly in North America.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Heckscher, C.; Walker, A. (2021). "Photuris pensylvanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T164045826A166771503. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T164045826A166771503.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b De Geer, Charles (1774). Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes, vol. 4. Stockholm: Grefing & Hesselberg. pp. 52–53. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Pennsylvania State Insect - Firefly". Statesymbolsusa.org. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
- ^ Anna Walker (Albuquerque Biopark, New Mexico); University), Christopher Heckscher (Delaware State (2020-08-24). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Photuris pensylvanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2021-04-03.
- ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer Species Index: Genus Photuris". Archived from the original on September 3, 2008. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
- ^ Williams, Francis X. (March 1917). "Notes on the Life-History of Some North American Lampyridæ". J NY Entomol Soc. 25 (1): 11–33. JSTOR 25003739.
- ^ Lloyd, James E. (6 August 1965). "Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris: Firefly Femmes Fatales". Science. 149 (3684): 653–654. Bibcode:1965Sci...149..653L. doi:10.1126/science.149.3684.653. PMID 17747574. S2CID 39386614.
- ^ a b c "Pennsylvania: The Keystone State". Burger.com. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
- ^ "State Insect". Pennsylvania General Assembly. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
- ^ "Tennessee State Insect - Firefly". Statesymbolsusa.org. Retrieved 2012-02-15.