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Syrian Express

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The Syrian Express is the name used to describe the regular supply voyages through the Bosporus^[1] to Ba'athist Syria, in particular using amphibious warfare ships of the Russian Navy, that were made during the Syrian civil war (2011–2024).^[2]^[3] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 the Turkish authorities were persuaded to implement terms of the Montreux convention, banning the passage of further military vessels through the Bosporus.^[4] With the fall of the Syrian regime the change in nature of the Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war will lead to a further change in the nature of the traffic using this route.^[5]

Name

The supply route to Syria was dubbed the "Syrian Express" by Russian sailors^[6] after its launch in 2012.^[7] Presumably, it is a reference to the Imperial Japanese Navy's Tokyo Express, supplying Japanese forces during the Guadalcanal campaign in the Pacific theater of World War II.^[8]

Ships involved

Black Sea Fleet

197th Landing Ship Brigade

Others

Kyzyl-60 (ex-Smyrna, Turkey)
Kazan-60 (ex–Georgy Agafonov, Ukraine)
Vologda-50 (ex-Dadali, Turkey)
Dvinitsa-50 (ex–Alican Deval, Turkey)

Baltic Fleet

Northern Fleet

Civilian vessels

MV Alexander Tkachenko

Other logistic vessels

e.g. owned by the Oboronlogistika company

References

^ "Russia forced to resupply Syrian base bypassing Europe — Ukrainian Navy". Espreso TV. 28 October 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
^ "Mereväebaas Süürias kinnistab Venemaa kanda Vahemerel" [Naval base in Syria consolidates Russia's foothold in the Mediterranean Sea]. Postimees (in Estonian). Agence France-Presse; Baltic News Service. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Syrian Express on the NATO Flank". Russia Monitor. Warsaw Institute. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
^ "Turkey, overseeing passage to Black Sea, calls Russian invasion 'war'". MSN News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
^ Åtland, Kristian (3 April 2021). "Redrawing borders, reshaping orders: Russia's quest for dominance in the Black Sea region". doi:10.1080/09662839.2021.1872546#d1e537. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
^ Gorbenko, Aleksandr (15 May 2013). "Ещё одна победа России в сирийской войне: три официальных визита ради спасения террористов" [Another Victory for Russia in the Syrian War: Three Official Visits to Save Terrorists]. Odnako (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
^ Moss, Richard A. (October 2023). "The Syrian Express and a Russian String of Pearls?". Journal of Peace and War Studies (5th ed.): 105–124. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
^ Kollakowski, Tobias (2023). Early 21st Century Russian Naval Strategy at Europe's Southern Maritime Flank: Continental Power, Fleet Design and Naval Operations (PDF) (PhD thesis). King's College London. p. 238. Retrieved 25 December 2024.

External links

Russia Launches Syrian Express Operation as Turkey Attacks in Idlib. Warsaw Institute, 3 March 2020

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