14 Herculis c
.png) Direct image of 14 Herculis c taken with the James Webb Space Telescope. Its host star is blocked by a coronagraph. | |
| Discovery[1][2] | |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Goździewski et al.; Rosenthal et al. |
| Discovery site | Observatoire de Haute-Provence,[3] Keck & AFP[2] |
| Discovery date | 17 November 2005 (candidate) 2 July 2021 (confirmed) |
| Doppler spectroscopy | |
| Designations | |
| HD 145675 c | |
| Orbital characteristics[4] | |
| 20.0+12.0 −4.9 AU | |
| Eccentricity | 0.52+0.16 −0.12 |
| 52,160±1,030 days (142.8±2.8 years) | |
| Inclination | 116.3°+24.64° −9.167° |
| 205.1°+7.448° −10.31° | |
| 2,451,779±33 JD[5] | |
| 172.5°+4.011° −4.584° | |
| Semi-amplitude | 50.8±0.4 m/s[5] |
| Star | 14 Herculis |
| Physical characteristics[4] | |
| 1.03±0.01 RJ | |
| Mass | 7.9+1.6 −1.2 MJ |
| 4.25±0.15 cgs | |
| Temperature | 275 K (2 °C; 35 °F) |
14 Herculis c or 14 Her c is the outermost of two known exoplanets orbiting the star 14 Herculis, approximately 58.4 light-years away in the constellation of Hercules. The planet has a mass that would make it a gas giant roughly the same size as Jupiter but much more massive.
Discovery
[edit]14 Herculis c was discovered by the radial velocity method. Its discovery was first reported in 2005 (published in 2006),[1] using data from the ELODIE Planet Search survey.[3] It remained a planet candidate until its existence was securely confirmed in 2021.[2]
According to a 2007 analysis, the existence of a second planet in the 14 Herculis system was "clearly" supported by the evidence, but the planet's parameters were not precisely known. It may be in a 4:1 resonance with the inner planet 14 Herculis b.[6]
The inclination and true mass of 14 Herculis c were measured in 2021, using data from Gaia,[7] and refined by further astrometric studies in 2022 and 2023,[8][5] as well by a 2025 study using JWST astrometry. The inclination is 116°, corresponding to a true mass of 7.1 MJ.[5]
Direct imaging
[edit]The planet was directly imaged with the James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam instrument in 2025. The observations determined a temperature of 275 K (2 °C), making it one of the coldest exoplanets directly imaged. They also re-measured its orbital elements, finding it to be closer to the star, at around 15 AU, on a highly eccentric orbit, as well as measuring its orbital inclination, finding it to be misaligned with 14 Herculis b by 40°. At wavelengths of 4.4 μm, its apparent magnitude is fainter than expected, hinting at disequilibrium chemistry and/or water ice clouds.[9][4]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Goździewski, K.; Konacki, M.; Maciejewski, A. J. (2006). "Orbital Configurations and Dynamical Stability of Multiplanet Systems around Sun-like Stars HD 202206, 14 Herculis, HD 37124, and HD 108874" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 645 (1): 688–703. arXiv:astro-ph/0511463. Bibcode:2006ApJ...645..688G. doi:10.1086/504030. S2CID 15012577.
- ^ a b c Rosenthal, Lee J.; Fulton, Benjamin J.; Hirsch, Lea A.; Isaacson, Howard T.; Howard, Andrew W.; Dedrick, Cayla M.; Sherstyuk, Ilya A.; Blunt, Sarah C.; Petigura, Erik A.; Knutson, Heather A.; Behmard, Aida; Chontos, Ashley; Crepp, Justin R.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dalba, Paul A.; Fischer, Debra A.; Henry, Gregory W.; Kane, Stephen R.; Kosiarek, Molly; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Rubenzahl, Ryan A.; Weiss, Lauren M.; Wright, Jason T. (2021), "The California Legacy Survey. I. A Catalog of 178 Planets from Precision Radial Velocity Monitoring of 719 Nearby Stars over Three Decades", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 255 (1): 8, arXiv:2105.11583, Bibcode:2021ApJS..255....8R, doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abe23c, S2CID 235186973
- ^ a b Naef, D.; Mayor, M.; Beuzit, J. L.; Perrier, C.; Queloz, D.; Sivan, J. P.; Udry, S. (January 2004). "The ELODIE survey for northern extra-solar planets. III. Three planetary candidates detected with ELODIE". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 414: 351–359. arXiv:astro-ph/0310261. Bibcode:2004A&A...414..351N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034091. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ a b c Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella; Balmer, William O.; et al. (June 2025). "JWST Coronagraphic Images of 14 Her c: a Cold Giant Planet in a Dynamically Hot, Multi-planet System". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. arXiv:2506.09201.
- ^ a b c d Benedict, G. F.; McArthur, B. E.; et al. (May 2023). "The 14 Her Planetary System: Companion Masses and Architecture from Radial Velocities and Astrometry". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (1): 27. arXiv:2305.11753. Bibcode:2023AJ....166...27B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acd93a.
- ^ Wittenmyer, R. A.; Endl, M.; Cochran, W. D. (2007). "Long-Period Objects in the Extrasolar Planetary Systems 47 Ursae Majoris and 14 Herculis". The Astrophysical Journal. 654 (1): 625–632. arXiv:astro-ph/0609117. Bibcode:2007ApJ...654..625W. doi:10.1086/509110. S2CID 14707902.
- ^ Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; et al. (1 December 2021). "14 Her: A Likely Case of Planet–Planet Scattering". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 922 (2). L43. arXiv:2111.06004. Bibcode:2021ApJ...922L..43B. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac382c.
- ^ Feng, Fabo; Butler, R. Paul; et al. (August 2022). "3D Selection of 167 Substellar Companions to Nearby Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 262 (21): 21. arXiv:2208.12720. Bibcode:2022ApJS..262...21F. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac7e57. S2CID 251864022.
- ^ "Frigid Exoplanet in Strange Orbit Imaged by NASA's Webb". Webb. Retrieved 2025-06-10.
External links
[edit]- Jean Schneider (2011). "Notes for Planet 14 Her c". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- "14 Herculis". SolStation. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-25.