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2025 Bangsamoro Parliament election

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2025 Bangsamoro Parliament election
Bangsamoro
← 2016
(as ARMM)		 May 12, 2025
69 of 80 seats to the Bangsamoro Parliament
41 seats needed for a majority
Turnoutpercentage
Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–
Al-Ittihad–UKB Suharto Mangudadatu
BaPa Muslimin Sema
BPP Mujiv Hataman
BGC TBC
Moro Ako TBC
PRO Bangsamoro Don Mustapha Loong
SIAP Mamintal Adiong Jr.
UBJP Murad Ebrahim
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Chief Minister before
Murad Ebrahim
Independent (MILF nominee)

The 2025 Bangsamoro Parliament election is scheduled to take place in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) on May 12 under the Bangsamoro Organic Law, the charter of the autonomous region of the Philippines.

This election will be the first regular election for the Bangsamoro Parliament and was scheduled to be held in parallel with the 2022 Philippine general election. Elected officials would assume office on June 30, 2025. They would succeed the interim Bangsamoro Transition Authority Parliament.

The postponement of the elections from 2022 to 2025, was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and consequentially the absence of a Bangsamoro Electoral Code. The interim regional government and advocacy groups in Mindanao successfully campaigned to move the date of the elections.

Background

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Interim parliament

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When Bangsamoro was formed in 2019, the Bangsamoro Transition Authority served as an interim government of the autonomous region, and also acted as its interim parliament. The interim government is not officially divided through political party affiliation but is instead divided into two groups according to the nominating entity; the majority are nominees of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, while the rest are nominees of the Philippine national government.[1]

Under the law which postponed the elections to 2025, the President of the Philippines may appoint a new set of members for the interim parliament whose term will run until June 30, 2025.[2]

Bangsamoro Transition Authority Parliament composition
Political group Seats
Moro Islamic Liberation Front nominees
41 / 80
National Government nominees
39 / 80

Initial postponement

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Originally scheduled to be held on May 9, 2022, the Bangsamoro Parliament elections was postponed. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the region was cited as justification, which led to the non-passage of a Bangsamoro Electoral Code. The electoral code would be the regional legislation that would define the parliamentary districts for the purpose of the regional elections. The electoral code would be legislated using data from the 2020 census which was likewise affected by the pandemic.[3] In order for the elections to be postponed, the Bangsamoro Organic Law needs to be amended.

The Bangsamoro interim government and some advocacy groups in Mindanao campaigned for the postponement of the polls.[4][5] Interim Chief Minister Murad Ebrahim reasoned that three years is not enough to restructure the region's government, and that the COVID-19 pandemic and delays on the release of the region's budget caused the delay in the transition process. The postponement also received opposition. Kusug Tausug in the House of Representatives believed that postponing the elections tantamount to justifying the interim Bangsamoro government's performance which it found inadequate. Sulu Governor Abdusakur Tan also opposed the extension since he wanted elected officials to lead the region by 2022.[6]

In the Congress, there was a debate if it would be necessary to hold a plebiscite for the potential postponement of the Bangsamoro elections.[7][6] The National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections, amid talks on the possible postponement of the elections, wanted the polls to be "desynchronized" or be held in a different date from the national elections since a new electoral system would be used for the regional elections.[8]

The Senate approved on final reading Senate Bill No. 2214 on September 6, 2021, proposing the postponement of elections to 2025.[9] A counterpart bill in the House of Representatives was approved on September 15.[10] As the two bills were different, it had to be reconciled in a conference committee before being submitted for the president's signature for it to become law, and for it to actually postpone the election. While both bills gave the president of the Philippines the power to appoint the members for the 2019–2022 term, the House bill gave the incumbent president Rodrigo Duterte that power, while the Senate bill gave the winner of the 2022 presidential election that power.[11] In late September, both chambers ratified the conference committee's version of the bill, giving the winning president in the 2022 election the power to appoint the members of the next transitional parliament.[12]

President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law on October 28 the bill postponing the elections to 2025.[13] However Duterte's successor was given the ability still change the parliament's whole composition once they assume office.[14]

Second interim parliament

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Duterte's successor President Bongbong Marcos appointed a new set of members for the interim parliament. Forty-nine were reappointed while are 31 new members. The composition of 41 MILF nominees and 39 government nominees were still retained.[15]

Exclusion of Sulu from Bangsamoro and proposed second postponement

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In September 2024, Sulu province was excluded from Bangsamoro by a Supreme Court ruling consequentially excluding it from the 2025 elections, citing that its inclusion in the BARMM was unconstitutional as most of its residents voted against joining the region in the 2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite.[16] The ruling has led to uncertainty regarding the fate of seven seats allotted to Sulu in the Bangsamoro Parliament.[17]

On October 22, 2024, the Bangsamoro Transition Authority adopted a resolution requesting the national Congress to move the election to 2028 on account of Sulu's exclusion from the BARMM.[18] On November 4, 2024, Senate President Chiz Escudero filed Senate bill 2862, which called for the election to be postponed to May 11, 2026 in order for the BARMM "to reconfigure its jurisdictions as well as reallocate" its parliamentary seats following the exclusion of Sulu.[19] A separate bill was also filed in the House of Representatives to postpone the election until 2026 by Speaker Martin Romualdez and Lanao del Sur representative Zia Alonto Adiong.[20]

A group of 35 civil society organizations in Mindanao opposed the postponement of the election and were also critical on the progress of decommissioning of the MILF as an armed rebel group.[21] Maguindanao del Sur governor Mariam Mangudadatu said that there has been fatal skirmishes involving the MILF since 2022, questioning their legitimacy since their leadership in the transition government would consequentially be extended if the elections is postponed. She also brought up a pledge by president Bongbong Marcos that the election will be held as planned in 2025.[22]

The Bagnsamoro regional government has expressed openness to the postponement stating that it is deferring the "sound discretion" of the national Congress. Concerns were largely on the disentrancement of voters in Sulu, especially in the event the Supreme Court reverse its decision.[23] Mohagher Iqbal of the MILF and also a parliament member was surprised of the initiative of the national congress believing that it would be advantageous to the United Bangsamoro Justice Party, the MILF's party, if the election would be held as planned in 2025.[24] On November 21, Basilan governor Hadjiman Hataman Salliman, Maguindanao del Norte Governor Abdulraof Macacua, and Tawi-Tawi Governor Yshmael Sali issued a joint statement supporting the postponement, citing the need to address the distribution of parliamentary seats following the exclusion of Sulu.[25]

Electoral system

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  Political parties (50%)
  Single member districts (31.3%)
  Single member districts (Sulu) (8.75%)
  Sectoral representatives (10%)

A total of 80 seats will be contested in the 2025 Bangsamoro elections. The final composition of the parliament after the elections should satisfy the following:[26][27]

  • One half (40 seats) shall be representatives of political parties elected through a system of proportional representation.
  • Not more than 40 percent (32 seats) of the members of the parliament shall be elected from single member districts.
  • Reserved seats and sectoral representatives shall constitute at least 10 percent, which in any case should be no less than 8 seats.

The Bangsamoro parliamentary districts were defined on February 28, 2024 via Bangsamoro Act No. 58.[28] The parliamentary districts exist independently from the congressional districts used to determine representation in the national House of Representatives.[29]

  • Basilan – 3 districts
  • Lanao del Sur – 8 districts
  • Maguindanao del Norte – 4 districts
  • Maguindanao del Sur – 4 districts
  • Sulu – 7 districts (not for contention after Sulu's exclusion in September 2024)[30]
  • Tawi Tawi – 3 districts
  • Cotabato City – 2 districts
  • Special Geographic Area – 1 district

The following is the distribution for the sectoral representatives seats:[27]

  • Non-Moro Indigenous Peoples (NMIP) – 2 seats
  • Settler Communities – 2 seats
  • Women – 1 seat
  • Youth – 1 seat
  • Traditional leaders – 1 seat
  • Ulama – 1 seat

The NMIPs, Traditional leaders, and Ulama representatives shall be elected in their own convention/assembly separate from the parliamentary elections. The names of the elected representatives should be submitted to the Commission on Elections seven days prior to the parliamentary elections and would be proclaimed simultaneously with the rest of the elected members of parliament.[27]

Calendar

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Timetable

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Activity Start End
Publication of the implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of the Bangsamoro Electoral Code (Bangsamoro Autonomy Act 35)[31] April 17, 2024
Filing of petition for registration of regional parliament political parties and regional parliament sectoral organizations[32][33] May 15, 2024 July 1, 2024
(extended from June 7, 2024[34])
Submission of Sworn Information Update Statement (SIUS) to the Political Finance and Affairs Department (PFAD) and filing of registration or accreditation of a coalition[32] August 15, 2024 (deadline)
Sumbission of Manifestation of Intent to Participate in the Parliamentary Election of party representatives[32] August 30, 2024 (deadline)
Election day May 12, 2025

The period for the filing of candidacies in the election was initially scheduled from October 1-8, 2024. However, the Commission on Elections subsequently moved the date to November 4-9, 2024 due to the exclusion of Sulu from the BARMM by the Supreme Court.[35]

Parties

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Background

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When the United Bangsamoro Justice Party (UBJP) was asked in May 2021 if they would participate in the not-yet-postponed Bangsamoro elections, they said that they were "ready" but expressed preference that "there would be no election yet", so that they would keep focused on "the delivery of basic services" to residents of Bangsamoro. The UBJP is an affiliate of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, whose nominees form the majority of the Bangsamoro Transition Authority Parliament.[36]

On April 24, 2024, the Bangsamoro Peoples Party (BPP), the Al Ittihad-UKB Party and the Serbisyong Inklusibo–Alyansang Progresibo (SIAP) formed an electoral alliance for the 2025 election.[37]

Eligible parties should have at least 10,000 members with chapters throughout the Bangsamoro region.[38] This prerequisite remains despite Sulu's exclusion from Bangsamoro in September 2024.[39]

Contesting parties

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Eight parties have registered with the Commission on Elections as of March 2024.[40] On May 18, 2024, Sulu governor Abdusakur Mahail Tan announced that he would forego another term as governor in the 2025 local election and challenge Murad Ebrahim as Chief Minister during a rally in Maimbung. He received support from the BARMM Grand Coalition.[41] However, Tan became ineligible to run for chief minister following the Supreme Court decision excluding Sulu from the BARMM on September 9, 2024.[42]

Sixteen political groups sought accreditation for the purpose of parliamentary election.[43] The BARMM Grand Coalition (BGC) registered as a regional party and not as a coalition, although two of its members Al-Ittihad-UKB and SIAP also sought separate accreditations.[44]

As of November 5, 2024, there are eight accredited regional parties, including the BGC.[45][46]

Approved parties
COMELEC-accredited parties
Name Leader Affiliation/s Seats vying
Proportional representation Single member districts
Al-Ittihad–UKB Party Suharto Mangudadatu BARMM Grand Coalition No Yes
Bangsamoro Party (BaPa) Muslimin Sema Moro National Liberation Front Yes TBA
Bangsamoro People's Party (BPP) Mujiv Hataman BARMM Grand Coalition No Yes
BARMM Grand Coalition (BGC)[47][48] Abdusakur Mahail Tan (to be confirmed[a]) Al-Ittihad–UKB Party
Bangsamoro People's Party
Salaam Party
Serbisyong Inklusibo-Alyansang Progresibo Party 		Yes TBA
Mahardika Party Abdulkarim Misuari
Nurredha Misuari[50] 		Moro National Liberation Front Yes TBA
Moro Ako Party (OK Partylist) Yes TBA
Progresibong Bangsamoro Party (PRO Bangsamoro) Don Mustapha Loong Yes TBA
Serbisyong Inklusibo-Alyansang Progresibo Party (SIAP) Mamintal Adiong Jr. BARMM Grand Coalition No Yes
United Bangsamoro Justice Party (UBJP) Murad Ebrahim Moro Islamic Liberation Front Yes Yes
Rejected parties[46][51]
COMELEC accreditation applicants
Name Leader Affiliation/s
Amanat Democratic Party (ADP)
Partido Bangon Bangsamoro (PBMM)
Bangsamoro Federal Party
Bangsamoro Peoples Democratic Party (Raayat)
Indigenous, Settler, Sama and Minorities Alliance Party (ISAMA)
Indigenous People's Democratic Party (IPDP) Froilyn Mendoza Lumad people
United Advocates for Settler Communities Settler (non-Moro, non-Lumad) communities

Party nominees

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The following are the nominees by regional political party. Only nominees for the political party reserved seats are included. It excludes candidates for the parliamentary districts of Bangsamoro or the reserved sectoral representatives seats.[52]

Party Nominees
Al-Ittihad–UKB Party None – Not vying for seats via proportional representation
Bangsamoro Party To be announced
Bangsamoro People's Party None – Not vying for seats via proportional representation
BARMM Grand Coalition
  1. Mamintal Raki-in Adiong III
  2. Amer Zaakaria Rakim
  3. Abdulrahman Rubbil Mangudadatu
  4. Datu Bimbo Sinsuat
  5. Amilbahal Mawallil
  6. Abdel Razi Armes Amin
  7. Sittie Aisah Pansar
  8. Datu Ibrahim Sinsuat Jr.
  9. Al-Mashor Yasin
  10. Juliet Limpalan Tammang
  11. Alirakim Tocalo Munder
  12. Punduma Sani
  13. Alfiya Akbar
  14. Alyssa Sahali Tan
  15. Datu Ombra Sinsuat Jr.
  16. Hanan Tomawis Manabilang
  17. Mustapha Kabalu
  18. Soekarno Julkipli Mohammad
  19. Nuriya Jamaldin
  20. Nurjay Sahali
  21. Faizal Amatoding Padate
  22. Labimombao Dima-Macabando
  23. Badrodin Mangindra
  24. Noraida Abo
  25. Sheila Gul Ganda
Moro Ako Party
  1. Mojahidah Panda
  2. Najeeb Taib
  3. Datu Marohombsar Gaya
  4. Johaena Marcom
  5. Omar Masiding
  6. Borhanuddin Alcozbary II
  7. Connie Dumato
  8. Annas C. Deriposun
  9. Mistiri Tarami
  10. Noroden Aloyodan
Progresibong Bangsamoro Party
  1. Don Mustapha Loong
  2. Samilee Kong Piannah
  3. Omar Mantar Barangay
  4. Saan Ibrahim Amate
  5. Mohaimin Liawao Minirigue
  6. Elias Bauda Pangcoga
  7. Abdulkarim Siddiq Macarampat
  8. Aguirre Alawi Dipatuan
  9. Nasser Sampao Azis
  10. Harisul Tanadjanul Samanul
  11. Nasser Ayunan Lidasan
  12. Mabrick Barang Tupay
  13. Tony Manedzin Ayunan
  14. Amanoding Panangcatan Dirampatan
  15. Aminoden Camulo Olama
Serbisyong Inklusibo-Alyansang Progresibo Party None – Not vying for seats via proportional representation
United Bangsamoro Justice Party
  1. Murad Ebrahim
  2. Mohagher Iqbal
  3. Ali Solaiman
  4. Eduard Guerra
  5. Ibrahim Ali
  6. Said Salendab
  7. Sha Elijah Dumama-Alba
  8. Pangalingan Balindong
  9. John Anthony Lim
  10. Haber Asarul
  11. Raissa Jajurie
  12. Said M. Shiek
  13. Haron M. Abas
  14. Ali O. Salik
  15. Abdulwahab Pak
  16. Akmad I. Abas
  17. Suwaib Oranon
  18. Ali Lanang Jr.
  19. Alim Jibril Salliman
  20. Shameera Matolo-Macaraig
  21. Baileng Mantawil
  22. Basit Abbas
  23. Abdullah Macapaar
  24. Matarul Estino
  25. Amiroddin Gayak

Sectoral representatives

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Non-Moro Indigenous Peoples

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Main article: 2025 Bangsamoro inter-tribal convention

Traditional leaders

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Main article: 2025 Bangsamoro intra-sultanate assembly

The traditional leaders sector represent the royal sultanates in Bangsamoro. The following institutions are explicitly named in Section 31 of the Bangsamoro Electoral Code.[53]

Ulama

[edit]
Main article: 2025 Bangsamoro Ulama convention

Notes

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  1. ^ Due to Sulu's exclusion from the Bangsamoro in September 2024. Tan's status and eligibility to become a member of parliament is unclear. Tan assumes he will be disqualified from taking part[49]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sarmiento, Bong S. (July 7, 2021). "Rep. Mangudadatu: MILF to still lead interim Bangsamoro gov't if transition period is extended". MindaNews. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  2. ^ Sarmiento, Bong (October 29, 2021). "Duterte signs law postponing 2022 Bangsamoro polls to 2025". MindaNews. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  3. ^ Ismael, Javier Joe (August 27, 2021). "Senate agrees to postpone BARMM polls". The Manila Times. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  4. ^ Rebollido, Rommel (September 4, 2021). "Regional polls postponement to help build 'strong Bangsamoro region' – BARMM execs". Rappler. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  5. ^ "Advocates make 'last 2 minutes' effort to get BARMM transition extension". Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 31, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  6. ^ a b de la Cruz, Jovee Marie; Medenilla, Samuel (June 28, 2021). "House considers postponing first elections in BARMM". BusinessMirror. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  7. ^ "No need for plebiscite to postpone BARMM elections – Tolentino". Rappler. May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  8. ^ Sarmiento, Bong S. (March 25, 2021). "Poll watchdog wants BARMM polls desynchronized from 2022 polls". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  9. ^ Villaruel, Jauhn Etienne (September 6, 2021). "Senate oks bill postponing BARMM election until 2025". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  10. ^ "After Senate, House passes bill postponing 2022 BARMM elections". Rappler. September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  11. ^ "Barmm extension bill tracker: Postponement of polls to 2025 goes to bicam". pcij.org. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  12. ^ "Senate ratifies bicam report postponing 2022 BARMM polls". Rappler. September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  13. ^ Galvez, Daphne (October 29, 2021). "Duterte OKs postponement of first BARMM elections to 2025". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  14. ^ Recuenco, Aaron (March 4, 2022). "Duterte retains composition of Bangsamoro Transition Authority". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  15. ^ Arguillas, Carolyn O. (August 12, 2022). "Marcos to Bangsamoro Transition Authority: no more extension; election in 2025". MindaNews. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  16. ^ "SC: Sulu Province not part of Bangsamoro Autonomous Region". ABS-CBN News. September 9, 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  17. ^ "Sulu's exclusion from BARMM leaves 7 parliamentary seats in limbo". Rappler. September 18, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  18. ^ "Bangsamoro parliament asks legislators to extend transition period to 2028". Rappler. October 24, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  19. ^ "Escudero wants BARMM elections deferred to 2026". Rappler. November 4, 2024. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
  20. ^ "House bill mirrors Escudero's Senate push to postpone BARMM elections". Rappler. November 6, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  21. ^ Sarmiento, Bong (November 8, 2024). "Maguindanao Sur gov, 35 CSOs reject Bangsamoro poll postponement". MindaNews. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
  22. ^ Abarca, Charie (November 7, 2024). "PH officials clash over proposed deferral of BARMM polls". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
  23. ^ "Bangsamoro gov't welcomes moves to reset parliamentary polls - spox". MindaNews. November 14, 2024. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
  24. ^ Fobuena, Carmela (November 15, 2024). "[INTERVIEW] Iqbal: More advantageous for MILF if election is held in 2025". Rappler. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
  25. ^ "3 governors back move to postpone BARMM polls to 2026". GMA News. November 21, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  26. ^ "Parliamentary & Electoral System". Access Bangsamoro. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  27. ^ a b c "Bangsamoro Electoral Code of 2023" (PDF). Bangsamoro Transition Authority Parliament. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  28. ^ Cabrera, Ferdinandh (February 29, 2024). "Bill creating 32 single-member parliamentary districts in the BARMM passed". MindaNews. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  29. ^ Panti, Llanesca (June 20, 2019). "BARMM's new parliamentary districts won't affect representation in House, says BTA member". GMA News. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
  30. ^ Cabrera, Ferdinandh (September 18, 2024). "Sulu's exclusion from BARMM leaves 7 parliamentary seats in limbo". Rappler. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  31. ^ Sarmiento, Bong (May 1, 2024). "Comelec asks BARMM political parties to get accreditation as Bangsamoro Electoral Code's IRR finally out". MindaNews. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  32. ^ a b c Medenilla, Samuel (May 2, 2024). "Comelec sets timeline for 2025 Bangsamoro polls". BusinessMirror. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  33. ^ Saliring, Alwen (May 28, 2024). "Residents urged to run for sectoral posts in first BARMM polls". GMA Regional TV. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
  34. ^ Locus, Sundy (June 7, 2024). "Comelec extends accreditation period for political parties, sectoral groups for BARMM polls". GMA News. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  35. ^ "Comelec moves COC filing for BARMM elections to November 4 to 9". Rappler. September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  36. ^ Solaiman, Taher G. (May 13, 2021). "11 Maguindanao mayors join MILF political party". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  37. ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (April 25, 2024). "BARMM political parties form alliance to ensure peaceful 2025 polls". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  38. ^ "Bangsamoro leaders ask SC to nullify some provisions of region's election code". The Philippine Star. June 18, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  39. ^ Cabalza, Dexter (September 16, 2024). "Comelec changes schedule for BARMM parties". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  40. ^ Fernandez, Edwin (March 20, 2024). "BARMM parties vow peaceful regional polls". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  41. ^ Gallardo, Froilan (May 18, 2024). "Sulu Governor Abdusakur Tan to challenge Murad in BARMM". Rappler. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  42. ^ Buan, Lian (September 11, 2024). "Sulu's exclusion from BARMM removes MILF's election rival". Rappler. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  43. ^ Cabato, Luisa (July 2, 2024). "BARMM polls: 16 political, 1,500 sectoral orgs seek accreditation". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  44. ^ Arguilas, Carolyn (August 26, 2024). "BARMM 2025 Parliamentary Elections: voters to cast 2 ballots". MindaNews. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  45. ^ Locus, Sundy (October 2, 2024). "Comelec accredits 3 parties in BARMM elections". GMA News. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
  46. ^ a b Latoza, Guinevere (November 5, 2024). "LIST: BARMM regional parties accredited for the May 2025 parliamentary elections". PCIJ.org. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  47. ^ Bacongo, Keith (April 29, 2024). "Cracks, alliances surface ahead of BARMM elections in 2025". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  48. ^ Gallardo, Froilan (April 29, 2024). "Coalition party in 2025 Bangsamoro polls flexes political muscles in Marawi". MindaNews. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  49. ^ Buan, Lian (September 11, 2024). "Sulu's exclusion from BARMM removes MILF's election rival". Rappler. Retrieved September 12, 2024. But because of the recent Supreme Court ruling, Tan is assuming he is now disqualified. The Supreme Court did say that its ruling was immediately executory.
  50. ^ Cabrera, Ferdinandh (June 25, 2024). "Misuari group mobilizes, organizes own party ahead of BARMM elections". Rappler. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  51. ^ "6 BARMM political parties denied accreditation". MindaNews. November 22, 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  52. ^ Fonbuena, Carmela (November 9, 2024). "List: Nominees of BARMM political parties for the May 2025 parliamentary polls". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
  53. ^ "BAA 35: Bangsamoro Electoral Code - Sec. 31. Manner of Election of Traditional Leaders" (PDF). p. 19. Retrieved September 12, 2024. For this purpose, the Bangsamoro Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (BCPCH) shall hold a regional convention of Sultans representing the Sultanates of: a) Sulu b) Maguindanao, Kabuntalan, and Buayan, c) Ranao, and d) Iranun...
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