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Acacia pataczekii

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Acacia pataczekii
Onset of flowering in late winter
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Acacia
Species:
A. pataczekii
Binomial name
Acacia pataczekii
Occurrence data from AVH

Acacia pataczekii, commonly known as Pataczek's wattle or Wally's wattle,[1] is a rare leguminous species of flowering plant endemic to Tasmania, Australia. An attractive evergreen shrub to small tree grown ornamentally outside of its native range, it is believed to be the most frost hardy of all the Acacia.

Description

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Erect and bushy shrub or tree 4–6 m high[2][3][4][5][6] (rarely to 9 m)[7] and variable width[8] belonging to the subgenus Phyllodineae.[9] Bark and branches pruinose.[3] Young branches are angular[2] and may be reddish brown[3][5] where exposed to direct sunlight.[10] Adult foliage is of flattened leaf stalks (known as phyllodes), grey-green to a bluish glaucous colour, glabrous, on pulvini (raised stem-projections). They are variable in shape and size, narrowly oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, sometimes obovate, but more commonly obliquely elliptic, 2–6 cm (<10 cm) long,[10] 8–20 mm (<50 mm) wide,[10] with a sharp leaf tip, prominent thickened margins and a midrib.[2][3] On the upper margin approx. 2–4 mm (<10 mm) from the base of the phyllode a conspicuous, small, oval-shaped gland is present.[2] Inflorescence occurs mostly in spring in axillary racemes longer than the phyllodes, consisting of 10-15 bright yellow globular flowers resulting in seed pods that are flat and narrowly oblong 2.5-4.5 cm long and 7–11 mm wide.[2][3][4] The purplish brown pod contains 3-6 flattened, brown seeds.[2][5]

Taxonomy

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Acacia pataczekii was first described by Dennis I. Morris in 1974[11][12][13] after having been brought to the Tasmanian Herbarium's attention by forester and plant collector, Wolfgang "Wally" F. Pataczek[14][15][16][17] (1932-2009) in 1970 and 1972,[18] and subsequently the discovery was named in his honour.

It has been mistaken in the past as A. melanoxylon, A. myrtifoliia, and A. mucronata and has been suggested to be a hybrid due to its rarity and limited sexual reproduction; however, it has multiple morphological differences.[4]

Acacia pataczekii is most closely related to A. kettlewelliae, which is distinguished especially by its more elongate phyllodes with the gland 5–15 mm above the pulvinus and pods 5–10 cm long.[3] A. kettlewelliae is a species that occurs only on the mainland of Australia.[19]

Distribution and habitat

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Acacia pataczekii is native to the Australian island state of Tasmania with a limited range in pockets predominantly within the northeast[20] at altitudes between approx. 500–1400 m asl; however, natural populations do occur in the Southern Midlands Region and it also does well under cultivation at sea level.[4][18][21] It naturally exists as a shrub layer, understory tree or as scattered individuals in moist gullies and flats, mountain summits, slopes and plateau scarps in low woodland to tall open, dry, wet and mixed Eucalyptus forests,[4] most of which are dominated by Eucalyptus delegatensis.[22]

Ecology

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In its native range A. pataczekii grows in a cool temperate climate; however, at altitude it is exposed to harsh cold winds, frost and snow. It survives on a range of soils, aspects and slopes in areas that receive from 750 mm to 1500 mm of rain annually.[4] On some sites soils are shallow and exposed to high levels of evaporation indicating drought tolerance[4] and it has also been shown to have an efficient water transport system.[23][24] It reproduces both sexually and vegetatively, freely suckering from rhizomes and the tree base following disturbance, such as tree fall, animal digging and fire.[4][5][7] The flowers are most likely pollinated by bees, but flies and spiders have been sighted that could also.[4][5] Successful fertilisation leading to fruit and seed formation is severely hindered due to insect predation and galling of flowers.[4] Following fire or other gap-forming disturbance seed from the previous year's fruit or from within the soil seed bank readily germinate, yet A. pataczekii is sensitive to high fire frequency.[5] Root rot caused by the fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi has a slightly detrimental impact.[25][26] As with other members of the Fabacaea family, A. pataczekii fixes atmospheric nitrogen with root nodules in the soil, making it available for other plants and the local ecosystem. Hybridisation has been reported with A. dealbata amongst wild stands and in cultivation.[3]

Conservation

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Acacia pataczekii is listed as "rare" under the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995[27] under Tasmanian legislation. It is an offense to destroy or collect[28] wild material without a permit. Restrictions apply to the export of plant material; however, there is no regulation controlling the import of the seed into Australia.[29] Healthy populations exist on reserved land in Ben Lomond National Park, Gravelly Ridge Conservation Area and St Paul's Regional Reserve.[5] Other populations occur on private land and in timber production forests. Special precaution must be taken when timber is harvested[7] and mineral prospectors may not pursue mining licenses due to potential damage and conservation requirements.[30][31] Ex situ conservation measures include seed orchards and restoration plantings[32] and stored seed.[33][34] Increasing fire frequency, land clearing, insect attack and Phytophthora cinnamomi appear to be the greatest threats, which would be lessened with an increase in areas reserved.[35] Acacia pataczekii is not known to be an invasive species outside of its native range.[36][37]

Cultivation

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An uncommon and highly sought after garden plant, Pataczek's wattle is best suited in a sunny to partly shaded area protected from wind in cool or warm temperate climates.[6][8][38] A hardy plant, reported to survive -18 °C in winter, and drought tolerant, it can be grown in most soil types. Recommended USDA Zone 7b to 8.[39] With a medium to fast growth rate, a height of two to three metres can occur within 5 years from seedling, which is about the same time it takes to flower. Grown in botanic and residential gardens around the world,[33][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] it can be used as an informal hedge, screen or specimen plant.[8] In late winter to early spring buds form and explode into a mass of bright yellow flowers, often obscuring the foliage. A second flush of flowers can occur in summer in suitable conditions.[10] New foliage is blue-green and silky to the touch and set amongst red-brown angular stems. Suckering can occur when adjacent soil is disturbed, but it can be kept in a pot if soil is kept moist.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Factsheet - Acacia pataczekii". apps.lucidcentral.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Curtis, Winifred M.; Morris, Dennis I. (1975). The Student's Flora of Tasmania Part 1 - Gymnospermae; Angiospermae: Ranunculaceae to Myrtaceae (2nd ed.). Hobart: Government Printer, Tasmania. p. 128.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Maslin, B. R. (2001). Flora of Australia Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia part 1. Canberra: ABRS/CSIRO Publishing. p. 328.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lynch, A.J.J., (1994) Conservation biology and management of 16 rare or threatened Fabaceae species in Tasmania (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Acacia pataczekii - Notesheet" (PDF). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Wildlife and Environment. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  6. ^ a b "Plants of Tasmania Nursery & Gardens". www.potn.com.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  7. ^ a b c Duncan, Fred; Roberts, Nina (April 2008). "Where's Wally's Wattle? monitoring prescriptions in 'old-growth' stands of Acacia pataczekii in a selective harvest coupe" (PDF). Forest Practices News. Vol. 8, no. 4. Hobart: Forest Practices Authority. pp. 8–9. ISSN 1441-1288. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  8. ^ a b c "Acacias - Wattles". Wildseed Tasmania, native seed and plant nursery. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  9. ^ Scalon, Viviane Renata (2007). Revisão taxonômica do gênero Stryphnodendron Mart. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) (Thesis). Universidade de Sao Paulo Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas - SIBiUSP. doi:10.11606/t.41.2007.tde-29012008-113442.
  10. ^ a b c d Pers. Obs. A.M.Pataczek
  11. ^ "Census". flora.tmag.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  12. ^ "APNI - A". www.cpbr.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  13. ^ "Acacia pataczekii D.I.Morris — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  14. ^ "CHAH - Australian Plant Collectors & Illustrators (P-Q)". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  15. ^ "NSW types". plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  16. ^ "Australasian Virtual Herbarium". avh.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  17. ^ Flora of Australia Volume 1, Introduction (2nd ed.). Melbourne: ABRS/CSIRO Publishing. 1999. p. 85.
  18. ^ a b "Search: SPECIES: Acacia pataczekii | Occurrence records | Atlas of Living Australia". biocache.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  19. ^ "PlantNET - FloraOnline". plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  20. ^ "Key to Tasmanian Dicots". www.utas.edu.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  21. ^ "Natural Values Atlas". www.naturalvaluesatlas.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  22. ^ "Search Results". www.fpa.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  23. ^ Jansen, Steven; Choat, Brendan; Pletsers, Annelies (February 2009). "Morphological variation of intervessel pit membranes and implications to xylem function in angiosperms". American Journal of Botany. 96 (2): 409–419. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800248. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21628196.
  24. ^ Crombie, DS; Hipkins, MF; Milburn, JA (1985). "Gas Penetration of Pit Membranes in the Xylem of Rhododendron as the Cause of Acoustically Detectable Sap Cavitation". Functional Plant Biology. 12 (5): 445. doi:10.1071/pp9850445. ISSN 1445-4408.
  25. ^ "The Impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Tasmania | Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania". dpipwe.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  26. ^ Barker, PCJ; Wardlaw, TJ (1995). "Susceptibility of Selected Tasmanian Rare Plants to Phytophthora cinnamomi". Australian Journal of Botany. 43 (4): 379. doi:10.1071/bt9950379. ISSN 0067-1924.
  27. ^ Threatened Species Protection Act 1995
  28. ^ "Acacia pataczekii - Threatened Species Link". www.threatenedspecieslink.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  29. ^ "Permitted Seeds List - Department of Agriculture". www.agriculture.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  30. ^ "Environmental Regulation of Exploration - Mineral Resources Tasmania". www.mrt.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  31. ^ Reed, Alistair. "Second Annual and Relinquishment Report for: EL 24/2005, Telopea Road" (PDF). Mineral Resources Tasmania. Southern Ocean Science Pty. Ltd. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  32. ^ "Australia's State of the Forests Report 2018 - Department of Agriculture". www.agriculture.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  33. ^ a b "Acacia pataczekii D.I.Morris". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  34. ^ "Australian Seed Bank Partnership". asbp.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  35. ^ Kirkpatrick, JB; Gilfedder, L; Duncan, F; Harris, S (1991). "Reservation status and priorities for Tasmanian plants I. Angiospermae (Dicotyledonae)". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 124 (2): 163–172. doi:10.26749/rstpp.124.2.163. ISSN 0080-4703.
  36. ^ Richardson, David M.; Carruthers, Jane; Hui, Cang; Impson, Fiona A. C.; Miller, Joseph T.; Robertson, Mark P.; Rouget, Mathieu; Le Roux, Johannes J.; Wilson, John R. U. (2011-08-08). "Human-mediated introductions of Australian acacias - a global experiment in biogeography". Diversity and Distributions. 17 (5): 771–787. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00824.x. hdl:2263/19337. ISSN 1366-9516. S2CID 82904572.
  37. ^ Derkx, M.P.M.; Brouwer, J.H.D.; van Breda, P.J.M.; Helsen, H.H.M.; Hoffman, M.H.A.; Hop, M.E.C.M. (April 2015). "Extensive literature search for preparatory work to support pan European pest risk assessment: Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae". EFSA Supporting Publications. 12 (4). doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-764. ISSN 2397-8325.
  38. ^ "Acacia pataczekii". www.understorey-network.org.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  39. ^ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  40. ^ Mackinder, Barbara (1989). "116. ACACIA PATACZEKII: Leguminosae". The Kew Magazine. 6 (1): 6–8. ISSN 0265-3842. JSTOR 45066687.
  41. ^ "Australian Garden Update". Leonardslee Lakes and Gardens. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  42. ^ Designs, Randy Stewart Landscape (2011-10-29). "Acacias". Future Plants by Randy Stewart. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  43. ^ "growingontheedge.net - View topic - Acacia Pataczeckii". www.growingontheedge.net. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  44. ^ "Exotische Nutz- und Zierpflanzen - Acacia pataczekii". www.exot-nutz-zier.de. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  45. ^ "Acacia pataczekii - forums plantes exotiques". gardenbreizh.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  46. ^ "Acacia pataczekii". forum.garten-pur.de. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  47. ^ "growingontheedge.net - View topic - Does anybody have experience with Acacia pataczekii?". www.growingontheedge.net. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  48. ^ "Picture and description of Acacia pataczekii - www.esveld.nl". www.esveld.nl. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  49. ^ "Acacia pataczekii | Alan Buckingham". alanbuckingham.photoshelter.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  50. ^ "Australian Native Plants Society (Australia) - Acacia Study Group". anpsa.org.au. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  51. ^ "News". www.acacia-world.net. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  52. ^ "Acacia". www.tropische-tuin.nl. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  53. ^ "Plants for sale | Pan-global Plants". Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  54. ^ "Acacia pataczekii". www.hkolster.nl. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  55. ^ "Acacia pataczekii". Trees and Shrubs Online. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
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