Anglo-Isaaq conflicts

Anglo-Isaaq conflicts
Date	1825–1945 (120 years)
Location	Somaliland
Result	Inconclusive British victory in 1825 and 1945; Isaaq victory in the 1850s and 1922; Various agreements and treaties led to the absorption of the Isaaq Sultanate into British Somaliland in 1884;
Belligerents
Isaaq Sultanate Habar Awal; Habar Yoonis; Habar Jeclo;	British Empire
Commanders and leaders
Farah Guled; (1855–1856) Hassan Guled; Ou Ali; (1922) Madar Hersi; (1945) Sheikh Bashir †; Alin Yusuf Elmi †	Captain James Gordon; Bremer, Captain W.C. Jervoise (1825–1827); Captain John Hanning Speke (POW); Sir Richard Burton (WIA); Lieutenant Storyan † (1855); Governor Geoffrey Archer, Captain Allan Gib †; Major Chambers †; Captain James David †

The Anglo-Isaaq conflicts were a series of confrontations between British forces and the Isaaq Sultanate and the Isaaq clan in Somaliland from 1825 to 1945. The first of these conflicts occurred in 1825, when a British ship named the Mary Anne was attacked, sacked, and plundered by Isaaq forces in the port city of Berbera.^[1] The attack led to a British blockade of the city and subsequent negotiations with the Sultanate. Further incidents occurred in the 1850s, notably with the Attack on British exploring expeditions^[2]^[3]^[4] and the Blockade of Berbera (1855), which were key points of friction between the British and the Isaaq.^[5] After the establishment of the British Somaliland Protectorate in 1884, tensions continued between the Isaaq and British authorities. The Isaaq led several rebellions against colonial rule, including the 1922 Burao Tax Revolt,^[6] a significant uprising against unfair taxation, and the 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, which was motivated by political and religious grievances.

These conflicts, though interspersed with treaties and agreements, ultimately resulted in the incorporation of Isaaq territories into British Somaliland, shaping the political landscape of the region for decades.

References

^ Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996). رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي (in Arabic). p. ١٠.
^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1999). The Search for the Source of the Nile: Correspondence Between Captain Richard Burton, Captain John Speke and Others, from Burton's Unpublished East African Letter Book. Roxburghe Club. pp. 29–37.
^ "Plate section". What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. 19 May 2011. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139034456.012. ISBN 9781139034456.
^ Walsh, Langton Prendergast (10 November 2018). Under the Flag: And Somali Coast Stories. FRANKLIN CLASSICS TRADE Press. ISBN 978-0-353-06687-8.
^ Speke, John Hanning (1860). Captain J.H. Speke's Adventures in Somali Land: Experientia Docet. Parts 1, 2, 3. p. 34.
^ Correspondence between Governor of British Somaliland and Secretary of State for the Colonies. Colonial Office, 28 February 1922

[1] Al Qasimi, Sultan bin Muhammad (1996). رسالة زعماء الصومال إلى الشيخ سلطان بن صقر القاسمي (in Arabic). p. ١٠.

[2] Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1999). The Search for the Source of the Nile: Correspondence Between Captain Richard Burton, Captain John Speke and Others, from Burton's Unpublished East African Letter Book. Roxburghe Club. pp. 29–37.

[3] "Plate section". What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. 19 May 2011. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139034456.012. ISBN 9781139034456.

[4] Walsh, Langton Prendergast (10 November 2018). Under the Flag: And Somali Coast Stories. FRANKLIN CLASSICS TRADE Press. ISBN 978-0-353-06687-8.

[:1-5] Speke, John Hanning (1860). Captain J.H. Speke's Adventures in Somali Land: Experientia Docet. Parts 1, 2, 3. p. 34.

[6] Correspondence between Governor of British Somaliland and Secretary of State for the Colonies. Colonial Office, 28 February 1922

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See also

References