Carlisle city walls
Carlisle city walls were a defensive structure surrounding the centre of Carlisle, Cumbria. The city walls ran from Carlisle Castle in the north-west of the city to The Citadel in the south-east. Between these points, the city was protected by the former North and East Walls (demolished around 1811) and the West Walls which remain largely intact. The line of the walls can still be followed with the exception of the southernmost end of the West Wall which has been built over. The perimeter, including the castle, is approximately 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) which is comparable to Southampton town walls but less than Chester city walls.
Construction
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The Roman city of Carlisle was walled but the mediaeval walls were built to replace timber structures in the latter half of the twelfth-century.[1] The North Walls ran roughly east-southeastwards from the castle to Scotchgate and then on to Philipson's Tower. Here it turned roughly south to The Citadel.[1] The Citadel was built as a gate by Stefan von Haschenperg in the 1540s to replace an earlier structure.[2] It was later blocked and access to the city from the south was diverted around it through a new gate, Englishgate, built between The Citadel and Collier's Gate.
Demolition
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The walls fell into disrepair at various times. A 1684 survey reported that The Citadel had been almost destroyed by the Scots.[3] By the end of the eighteenth-century, the need for easier access for traffic and the need for better ventilation of the crowded city led to demands for the walls' demolition and an Act of Parliament was passed in 1807.[4] The stone was used to redevelop The Citadel as a court building and in the construction of a new Eden Bridge to the north of the city. Both these projects involved Thomas Telford and Robert Smirke.[5][6]
More recent changes
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The West Walls are still needed to retain a former river cliff on the River Caldew and were not demolished. They have however been considerably altered over the years. Comparisons between old engravings and current archaeological evidence suggest the wall has been straightened.[7] Between the bridge and the castle, there were houses built up against the walls until 1952.[8] Other buildings erected against the walls have been largely removed so the walls are visible again. Remaining buildings have been listed because they incorporate wall fragments.[9]
Short lengths of the North and West Walls run south from the castle to a city centre bypass that separates the castle from the city centre. The construction of the bypass required the existing gap in the West Walls to be widened and the surviving fragment of the North Walls to be truncated further. The gap in the West Walls includes the site of Irishgate and this is commemorated by a modern footbridge.[10]
References
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- ^ a b McCarthy, M. R.; Summerson, H.R.T.; Annis, R.G. (1990). Carlisle Castle: A Survey and Documentary History (English Heritage Archaeological Report) (PDF). English Heritage.
- ^ McCarthy, M. R. (1980). "Excavations on the city defences, Carlisle". Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society: 69–78. doi:10.5284/1061872.
- ^ Ferguson, Chancellor (1895). "A survey of the City of Carlisle in 1684-5". Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society: 172–193. doi:10.5284/1063885.
- ^ Perriam, D.R. (1976). "The demolition of Carlisle city walls". Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society: 184–198. doi:10.5284/1061971.
- ^ Oliver, G.D. (1916). "The Citadel, Carlisle". Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. doi:10.5284/1063622.
- ^ Macdonald, M.I.M. (1971). "The building of the new Eden bridge at Carlisle, 1801-1817". Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society: 248–259. doi:10.5284/1062117.
- ^ Jackson, David (2009). Report on an archaeological field evaluation at West Walls, Carlisle, Cumbria (PDF).
- ^ "City Walls and Tile Tower, Carlisle, Cumbria". Historic England. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
- ^ Historic England. "NY3956SE WEST WALLS 671-1/6/309 (West side) Nos.10-22 (Even) incorporating city walls (1297278)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^ "Many lives of the Irish Gate in Carlisle's West Walls". The Cumberland News. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015.