Coherency (homotopy theory)

In mathematics, specifically in homotopy theory and (higher) category theory, coherency is the standard that equalities or diagrams must satisfy when they hold "up to homotopy" or "up to isomorphism".

The adjectives such as "pseudo-" and "lax-" are used to refer to the fact equalities are weakened in coherent ways; e.g., pseudo-functor, pseudoalgebra.

Coherent isomorphism

In some situations, isomorphisms need to be chosen in a coherent way. Often, this can be achieved by choosing canonical isomorphisms. But in some cases, such as prestacks, there can be several canonical isomorphisms and there might not be an obvious choice among them.

In practice, coherent isomorphisms arise by weakening equalities; e.g., strict associativity may be replaced by associativity via coherent isomorphisms. For example, via this process, one gets the notion of a weak 2-category from that of a strict 2-category.

Replacing coherent isomorphisms by equalities is usually called strictification or rectification.

Coherence condition

A coherence condition is a collection of conditions requiring that various compositions of elementary morphisms are equal. Typically the elementary morphisms are part of the data of the category. A coherence theorem states that, in order to be assured that all these equalities hold, it suffices to check a small number of identities.

Part of the data of a monoidal category is a chosen morphism $\alpha _{A,B,C}$, called the associator:

$\alpha _{A,B,C}\colon (A\otimes B)\otimes C\rightarrow A\otimes (B\otimes C)$

for each triple of objects $A,B,C$ in the category. Using compositions of these $\alpha _{A,B,C}$, one can construct a morphism

$((A_{N}\otimes A_{N-1})\otimes A_{N-2})\otimes \cdots \otimes A_{1})\rightarrow (A_{N}\otimes (A_{N-1}\otimes \cdots \otimes (A_{2}\otimes A_{1})).$

Actually, there are many ways to construct such a morphism as a composition of various $\alpha _{A,B,C}$. One coherence condition that is typically imposed is that these compositions are all equal.

Typically one proves a coherence condition using a coherence theorem, which states that one only needs to check a few equalities of compositions in order to show that the rest also hold. In the above example, one only needs to check that, for all quadruples of objects $A,B,C,D$, the following diagram commutes.

Any pair of morphisms from $((\cdots (A_{N}\otimes A_{N-1})\otimes \cdots )\otimes A_{2})\otimes A_{1})$ to $(A_{N}\otimes (A_{N-1}\otimes (\cdots \otimes (A_{2}\otimes A_{1})\cdots ))$ constructed as compositions of various $\alpha _{A,B,C}$ are equal.

Further examples

Two simple examples that illustrate the definition are as follows. Both are directly from the definition of a category.

Identity

Let f : A → B be a morphism of a category containing two objects A and B. Associated with these objects are the identity morphisms 1_A : A → A and 1_B : B → B. By composing these with f, we construct two morphisms:

f o 1_A : A → B, and

1_B o f : A → B.

Both are morphisms between the same objects as f. We have, accordingly, the following coherence statement:

f o 1_A = f  = 1_B o f.

Associativity of composition

Let f : A → B, g : B → C and h : C → D be morphisms of a category containing objects A, B, C and D. By repeated composition, we can construct a morphism from A to D in two ways:

(h o g) o f : A → D, and

h o (g o f) : A → D.

We have now the following coherence statement:

(h o g) o f = h o (g o f).

In these two particular examples, the coherence statements are theorems for the case of an abstract category, since they follow directly from the axioms; in fact, they are axioms. For the case of a concrete mathematical structure, they can be viewed as conditions, namely as requirements for the mathematical structure under consideration to be a concrete category, requirements that such a structure may meet or fail to meet.

Coherence theorem

Mac Lane's coherence theorem states, roughly, that if diagrams of certain types commute, then diagrams of all types commute. A simple proof of that theorem can be obtained using the permutoassociahedron, a polytope whose combinatorial structure appears implicitly in Mac Lane's proof.

There are several generalizations of Mac Lane's coherence theorem. Each of them has the rough form that "every weak structure of some sort is equivalent to a stricter one".

See also

• Coherence condition
• Canonical isomorphism
• 2-category
• Pseudoalgebra
• Tricategory

References

• Cordier, Jean-Marc; Porter, Timothy (1997). "Homotopy coherent category theory". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 349 (1): 1–54. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-97-01752-2.
• § 5. of Mac Lane, Saunders (January 1976). "Topology and Logic as a Source of Algebra (Retiring Presidential Address)". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 82 (1): 1–40. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1976-13928-6.
• Mac Lane, Saunders (1978) [1971]. Categories for the working mathematician. Graduate texts in mathematics. Vol. 5. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4721-8. ISBN 978-1-4419-3123-8.
• Ch. 5 of Kamps, Klaus Heiner; Porter, Timothy (April 1997). Abstract Homotopy and Simple Homotopy Theory. World Scientific. doi:10.1142/2215. ISBN 9810216025.
• Shulman, Mike (2012). "Not every pseudoalgebra is equivalent to a strict one". Advances in Mathematics. 229 (3): 2024–2041. arXiv:1005.1520. doi:10.1016/j.aim.2011.01.010.
• Kapranov, Mikhail M. (1993). "The permutoassociahedron, Mac Lane's coherence theorem and asymptotic zones for the KZ equation". Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra. 85 (2): 119–142. doi:10.1016/0022-4049(93)90049-Y.
• Reiner, Victor; Ziegler, Günter M. (1994). "Coxeter-associahedra". Mathematika. 41 (2): 364–393. doi:10.1112/S0025579300007452.
• Porter, Tim (2001) [1994], "Homotopy coherence", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
• Cordier, Jean-Marc (1982). "Sur la notion de diagramme homotopiquement cohérent". Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques. 23 (1): 93–112. ISSN 1245-530X.
• Cisinski, Denis-Charles (2019). Higher Categories and Homotopical Algebra. doi:10.1017/9781108588737. ISBN 978-1-108-58873-7.
• Calaque, Damien; Etingof, Pavel (2008). "Lectures on tensor categories". Quantum Groups. IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. Vol. 12. pp. 1–38. arXiv:math/0401246. doi:10.4171/047-1/1. ISBN 978-3-03719-047-0.
• Kelly, G.M (1964). "On MacLane's conditions for coherence of natural associativities, commutativities, etc". Journal of Algebra. 1 (4): 397–402. doi:10.1016/0021-8693(64)90018-3.
• Kelly, G. M.; Laplaza, M.; Lewis, G.; Mac Lane, Saunders (1972). Coherence in Categories. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 281. doi:10.1007/BFb0059553. ISBN 978-3-540-05963-9.
• Im, Geun Bin; Kelly, G.M. (1986). "A universal property of the convolution monoidal structure". Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra. 43: 75–88. doi:10.1016/0022-4049(86)90005-8.
• Kassel, Christian (1995). "Tensor Categories". Quantum Groups. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 155. pp. 275–293. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0783-2_11. ISBN 978-1-4612-6900-7.
• Laplaza, Miguel L. (1972). "Coherence for distributivity". Coherence in Categories. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 281. pp. 29–65. doi:10.1007/BFb0059555. ISBN 978-3-540-05963-9.
• Lack, Stephen (2000). "A Coherent Approach to Pseudomonads". Advances in Mathematics. 152 (2): 179–202. doi:10.1006/aima.1999.1881.
• MacLane, Saunders (October 1963). "Natural Associativity and Commutativity". Rice Institute Pamphlet - Rice University Studies. hdl:1911/62865.
• Mac Lane, Saunders (1971). "7. Monoids §2 Coherence". Categories for the working mathematician. Graduate texts in mathematics. Vol. 4. Springer. pp. 161–165. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-9839-7_8. ISBN 9781461298397.
• MacLane, Saunders; Paré, Robert (1985). "Coherence for bicategories and indexed categories". Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra. 37: 59–80. doi:10.1016/0022-4049(85)90087-8.
• Power, A.J. (1989). "A general coherence result". Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra. 57 (2): 165–173. doi:10.1016/0022-4049(89)90113-8.
• Yanofsky, Noson S. (2000). "The syntax of coherence". Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques. 41 (4): 255–304.

Further reading

• Mac Lane, Saunders (1976). "Topology and logic as a source of algebra". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 82: 1–40. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1976-13928-6.

External links

• https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/homotopy+coherent+diagram
• https://unapologetic.wordpress.com/2007/07/01/the-strictification-theorem/
• Malkiewich, Cary; Ponto, Kate (2021). "Coherence for bicategories, lax functors, and shadows". arXiv:2109.01249 [math.CT].