Corruption in Sweden
Corruption in Sweden has been defined as "the abuse of power" by Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå). By receiving bribes, bribe takers abuse their position of power, which is consistent with how the National Anti-Corruption Unit of the Swedish Prosecution Authority specifies the term. Although bribes and improper rewards are central in the definition of corruption in Sweden, corruption in the sense of "abuse of power" can also manifest itself in other crimes such as misuse of office, embezzlement, fraud and breach of trust against a principal.[1]
Legal definition
[edit]The provisions on bribery and taking a bribe are found in Chapter 10 of the Swedish Penal Code. Bribe giving is the criminal act of giving, promising or offering or receiving, accepting a promise of or demanding an improper reward, for the performance of duties. Anything of direct or indirect value to the recipient can be considered an improper reward. The provisions on taking a bribe and giving a bribe are applicable both within the public and the private sector. They are also applicable on acts of bribery committed abroad or if the persons involved are foreign, provided that the acts of bribery are subject to the jurisdiction of Swedish courts.[1][2]
Level of corruption
[edit]The level of corruption in Sweden is very low, according to a 2011 pan-European study by Transparency International.[3] Transparency International's 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index scored Sweden at 82 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"). When ranked by score, Sweden ranked 6th among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. [4] For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180).[5] For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Western European and European Union countries[a] was 90, the average score was 65 and the lowest score was 42. Sweden's score of 82 in the 2023 Index was its lowest ever in the eleven years that the current version of the Index has been published, [6] having fallen 7 points since its highest score in the 2015 Index. This represents a significant increase in corruption.[7] The legal and institutional framework in Sweden are considered effective in fighting against corruption, and the government agencies are characterized by a high degree of transparency, integrity and accountability.[8]
However, the OECD Working Group on Bribery has since 2012 repeatedly urged Sweden to reform its laws to ensure the investigation and prosecution of companies that bribe foreign public officials to obtain advantages in international business. This refers to the requirements of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions.[9]
There are municipal cases showing signs of irregular public procurement procedures between public and private actors.[3] According to a case study of the Swedish Competition Authority consisting of judgments where corruption has occurred in connection with public procurement the most common corruption situation is such that an official in a municipal administration or municipal company with close contact with suppliers receives a bribe during an ongoing contractual relation-ship. Of the proportion of convicted corruption convictions, 70 percent concern building and construction. However, the report sees high number of unrecorded procedures as likely.[10]
The low levels of corruption are attributed to an efficient public administration, high quality comprehensive services to citizens and enterprises, and a long tradition of openness and transparency of Swedish society and institutions, along with a strong respect for the rule of law, according to an Anti-corruption European Commission report. According to the same report, The Special Eurobarometer on Corruption places Sweden among the countries with the least corruption in the EU. 40% of Swedish respondents believe that corruption is widespread in their country (EU average: 76%) and 12% feel personally affected by corruption in their daily life (EU average: 26%).[11]
The number of cases reported, prosecuted and the number of convictions have been stable over time, according to a 2013 study by Brå. The study found that corruption in Sweden can mostly be described as being simple in nature, in that most cases involve smaller amounts, conference travel, dining and such.[1]
Cases
[edit]TeliaSonera in Azerbaijan
[edit]The former Swedish agency Televerket, now a private company TeliaSonera is suspected of involvement in a corruption scandal in Azerbaijan, the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet reports.[12] Corruption by proxy is the term used in these instances.
The Swedish Prison and Probation Service
[edit]The head of facilities management at The Swedish Prison and Probation Service was sentenced to 3.5 years in prison in what in 2016 was the largest corruption case involving a civil servant in Sweden.[13]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Reported Corruption in Sweden" (PDF). Brå. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-24. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ "Svenska Brottsbalken - 10 kap. 5b §" (in Swedish). lagen.nu. Archived from the original on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
- ^ a b "Motståndskraft, oberoende, integritet – kan det svenska samhället stå emot korruption?" (PDF). Transparency International Sweden. Transparency International Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
- ^ "The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated". Transparency.org. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2023: Sweden". Transparency.org. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ "CPI 2023 for Western Europe & EU: Rule of law and political integrity threats undermine action against corruption". Transparency.org. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ "2023 Corruption Perceptions Index - Explore Sweden's results". Transparency.org. 2024-01-30. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ^ "Snapshot of the Sweden Country Profile". Business Anti-Corruption Portal. GAN Integrity Solutions. Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
- ^ "Sweden must urgently implement reforms to boost fight against foreign bribery - OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
- ^ "Konkurrensverkets uppdragsforskningsrapport oktober 2019" (PDF). Swedish Competition Authority. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
- ^ "SWEDEN to the EU Anti-Corruption Report" (PDF). Ec.europa.eu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
- ^ "Telia i härva med misstänkta rekordmutor | SvD". Svd.se. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
- ^ Uebel, Petronella (22 November 2016). "Nu sätts punkt för största muthärvan". Norrköpings tidningar. Archived from the original on 2017-03-15. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
External links
[edit]- Sweden Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal
- Motståndskraft, oberoende, integritet – kan det svenska samhället stå emot korruption? from Transparency International Sweden [1]