Darwin's fox
| Darwin's fox[1] | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Genus: | Lycalopex |
| Species: | L. fulvipes
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| Binomial name | |
| Lycalopex fulvipes (Martin, 1837)
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| Darwin's fox range[contradictory] | |
| Synonyms | |
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Darwin's fox or Darwin's zorro (Lycalopex fulvipes) is an endangered canid from the genus Lycalopex. It is also known as the zorro chilote or zorro de Darwin[2] in Spanish and lives in Nahuelbuta National Park, the Cordillera de Oncol, Cordillera Pelada in mainland Chile and Chiloé Island.[4] This small, dark canine weighs 1.8 to 3.95 kg (4.0 to 8.7 lb), has a head-and-body length of 48 to 59 cm (19 to 23 in) and a tail that is 17.5 to 25.5 cm (7 to 10 in).[5] Darwin's fox displays no key differences between male and female other than the fact that the male has a broader muzzle.[6] Males display no territorial behavior and are not aggressive towards other males roaming around their territory.[6]
Darwin's fox was first collected from San Pedro Island off the coast of Chile by the naturalist Charles Darwin, in 1834, hence, the name- Darwin's Fox. It was long held that Darwin's fox was a subspecies of the South American gray fox (L. griseus); however, the discovery of a small population of Darwin's fox on the mainland in Nahuelbuta National Park, in 1990[7] and subsequent genetic analysis has clarified the fox's status as a unique species.[8] In 2012 and 2013, the presence of the Darwin's fox at Oncol Park, Alerce Costero National Park and the Valdivian Coastal Reserve was confirmed through camera trapping.[4]
Taxonomy and evolution
[edit]Lycalopex is a South American genus of canine, which is distantly related to wolves and is technically not a fox. When Charles Darwin collected a specimen from San Pedro Island in Chiloé Archipelago in December, 1834, during the Beagle survey expedition, he observed that this "fox (of Chiloe, a rare animal) sat on the point & was so absorbed in watching [survey work], that he allowed me to walk behind him & actually kill him with my geological hammer."[9] In the 1839, publication of his Journal and Remarks, Darwin said "This fox, more curious or more scientific, but less wise, than the generality of his brethren, is now mounted in the museum of the Zoological Society." He said it was "an undescribed species,"[10] indicating that it was distinct from the species (L. culpaeus and L. griseus) that occur on the mainland. Later, Darwin's fox was classified as a subspecies (Lycalopex griseus fulvipes) of the latter.
Darwin's fox does not interbreed with the other Lycalopex species, only lives in forests, and is smaller and darker-colored than the other species. In 1990, a small population of Darwin's fox was found on the mainland in the forested Nahuelbuta National Park, indicating that the fox was not endemic to the island. According to Yahnke et al., in their 1996 article, published in the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, analysis of mitochondrial DNA of Darwin's fox and the gray fox showed two patterns, indicating Darwin's fox was a new species, closely related to the Sechuran fox. Also according to Yahnke (1995; et al.1996) the present restricted range is a relic of a much wider former range. Zoologists noted the distinctiveness in the ecological niche, appearance, and behavior of this species. Darwin's fox is differentiated from the gray fox in being darker; having shorter legs; a broader, shorter skull; smaller auditory bullae; a more robust dentition; and a different jaw shape and style of premolar occlusion.
In the late Pleistocene, Chiloé Island was connected to mainland Chile by a land bridge. The land bridge was severed about 15,000 years ago when the sea level rose following the last glaciation.[11] This created two isolated populations of Darwin's fox.
Diet
[edit]Darwin's fox has a vast diet. In dense forests, where it exists, the foxes hunt for mammals, reptiles, beetles, and invertebrates. Sometimes it selects fruits, berries, and seeds.[12] Birds and amphibians to a lesser degree are also consumed. It sometimes eats carrion, but it mostly eats live animals and fruit. This makes it mostly an omnivore, sometimes a scavenger.
Ecology
[edit]Darwin's fox is generally believed to be a forest obligate species found only in southern temperate rainforests.[2] They only occur in areas of primary forest on Chiloé and on the mainland. They are most active at twilight and before sunrise. In contrast to other Lycalopex species, Darwin's fox prefers open spaces. The population of Chiloé has about 200 individuals, and Nahuelbuta on the mainland contains about 50 individuals. The total population size is about 250 mature individuals with at least 90% of the population occurring in one subspopulation (Chiloé Island). Although the species is protected in Nahuelbuta National Park, substantial mortality sources exist when foxes move to lower, unprotected private areas in search of milder conditions during the winter.[13] The population was considered as critically endangered because its main population occurred in one island and their habitat was declining due to human impact.[14]
Conservation status
[edit]The species was previously classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN, but in 2016 was downlisted to Endangered, as its area occurrences is apparently substantially larger than originally believed. Current estimates of the total population are still low, with an estimated minimum 227 individuals on the mainland and 412 on Chiloé Island. Fragmentation of forest adjacent to the national park and on the island is a concern for their conservation, and feral dogs may pose the greatest threat to their survival by spreading disease or directly attacking. Persecution by people who think that the foxes attack domestic fowls, though they pose little threat, is also a potential problem.[2]
Diseases
[edit]The species is often plagued by Mycoplasma haemocanis. The already endangered fox is prone to this infection because the infection's bacteria attach themselves to surface red blood cells of many mammals, and although the species is believed to be no major threat to human life it can spread to humans, dogs, cats, and other wildlife species. The bacteria also seem to spike when located close to any major habitat inhabited by humans as well as where there is a large population of wild dogs present near the species. Researchers are testing RNA subunits of RNase P gene and out of 10 foxes, nine were infected. Even though they are considered "sick", they have no external symptoms (Cabello, 2013). Studies show that many foxes risk of catching the deadly bacteria inclines as they age leaving many older foxes vulnerable. Although the disease is prevalent in this species, little to nothing is known about this disease.[15]
References
[edit]
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d Silva-Rodríguez, E, Farias, A.; Moreira-Arce, D.; Cabello, J.; Hidalgo-Hermoso, E.; Lucherini, M.; Jiménez, J. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Lycalopex fulvipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41586A107263066. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41586A85370871.en.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b Farias, Ariel A; Sepúlveda, Maximiliano A; Silva-Rodríguez, Eduardo A; Eguren, Antonieta; González, Danilo; Jordán, Natalia I; Ovando, Erwin; Stowhas, Paulina; Svensson, Gabriella L (2014). "A new population of Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) in the Valdivian Coastal Range". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 87 3. doi:10.1186/0717-6317-87-3. ISSN 0717-6317.
- ^ Jiménez, J. E. & McMahon, E. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission Canid Specialist Group. pp. 50–55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2013.
- ^ a b Jiménez, J. E. (2007). "Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile". Journal of Zoology. 271: 63–77. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x.
- ^ Medel, Rodrigo G.; et al. (1990). "Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin's fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1837) in Chile" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 51 (1): 71–77. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(90)90033-L.
- ^ Yahnke, Christopher J.; et al. (1996). "Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 10 (2): 366–375. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x. ISSN 0888-8892. JSTOR 2386853.
- ^ Keynes, R. D. ed. 2001. Charles Darwin's Beagle diary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 272–273
- ^ Darwin, C. R. 1839. Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, Journal and Remarks 1832–1836. London: Henry Colburn. p. 341
- ^ Villagrán, C. (1988). "Late Quaternary Vegetation of Southern Isla Grande De Chiloé, Chile". Quaternary Research. 29 (3): 294–306. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(88)90037-3. ISSN 0033-5894.
- ^ "Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)". Animal Diversity Web.
- ^ Jiménez, J. E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A. J., 2004; IUCN & CSG 2004). On mainland Chile, Jaime Jiménez has observed a small population since 1975 in Nahuelbuta National Park; this population was first reported to science in the early 1990s (Medel et al. 1990; Jiménez, J. E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A. J., 2004; IUCN, 2004
- ^ Cabello, Javier E.; Dávila, José A. (September 2014). "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) and cross-amplification in other canid species". Conservation Genetics Resources. 6 (3): 759–761. doi:10.1007/s12686-014-0208-6. ISSN 1877-7252. S2CID 14224295.
- ^ Hidalgo-Hermoso, Ezequiel; et al. (2020). "Hemoplasmas are Endemic and Cause Asymptomatic Infection in the Endangered Darwin's Fox (Lycalopex fulvipes)". American Society for Microbiology. 86 (12). Washington. Bibcode:2020ApEnM..86E.779D. doi:10.1128/AEM.00779-20. PMC 7267207. PMID 32276983.
