Draft:Chicha (music)
| Chicha | |
|---|---|
| Stylistic origins | |
| Cultural origins | Mid 1960s, Peru |
| Typical instruments | |
Andean Tropical Cumbia (Spanish: Cumbia tropical andina) mostly known as Chicha, is a music genre which emerged on mid 1960s on Peru, which has its origins on huayno, psychedelic rock and cumbia guarachera from the coast of Peru. It is characterised mainly by the electric guitars' riffs and melodies.[1][2][3][4]
It emerged as a manifestation of the del migration phenomenon from the Andean areas of Peru to the Peruvian Coastal cities, mainly Lima. Around the 1980s, it consolidated as a music genre, white the rise of groups like Los Shapis, Chacalón y La Nueva Crema, Los Destellos, Carlos Ramírez y el Grupo Centeno, Chacal y sus Estrellas, Pintura Roja, Grupo Markahuasi, Grupo Alegría and Los Mirlos.[5] Though chicha has similarities with Peruvian Cumbia, chicha is actually a subgenre of Peruvian Cumbia,[6] specially because Chicha got elements from Peruvian Rock.[7]
Origins
[edit]
In Lima, since the early 1950s, Andean migrants rise to massive numbers. In the 1940s decade, Lima had half a billion population, but in 1956 its population duplicated to 1,2 millones population. In this context where which it was developed an internal urban market formed by the Andean migrants giving to huayno (their most popular dance and music) its commercial rise. Artists like Flor Pucarina, Pastorita Huaracina, El Jilguero del Huascarán, Picaflor de los Andes where the most renowned artists in those times.
The commercial hit of huayno continued attracting lots of crowds. Meanwhile, another music genre from a neighbouring country was coming to Peru in the late 1960s: the Cumbia from Colombia. For those moments, the Lima urban population was jamming to the Cuban Rumba, the Dominican Merengue and the Pérez Prado's Mambo; at the same time, Cumbia and Cuban rhythms have just entered also to the main capitals of the mountain range of Peru, many of the social and anniversary parties on there were accompanied with guaracha and mambo tunes. This would be a key element for the development of Peruvian Cumbia, the coast version that keep relevant during the next years.[8]
In the coast, Genial Enrique Delgado, with its music knowledge and genius incorporates the electric guitar on this music genre. Los Destellos constitute an beggining icon on this music genre. Songs like: A Patricia, Sácale la miel, Caminito serrano, Quinceañera, Jardín de amores, Amor andino... are part of Chicha history nowadays.
Chicha is a Peruvian music genre formed by pentatonic scales in 4/4, incorporating foreign rhythm patterns like guaracha, mambo, salsa, rock music, etc. Then comes the Colombian influences through Cumbia music. The lead instrument is the electric guitar. For Peruvian people, "sin guitarra no es chicha" (Without guitar it's not Chicha). This instruments which incorporates pedal effects like Delay y Fuzztone (a timbre which get immortalized on the hands of José Luis Carballo, the lead guitarist and composer of the hits of Lorenzo Palacios, Chacalón) gave a new identity to that Peru which was anxious of being recognized as a pluricultural country and a country with its own sounds and timbres.
1980s: Consolidation
[edit]El género dates back to the early 1960s decade, when the vernacular artist El Jilguero de Huascarán tries the fusion of cumbia + huayno[citation needed], another theory, is the one who recognizes Carlos Baquerizo Castro which with his group Los Demonios del Mantaro (1966-1976) in Huancayo composes the song La chichera. This tune was intented to be registered as Peruvian Cumbia song, pero Baquerizo found that this name was already been used and register for another song, Carlos himself told that he decided to name his song as La chichera after a Huancaina girl that used to sell chicha on that city, that record was a massive hit in Lima, like its autor says, this song was not only a fusion of huayno and the Colombian Cumbia but also Foxtrot. People started to wrongly call Chicha music to al the fusion music that came after, when actually only the name is the one which has its origin in this composition by Carlos Baquerizo. The other theory supported by its followers is that: In 1985 Los Shapis were cheered because of its cumbia music and were confused as colombians in the Festival de la Juventud in France. When they went back home, being conscients that what they do was not Cumbia, decided to look for a more appropiated term for what they played and that also identifie themselves as Peruvians. Deeply compromised with their roots they found the word Chicha, the ceremonial drink of its ancestors, the Incas, and the perfect word this genre. They nicknamed it as Chicha and as historical proofs since 1987 there are its albums: Dulcemente chicha, Rica chicha, 5 estrellas en chicha, Vientos de chicha, etc.
It's impossible to talk abot Chicha music and not to talk about Los Shapis, who were the first countrymen who in the Terrorism time gave to Peru its portion of pride and identity. They were made a new image of a Peru that along with them started to loudly proclaim Soy inmigrante (I'm an inmigrant), Soy provinciano (I'm a countrymen).
It is also said that Andean Cumbia is formed when the Peruvian Cumbia with a coast-style expands to center cities. There when comes San Lázaro, Alegría, Melodía and Los Titanes de Tito de la Cruz.
The 80s decade can be considered the golden age of chicha, Peruvian Cumbia now powered with the electric guitar fusioned with the Andean Region's huayno's own tunes and styles, though many of Chicha records also have elements of the percussive-like style of the Amazonian Peruvian dances. The main spreader of Chicha groups was the label Discos Horóscopo of the producer Juan Campos, most of groups who recorded with this music label were part of this style and made a big contribution to the development of this genre.
Other groups which emerged with this styles, Los Ovnis, Los Wankas, Grupo Celeste with its song El aborto (The Abortion), Pintura Roja with Oh Virgen María (Oh Virgin Mary), Muchacho provinciano by Chacalón, Arrepentida by Grupo Maravilla, Parranditas de Chacal with "Chacal y sus estrellas", many of this and more tells stories of lower and middle class people, from the inmigrant people from Andes of Peru to the capital city of Peru, Lima.[9] Other groups that performed Cumbia with a different style in Peru adapted to this trend, that's how groups like Cuarteto Universal that used to perform estilo cuartetero recorded Cumbia songs with a Chicha-like singing style, songs like the hit "Dile" o "El abandonado" (The Abandoned One) with Cuarteto Los Universales, both performed by Claudio Morán, represent and example, despite this, the popularity of this genre in Perú made immediately that in Colombia were recorded many of the Chicha tunes, Rodolfo Aicardi and his group La Típica RA7 re-recorded of Los Shapis like El aguajal , being the more famous the foreign versions like the original Peruvian version.
Derivation in Argentina and adaptation in other countries
[edit]The first Chicha Peruvian groups that migrated or were formed in Argentina in the 1980s decade made that this rhythm, comes from being marginal (only played in bailantas) to be very popular. That's how, groups like Los Mirlos or <i>Los Continentales</i> from Peru; el <i>Grupo Karicia</i> and <i>Grupo Ciclón</i>, formed in Argentina by Peruvian musicians in the year of 1993 (who recorded covers of Peruvian groups like Los Ecos, Guinda, Los Destellos, Maravilla and many other groups), made its special place for Classic Peruvian Cumbia in Argentina, making famous hit by Peruvian groups that were never commercial on Argentinian Market for those times, thanks to the covers made by <i>Grupo Karicia</i> and Grupo Ciclón. Years after that, among young listeners, it got adaptated following the new music fashions, like Cumbia villera around 2001, taking advantage and deforming lyrics, origin and meaning of the original Chicha and Peruvian Cumbia. Then, Cumbia Villera was heard in Bolivia and Mexico; in this second country it had a half-success, that had no repercusion on the style of Mexican Cumbia except of the groups of the American Union. Cumbia Villera is the result of the fusion of Chicha and Peruvian Cumbia, and in a smaller proportion, also of the Cumbia sonidera from Mexico and a little bit of Colombian Cumbia. It is actually the original Peruvian sound but deformed, con lyrics very similar to the Hip Hop lyrics. In Mexico, all Chicha music is mistakenly called as Cumbia peruana (Peruvian Cumbia).
Many years after a big ausentism of popularity of Chicha, and thanks to social media, Chicha music got again a little bit of protagonism in Peru and, mainly, abroad. That's how in the last year, many groups that tried to revalue this genre, like Chicha Libre, Munny Chicha, Chacal y sus estrellas,[10] La Chamba, Chicha Dust, Cumbia All Stars, etc., the four first groups are formed by foreign people and Latinos inmigrants in many places (U.S. and Europe, mainly), while the last one is formed by former musicians from many different Cumbia groups in Lima. Generally, this new Chicha groups are labeled as World Music by many specialists.
<i id="mwqA">The Roots of chicha</i> is a compilation album of songs from this genre.
Most representative groups
[edit]- Carlos Ramírez y el Grupo Centeno
- Chacal y sus Estrellas
- Chacalón y La Nueva Crema
- Los Shapis
- Grupo Celeste
- Los Hijos del Sol
- Los Ovnis de Huancayo
- Grupo Alegría
- Grupo Génesis
- Toño y el Grupo Centella
- Vico y el Grupo Karicia
- Los Destellos
- Los Sádicos de Huancayo
- Juaneco y su Combo
- Tongo y el Grupo Imaginación
- Pintura Roja
- Alín y el Grupo Markahuasi
- Pascualillo y La Nueva Estrella Azul
- Roy y los Gentiles
- Los Fieles
- Sombra Azul
- Grupo San Lázaro
- Grupo Victoria
- Los Mirlos
Most representative singers
[edit]- Carlos Ramírez Centeno
- Alfonso Escalante «Chacal»[11]
- Lorenzo Palacios «Chacalón»
- José María Palacios «Chacalón Jr.»[12]
- Milagros Soto «Princesita Mily»
- Julio Simeon «Chapulín el Dulce»
- Pascualillo Coronado
- Abelardo Gutiérrez «Tongo»
- Víctor Carrasco «Vico»
- Antonio Domínguez «Toño Centella» [13]
- Alejandro Pacheco «Alín»
- Jorge Chambergo Porta [14]
- Víctor Casahuamán Bendezú
- Miguel Mendoza «Mayk»
- Andrés Vásquez «Pumita Andy»
- Felipe Pizarro «Roy»
- Wilindoro Cacique
See also
[edit]- Peruvian Cumbia
- Southern Cumbia (from the south of Peru)
- Cumbia Villera
- Bolivian Cumbia
- Tecnocumbia
References
[edit]- ^ "La Música Chicha". www.folklorperuano.com (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- ^ Quispe Lázaro, Arturo (2001). "Globalización y cultura en contextos nacionales y locales: de la chicha a la tecnocumbia". Debates en Sociología (25–26). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú: 120–141. doi:10.18800/debatesensociologia.200125-26.006. OCLC 858886651. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ Cárdenas Coavoy, Hubert Ramiro (2014). "Historia de la música chicha en el Perú". Música chicha: la música tropical andina en la ciudad de Cuzco. Distribuido por el Ministerio de Cultura de Perú. Ediciones Interculturalidad.org. pp. 1–37. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ^ "La Chicha: Identidad chola en la Gran Ciudad" (PDF). Debate (24): 72–76. December 1983. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "Carlos Ramírez director grupo Centeno falleció el patrón de la cumbia". 25 August 2019.
- ^ Romero, Raúl (2007-12-17). "Peru". In Olsen, Dale; Sheehy, Daniel (eds.). The Garland Handbook of Latin American Music. Taylor & Francis. p. 445. doi:10.4324/9780203934548. ISBN 978-1-135-90008-3. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
- ^ Hernandez, Deborah Pacini (2010-01-25). Oye Como Va!: Hybridity and Identity in Latino Popular Music. Temple University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-4399-0091-8. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
- ^ República, La (26 August 2020). "Cumbia y chicha: cuáles son las diferencias y características de estos ritmos musicales | ATMP | Espectáculos | La República". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-05-12.
- ^ Bailón, Jaime (2004). "Vida, historia y milagros de la cumbia peruana: la chicha no muere ni se destruye, sólo se transforma". Íconos - Revista de Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish) (18): 53–62. doi:10.17141/iconos.18.2004.3117. ISSN 1390-8065. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ^ "Alfonso Escalante Quispe, 'Chacal': 'Canto y vendo pollo broaster'". Trome (in Spanish). 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
- ^ "Chacal Y Sus Estrellas". Discogs (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-02-24.
- ^ Carrión, Sandy (2023-04-30). "Chacalón Jr. y su faceta empresarial: ¿a qué se dedica el chichero fuera de la música?". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-26.
- ^ "Toño y su grupo Centella". www.facebook.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-09-13.
- ^ República, La (2020-07-06). "Murió Jorge Chambergo Porta, director de 'Los Ovnis', grupo musical de la cinta Gregorio". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-26.
External links
[edit]- CHICHAWEB.com - Official Portal of Chicha music
- Official Web of Andean Cumbia (in Spanish)
- Peruvian Cumbia Community (in Spanish)
- "Chicha: de la psicodelia andina a la cumbia villera", article by Marcelo Pisarro para Nerds All Star / Revista Ñ / Clarín (in Spanish)
- Otero Luque, Frank.«La cultura chicha: entre el etnovaivén y el etnobúmeran: estrategias de resistencia y singularidad cultural del subalterno peruano.»Argus-a Artes & Humanidades, vol. 7, no.27, pp. 1-54.
- Otero Luque, Frank.«Lima, la bella: negociaciones entre lo criollo y lo chicha.»Argus-a Artes & Humanidades, 2020.