Draft:Outline of human physiology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human physiology.

Human physiology is the study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, from organs to the cells of which they are composed. The human body consists of many interacting systems of organs. These interact to maintain homeostasis, keeping the body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.

Essence of human physiology

Homeostasis

Systems in human physiology

Nervous system

Nervous System

Central Nervous System
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
Peripheral nervous system
- Cranial nerves
  - First cranial nerve -- Olfactory nerve. Transmits the sense of smell from the nasal caivty. Located in the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid.
  - Second cranial nerve -- Optic nerve. Technically not a peripheral nerve; actually a tract of the diencephalon. Transmits visual signals from the retina of the eye to the brain.
  - Third cranial nerve -- Oculomotor nerve. Innervates the eye muscles which collectively perform most eye movements.
  - Fourth cranial nerve -- Trochlear nerve. Innervates an eye muscle.
  - Fifth cranial nerve -- Trigeminal nerve. Receives sensation from the face and innervates the muscles of mastication.
  - Sixth cranial nerve -- Abducens nerve. Innervates an eye muscle.
  - Seventh cranial nerve -- Facial nerve. Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, part of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and stapedius muscle. Also receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and provides secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and the lacrimal gland.
  - Eighth cranial nerve -- Acoustic nerve. Senses sound, rotation, and gravity (essential for balance and movement).
  - Ninth cranial nerve -- Glossopharyngeal nerve. Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland, and provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus. Some sensation is also relayed to the brain from the palatine tonsils.
  - Tenth cranial nerve -- Vagus nerve. Supplies branchiomotor innervation to most laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles (except the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal). Provides parasympathetic fibers to nearly all thoracic and abdominal viscera down to the splenic flexure. Receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis.
  - Eleventh cranial nerve -- Spinal accessory nerve. Controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, and overlaps with functions of the vagus nerve.
  - Twelfth cranial nerve -- Hypoglossal nerve. Provides motor innervation to most of the muscles of the tongue and other glossal muscles.
- Spinal nerves

Musculoskeletal system

musculoskeletal system

Human skeleton
Attached Muscles
Joints, ligaments, and bursae
- Joints
- Ligaments
- Bursae

Circulatory system

Respiratory system

Gastrointestinal system

Integumentary system

Urinary system

Reproductive system

Immune system

Endocrine system

Lymphatic system

Exocrine system

History of human physiology

Subdisciplines of human physiology

References

External links

This outline displayed as a mindmap, at wikimindmap.com
http://www.innerbody.com/

v t e Physiology of the endocrine system
Regulatory systems	Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system Renin–angiotensin system
Metabolism	Blood sugar regulation Calcium metabolism
Fields	Neuroendocrinology Pediatric endocrinology Psychoneuroendocrinology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
Other	Wolff–Chaikoff effect/Jod-Basedow effect Plummer effect

v t e Physiology of the visual system
Vision	Accommodation Gaze Intraocular pressure Visual field
Color vision	Color blindness Achromatopsia Köllner's rule Opponent process Dichromacy Monochromacy Pentachromacy Tetrachromacy Trichromacy

v t e Respiratory physiology
Respiration	breath inhalation exhalation obligate nasal breathing respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation
Control	pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptor Hering–Breuer reflex
Lung volumes	VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1/FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout
Circulation	pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt
Interactions	ventilation (V) Perfusion (Q) Ventilation/perfusion ratio V/Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar–arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation 2,3-BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect) carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity (DLCO)
Insufficiency	high altitude death zone oxygen toxicity hypoxia

v t e Physiology of skin
Skin physiology	Galvanic skin response Skin repair Skin temperature Perspiration
Hair	Human hair color Piloerection
Superficial fascia and areolar connective tissue	Adipogenesis

v t e Physiology of bone and cartilage
Bone	Bone density Bone remodeling Bone healing Bone resorption Osseointegration Ossification Osteolysis Bone age Periosteal reaction
Cartilage	Chondrogenesis
Joint	Range of motion
Teeth	Chewing Cementogenesis