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Exscalate4Cov (E4C)
CountryEuropean Union
Launched1 April 2020[1]
Closed30 September 2021[1]
Funding2 970 875 €[1]
StatusProject Closed
Websitehttps://www.exscalate4cov.eu

Exscalate4Cov was a public-private consortium supported by the Horizon Europe program from the European Union, aimed at leveraging high-performance computing (HPC) as a response to the coronavirus pandemic. The project utilized high-throughput, extreme-scale, computer-aided drug design software to conduct experiments.[2]

The Exsclate4Cov project, which stands for EXaSCale smArt pLatform Against paThogEns for Corona Virus,[1] was coordinated by Dompé Farmaceutici and involved 17 participants.[1] It was part of the Horizon 2020 SOCIETAL CHALLENGES - Health, demographic change and well-being founding[3] funding.

The project conducted one of the largest virtual screening[4] and drug repositioning experiments,[5] identifying a potentially effective molecule against SARS-CoV-2.[6]

Context

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Background

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Virtual screening pipeline

Drug discovery can be a long and costly process, often taking years and requiring substantial financial investment.[7] Pharmaceutical companies have large datasets of chemical compounds, which they test against a drug target, often a protein receptor. The goal is to find compounds that interact with the targets, leading to potential therapeutic effects.[8]

High-throughput screening

Therefore, the process of finding new drugs usually involves high-throughput screening (HTS). HTS enables the rapid identification of active compounds.[9] For example, virtual screening can be used as an early stage of the drug discovery pipeline to evaluate the interactions between large datasets of small molecules and a drug target, identifying potential hit candidates. This approach helps in identifying potential hit candidates by predicting how different compounds will bind to the target protein, which will go further in the experimental validation.[9]

In an urgent computing scenario, such as a pandemic, where time to solution is critical, virtual screening is used to identify hit molecules for the latter stages of the drug discovery pipeline, such as lead optimization and clinical trial.[10] The Exscalate4Cov project was initiated after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. This project aimed to leverage the computational power of EU supercomputers to accelerate the discovery of effective treatments for the coronavirus.[11] By utilizing high-throughput virtual screening, Exscalate4Cov aimed to find faster solutions to the crisis.

Scope

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Exscalate4Cov's approach involved screening billions of compounds against various protein targets of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, identifying those with a higher binding affinity with the target. The project's objectives were:

  • Identify potential drug candidates against the coronavirus to combat the COVID-19 pandemic;[2]
  • Conduct a large-scale experiment as an example for future pandemic scenarios;[2]
  • Develop a computer-aided drug design platform that leverages supercomputer capabilities;[12]
  • Fast sharing of data and scientific discoveries with the community[13] to work in an urgent computing scenario.

Previous projects

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Supercomputer

The Exscalate4Cov project followed the ANTAREX4ZIKA[14] project, both of which aimed to leverage HPC for drug discovery, albeit targeting different viruses. While Exscalate4Cov focused on the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for COVID-19, ANTAREX4ZIKA was dedicated to addressing the Zika virus. The ANTAREX4ZIKA project concluded at the end of 2018 and involved a virtual screening campaign on the CINECA Marconi machine, with a total of 10 PetaFLOPS.[14] The ANTAREX project,[15] which stands for AutoTuning and Adaptivity appRoach for Energy efficient eXascale HPC systems, emphasized auto-tuning and energy efficiency of HPC applications, making them more effective in various research scenarios, including drug discovery.

Consortium

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The Exscalate4Cov consortium of public-private entities has been coordinated by Dompè, and it involved 17 other institutions, from research centers to universities.[1]

Organization Type Industry Country
Dompé Farmaceutici Private Pharmaceutical industry  Italy
CINECA Public research center Supercomputing  Italy
Politecnico di milano Public university Scientific and technological research, education  Italy
University of Milan Public university Scientific and technological research, education  Italy
Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven Public university Scientific and technological research, education  Belgium
International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Public research center Research center  Poland
Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste Research Organisations Research center  Italy
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Research Organisations Research center  Germany
Barcelona Supercomputing Center Public research center Supercomputing  Spain
Forschungszentrum Jülich Public research center Supercomputing  Germany
University of Naples Federico II Public university Scientific and technological research, education  Italy
University of Cagliari Public university Scientific and technological research, education  Italy
SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Public research center Research center   Switzerland
KTH Royal Institute of Technology Public university Scientific and technological research, education  Sweden
Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases Research Organisations Hospital  Italy
Associtazione Big Data Company Other  Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Public research center Research center  Italy
Chelonia SA Company Other   Switzerland

Pipeline

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EXSCALATE Docking Pipeline, at different levels of abstractions.

Inputs at the application level consist of ligands from the chemical space and the protein target of the virtual screening campaign, specifically the spike protein in the case of Exscalate4Cov.[11] Following a molecular docking stage that generates potential ligand conformations, a scoring stage assesses the interaction strength between each ligand's pose and the protein.[4] The pipeline ultimately produces a ranking of hit compounds as its output, indicating the most promising candidates for further investigation.[4]

At the software level, the project utilizes the EXSCALATE docking platform.[4][14] LiGen (Ligand Generator) is one of the main components of the platform, and it is used to perform molecular docking and scoring simulations. LiGen is responsible for generating and evaluating the conformations of ligands. Another relevant component at the same level is the libdpipe library, which facilitates scaling across multi-node and cores.[4]

To hinge the computational power offered by HPC centers, the docking platform uses MPI[16] to scale multi-node and CUDA acceleration to take advantage of supercomputer's GPUs. The CUDA version has undergone various optimizations, including OpenACC, OpenMP, and other techniques,[17][18][19] to enhance performance and efficiency.

Virtual screening campaign

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GPUs system

The project's main experiment evaluated the interactions between 12 viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2 against 70 billion molecules from the EXSCALATE[12] chemical library. In November 2020, consortium members coordinated one of the largest virtual screening campaigns, harnessing the combined computational power of two supercomputers totaling 81 PFLOPS.[20]

The supercomputers used are:

  • Marconi100: Operated by CINECA, each node consists of 1 IBM POWER9 AC922 CPU (32 cores, 128 threads) and 4 NVIDIA V100 GPUs with 16 GB of VRAM. The machine consists of 970 nodes, providing a total of 29.3 PFLOPS.[21]
  • HPC5: Operated by Eni, each node consists of 1 Intel Xeon Gold 6252 24C CPU (24 cores, 48 threads) and 4 NVIDIA V100 GPUs with 16 GB of VRAM. The machine consists of 1820 nodes, providing a total of 51.7 PFLOPS.[22]

Throughput

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The large-scale campaign used a reservation of 800 Marconi100 nodes and 1500 HP5 nodes for 60 hours.[4] Achieving an average throughput was 2400 ligands per second (lig/s) on Marconi100 and 2000 lig/s on HPC5.[4]

Data storage

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Data storage system

Another critical aspect of the experiment was data storage management. The platform leveraged efficient MPI I/O[16] operations to handle multi-node computations. The input data required 3.3 TB of space in SMILES format.[4] However, SMILES data needed to be expanded in a pre-processing step involving 100 nodes over five days.[4] Similarly, the post-processing step involved 19 nodes over five days.

Output data

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The final output consisted of CSV files containing scores for each input ligand, occupying 69 TB.[4] The resulting dataset, containing 570 million hit compounds, is freely available.[4]

Drug repositioning

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The Exscalate4Cov project also conducted drug repositioning experiments.[5] Drug repurposing offers an interesting approach to address unmet clinical needs in case of urgent computing, due to pandemics. Hence, repurposing existing drugs with established safety and toxicology profiles provides a significant advantage by saving time in identifying potential new treatments.[8] During the European Exscalate4Cov project activities, raloxifene was selected through a combined approach of drug repurposing and in-silico screening on SARS-CoV-2 target’s proteins, followed by subsequent in-vitro screening.[4][5]

Results

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Mediate

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The project's large-scale campaign results are available through the MEDIATE (MolEcular DockIng AT homE) platform.[23] The objective of MEDIATE[24] is to collect a chemical library of Sars-COV-2 inhibitors. The MEDIATE portal provides access to a set of small molecules that research can use to start de-novo drug design from a reduced set of molecules.

Raloxifene

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Raloxifene chemical structure

Raloxifene is a known chemical compound used to treat osteoporosis. As a result of drug repositioning experiments, the E4C project identified raloxifene as a possible candidate to treat early-stage COVID-19 patients,[6][5] aiming to prevent clinical progression.[25] In October 2020, AIFA authorized clinical trials to treat COVID-19 patients,[26] and it is currently undergoing testing for approval.[27]

Public interest

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The experiments, including the discovery of raloxifene as a possible drug candidate against COVID-19, gained significant interest from the scientific community, as documented in several scientific articles.[4][6][5]

The project's results also captured national interest in Italy, highlighted by various newspaper articles,[28][29][30] due to the use of Italian supercomputers during the pandemic. Additionally, the large-scale campaign results gained attention from international journals.[31][32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "EXaSCale smArt pLatform Against paThogEns for Corona Virus | EXSCALATE4CoV Project | Fact Sheet | H2020". CORDIS | European Commission. doi:10.3030/101003551. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Science". www.exscalate4cov.eu. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  3. ^ "SOCIETAL CHALLENGES - Health, demographic change and well-being | Programme | H2020". CORDIS | European Commission. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gadioli, Davide; Vitali, Emanuele; Ficarelli, Federico; Latini, Chiara; Manelfi, Candida; Talarico, Carmine; Silvano, Cristina; Cavazzoni, Carlo; Palermo, Gianluca; Beccari, Andrea Rosario (1 January 2023). "EXSCALATE: An Extreme-Scale Virtual Screening Platform for Drug Discovery Targeting Polypharmacology to Fight SARS-CoV-2". IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing. 11 (1): 170–181. doi:10.1109/TETC.2022.3187134. hdl:11311/1234144. ISSN 2168-6750.
  5. ^ a b c d e Allegretti, Marcello; Cesta, Maria Candida; Zippoli, Mara; Beccari, Andrea; Talarico, Carmine; Mantelli, Flavio; Bucci, Enrico M.; Scorzolini, Laura; Nicastri, Emanuele (January 2022). "Repurposing the estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection". Cell Death & Differentiation. 29 (1): 156–166. doi:10.1038/s41418-021-00844-6. ISSN 1476-5403. PMC 8370058. PMID 34404919.
  6. ^ a b c Iaconis, Daniela; Bordi, Licia; Matusali, Giulia; Talarico, Carmine; Manelfi, Candida; Cesta, Maria Candida; Zippoli, Mara; Caccuri, Francesca; Bugatti, Antonella; Zani, Alberto; Filippini, Federica; Scorzolini, Laura; Gobbi, Marco; Beeg, Marten; Piotti, Arianna (25 May 2022). "Characterization of raloxifene as a potential pharmacological agent against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants". Cell Death & Disease. 13 (5): 498. doi:10.1038/s41419-022-04961-z. ISSN 2041-4889. PMC 9130985. PMID 35614039.
  7. ^ Berdigaliyev, Nurken; Aljofan, Mohamad (May 2020). "An Overview of Drug Discovery and Development". Future Medicinal Chemistry. 12 (10): 939–947. doi:10.4155/fmc-2019-0307. ISSN 1756-8919. PMID 32270704.
  8. ^ a b Kulkarni, V. S.; Alagarsamy, V.; Solomon, V. R.; Jose, P. A.; Murugesan, S. (1 April 2023). "Drug Repurposing: An Effective Tool in Modern Drug Discovery". Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 49 (2): 157–166. doi:10.1134/S1068162023020139. ISSN 1608-330X. PMC 9945820. PMID 36852389.
  9. ^ a b Wildey, Mary Jo; Haunso, Anders; Tudor, Matthew; Webb, Maria; Connick, Jonathan H. (2017), High-Throughput Screening, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 50, Elsevier, pp. 149–195, doi:10.1016/bs.armc.2017.08.004, ISBN 978-0-12-813069-8, retrieved 11 July 2024
  10. ^ Yang, Yanqing; Zhu, Zhengdan; Wang, Xiaoyu; Zhang, Xinben; Mu, Kaijie; Shi, Yulong; Peng, Cheng; Xu, Zhijian; Zhu, Weiliang (18 January 2021). "Ligand-based approach for predicting drug targets and for virtual screening against COVID-19". Briefings in Bioinformatics. 22 (2): 1053–1064. doi:10.1093/bib/bbaa422. ISSN 1467-5463. PMC 7929377. PMID 33461215.
  11. ^ a b Beccari, Andrea R.; Vistoli, Giulio (January 2022). "Exscalate4CoV: Innovative High Performing Computing (HPC) Strategies to Tackle Pandemic Crisis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (19): 11576. doi:10.3390/ijms231911576. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 9569893. PMID 36232873.
  12. ^ a b "Exscalate | AI Drug Discovery Platform". exscalate.com. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  13. ^ "Home". mediate.exscalate4cov.eu. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  14. ^ a b c "Exscalate Projects". www.exscalate.eu. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  15. ^ "ANTAREX: Project Description". www.up.pt. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  16. ^ a b Markidis, Stefano; Gadioli, Davide; Vitali, Emanuele; Palermo, Gianluca (November 2021). "Understanding the I/O Impact on the Performance of High-Throughput Molecular Docking". 2021 IEEE/ACM Sixth International Parallel Data Systems Workshop (PDSW). IEEE. pp. 9–14. doi:10.1109/PDSW54622.2021.00007. ISBN 978-1-6654-1837-9.
  17. ^ Gadioli, Davide; Palermo, Gianluca; Cherubin, Stefano; Vitali, Emanuele; Agosta, Giovanni; Manelfi, Candida; Beccari, Andrea R.; Cavazzoni, Carlo; Sanna, Nico; Silvano, Cristina (January 2021). "Tunable approximations to control time-to-solution in an HPC molecular docking Mini-App". The Journal of Supercomputing. 77 (1): 841–869. doi:10.1007/s11227-020-03295-x. ISSN 0920-8542.
  18. ^ Vitali, Emanuele; Gadioli, Davide; Palermo, Gianluca; Beccari, Andrea; Cavazzoni, Carlo; Silvano, Cristina (July 2019). "Exploiting OpenMP and OpenACC to accelerate a geometric approach to molecular docking in heterogeneous HPC nodes". The Journal of Supercomputing. 75 (7): 3374–3396. doi:10.1007/s11227-019-02875-w. ISSN 0920-8542.
  19. ^ Vitali, Emanuele; Ficarelli, Federico; Bisson, Mauro; Gadioli, Davide; Accordi, Gianmarco; Fatica, Massimiliano; Beccari, Andrea R.; Palermo, Gianluca (1 April 2024). "GPU-optimized approaches to molecular docking-based virtual screening in drug discovery: A comparative analysis". Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. 186: 104819. arXiv:2209.05069. doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2023.104819. ISSN 0743-7315.
  20. ^ "EXSCALATE4COV: 60 ORE DI SUPERCALCOLO CONTRO IL CORONAVIRUS".
  21. ^ "HPC5 - PowerEdge C4140, Xeon Gold 6252 24C 2.1GHz, NVIDIA Tesla V100, Mellanox HDR Infiniband | TOP500". www.top500.org. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  22. ^ "UG3.2: MARCONI100 UserGuide - SCAI - User Support - CINECA Technical Portal". wiki.u-gov.it. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  23. ^ "Home". mediate.exscalate4cov.eu. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  24. ^ Vistoli, Giulio; Manelfi, Candida; Talarico, Carmine; Fava, Anna; Warshel, Arieh; Tetko, Igor V.; Apostolov, Rossen; Ye, Yang; Latini, Chiara; Ficarelli, Federico; Palermo, Gianluca; Gadioli, Davide; Vitali, Emanuele; Varriale, Gaetano; Pisapia, Vincenzo (3 August 2023). "MEDIATE - Molecular DockIng at homE: Turning collaborative simulations into therapeutic solutions". Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. 18 (8): 821–833. doi:10.1080/17460441.2023.2221025. hdl:2434/1009370. ISSN 1746-0441.
  25. ^ Nicastri, Emanuele; Marinangeli, Franco; Pivetta, Emanuele; Torri, Elena; Reggiani, Francesco; Fiorentino, Giuseppe; Scorzolini, Laura; Vettori, Serena; Marsiglia, Carolina; Gavioli, Elizabeth Marie; Beccari, Andrea R.; Terpolilli, Giuseppe; De Pizzol, Maria; Goisis, Giovanni; Mantelli, Flavio (June 2022). "A phase 2 randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of raloxifene for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19". eClinicalMedicine. 48: 101450. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101450. ISSN 2589-5370. PMC 9098200. PMID 35582123.
  26. ^ "EXSCALATE4COV: Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) authorizes Raloxifene Clinical Trial for Paucisymptomatic Covid-19 Patients treated at Home and in Medical Facilities". www.dompe.com. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  27. ^ Nicastri, Emanuele; Marinangeli, Franco; Pivetta, Emanuele; Torri, Elena; Reggiani, Francesco; Fiorentino, Giuseppe; Scorzolini, Laura; Vettori, Serena; Marsiglia, Carolina; Gavioli, Elizabeth Marie; Beccari, Andrea R.; Terpolilli, Giuseppe; De Pizzol, Maria; Goisis, Giovanni; Mantelli, Flavio (June 2022). "A phase 2 randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of raloxifene for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19". eClinicalMedicine. 48: 101450. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101450. ISSN 2589-5370. PMC 9098200. PMID 35582123.
  28. ^ "Exscalate, il super software che scopre le molecole contro il Covid-19". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 8 October 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  29. ^ "Covid: Aifa, ok a test su Raloxifene in casi lievi - Altre news - Ansa.it". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 27 October 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  30. ^ "Coronavirus, il supercomputer italiano scopre terapia con 'raloxifene'". la Repubblica (in Italian). 19 June 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  31. ^ Peckham, Oliver (29 October 2020). "Supercomputer Research Leads to Human Trial of Potential COVID-19 Therapeutic Raloxifene". HPCwire. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  32. ^ Writer, Aila Slisco (18 June 2020). "Osteoporosis Drug Shows Promise in Fighting Coronavirus". Newsweek. Retrieved 9 July 2024.

Further readings

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