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Flacourtia indica

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Flacourtia indica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Salicaceae
Genus: Flacourtia
Species:
F. indica
Binomial name
Flacourtia indica
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Gmelina indica Burm.f. in Fl. Indica: 132 (1768)
    • Gmelina javanica Christm. in Vollst. Pflanzensyst. 2: 134 (1777)
    • Flacourtia afra Pic.Serm. in Miss. Stud. Lago Tana 7(1): 97 (1951)
    • Flacourtia balansae Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 521 (1908)
    • Flacourtia elliptica (Tul.) Warb. in H.G.A.Engler & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(6a): 43 (1893)
    • Flacourtia frondosa Clos in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 8: 217 (1857)
    • Flacourtia gambecola Clos in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 8: 219 (1857)
    • Flacourtia heterophylla Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 27(II): 331 (1854 publ. 1855)
    • Flacourtia hilsenbergii C.Presl in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 3: 441 (1845)
    • Flacourtia hirtiuscula Oliv. in Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 121 (1868)
    • Flacourtia indica var. innocua (Haines) H.O.Saxena & Brahmam in Fl. Orissa 1: 79 (1994)
    • Flacourtia kirkiana H.M.Gardner in Trees Shrubs Kenya: 21 (1936)
    • Flacourtia lenis Craib in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 259 (1916)
    • Flacourtia lucida Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 366 (1796)
    • Flacourtia obcordata Roxb. in Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 3: 835 (1832)
    • Flacourtia parvifolia Merr. in Lingnan Sci. J. 6: 328 (1928 publ. 1930)
    • Flacourtia perrottetiana Clos in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 8: 218 (1857)
    • Flacourtia ramontchi var. renvoizei Fosberg in Kew Bull. 29: 254 (1974)
    • Flacourtia rotundifolia Clos in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 8: 218 (1857)
    • Flacourtia rotundifolia Roxb. in Hort. Bengal.: 73 (1814), not validly publ.
    • Flacourtia sapida Roxb. in Pl. Coromandel 1: 49 (1796)
    • Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb. in Pl. Coromandel 1: 48 (1796)
    • Flacourtia sepiaria var. innocua Haines in unknown publication
    • Flacourtia thorelii Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 522 (1908)
    • Myroxylon dicline Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 813 (1837)
    • Stigmarota africana Lour. in Fl. Cochinch.: 633 (1790)
    • Stigmarota edulis Blanco in Fl. Filip., ed. 2.: 560 (1845)
    • Xylosma elliptica Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 5, 9: 343 (1868)
    • Verlangia indica Neck. ex Raf. in Sylva Tellur.: 34 (1838)

Flacourtia indica (known commonly as ramontchi, governor's plum and Indian plum), is a species of flowering plant native to much of Africa and tropical and temperate parts of Asia. It has various uses, including folk medicine, fuel, animal food and human food.

Description

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This is a bushy shrub or tree with a spiny trunk and branches. In shrub form, it grows up to 25 feet (7.6 m), and as a tree, it reaches a maximum height around 50 feet (15 m). The drooping branches bear oval leaves. The seeds are dispersed by birds.[3] This tree has thorns similar to that of a lime or lemon tree. If in contact with the thorns, it leaves a nasty stinging pain.[citation needed]

Taxonomy

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It is also commonly known as the 'batako' plum.[4][5]

It was first described and published as Gmelina indica by Nicolaas Laurens Burman in Fl. Ind. 132, t. 39, fig. 5 in 1768, it was then re-published as Flacourtia indica by Elmer Drew Merrill in Interpr. Herb. Amboin. on page 377 in 1917.[2][6]

F. indica and Flacourtia ramontchi (the Madagascar plum) are treated as separate species, including by Plants of the World Online,[7][8][9] but not by GRIN (United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service).[10]

Distribution

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It is native to the countries (and regions) of Aldabra (Seychelles), Assam, Bangladesh, Botswana, Burundi, Cambodia, southeastern China, Comoros, Congo, Ethiopia, Hainan, India, Java, Kenya, Laccadive Islands, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaya, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Rwanda, Somalia, Sri Lanka, South Africa (in the Cape Provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and Northern Provinces), Sudan, Sulawesi, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia, Zaire and Zimbabwe.[2]

It has been introduced into various places such as Angola, Bahamas, Chad, Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Mauritius, Nicobar Islands, Puerto Rico, (Island of) Réunion, Society Islands, Trinidad and Tobago.[2]

Uses

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The ramontchi fruit itself is about an inch thick and red ripening purple. It is very fleshy and has 6 to 10 seeds in layered carpels. The pulp is yellow or white and sweet with an acidic tang. It is eaten raw or made into jelly or jam. It can be fermented to make wine.[11]

The leaves and roots are used in herbal medicine for treatment of snakebite. The bark is believed to be effective for arthritis. Most parts of the plant are used for cough, pneumonia, and bacterial throat infection. It has also been used for diarrhoea.

In India, it is used in folk medicine to treat functional disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Its berries are edible, and the bark can be triturated (ground) with sesamum oil and then used as alignment of rheumatism. Similarly, the extract of its fruit has diuretic, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic properties (Patro et al. 2013).[12] As it contains a glucoside ('Flacourside'),[13] and 'Flacourtin' (an ester).[14]

Antimalarial compounds have been found in the aerial parts of Flacourtia indica.[15]

The tree is planted as a living fence; it was one of the species used for the Indian Inland Customs Line. The wood is used for firewood and small wooden tools such as plough handles.[11]

Cultivation

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The plant is known as an occasionally invasive introduced species in some areas. It has been cultivated in Florida in the United States, and today, it occurs as a weed in some parts of the state.[16]

References

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  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Flacourtia indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T146188176A146223268. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146188176A146223268.en. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d "Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  3. ^ Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk
  4. ^ "Flacourtia indica | batako plum /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  5. ^ Ndhlala, A.R.; Chitindingu, K.; Mupure, C.; Murenje, T.; Ndhlala, F.; Benhura, M.A.; Muchuweti, M. (2008). "Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Diospyros mespiliformis (jackal berry), Flacourtia indica (Batoka plum), Uapaca kirkiana (wild loquat) and Ziziphus mauritiana (yellow berry) fruits". Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 43 (2): 284–288. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01431.x.
  6. ^ "Flacourtia indica | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Flacourtia ramontchi L'Hér. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  8. ^ "Flacourtia ramontchi | ramontchi /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  9. ^ "Flacourtia ramontchi L'Herit. | Species". India Biodiversity Portal. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  10. ^ "Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  11. ^ a b World Agroforestry
  12. ^ Patro, S.K.; Behera, P.C.; Kumar, P.M.; Sasmal, D.; Padhy, R.K.; Dash, S.K. (2013). "Pharmacological review of Flacourtia sepiaria (Ruxb.)". Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy. 2 (2): 89–93.
  13. ^ Amarasinghe, N.R.; Jayasinghe, L.; Hara, N.; Fujimoto, Y. (2007). "Flacourside, a new 4-oxo-2-cyclopentenylmethyl glucoside from the fruit juice of Flacourtia indica". Food Chem. 102 (1): 95–97. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.004.
  14. ^ Bhaumik, P.K.; Guha, K.P.; Biswas, G.K.; Mukherjee, B. (1987). "Flacourtin, a phenolic glucoside ester from Flacourtia indica". Phytochemistry. 26 (11): 3090–3091. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84606-3.
  15. ^ Kaou, A.M.; Mahiou-Leddet, V.; Canlet, C.; Debrauwer, L.; Hutter, S.; Laget, M.; Faure, R.; Azas, N.; Ollivier, E. (2010). "Antimalarial compounds from the aerial parts of Flacourtia indica (Flacourtiaceae)". J. Ethnopharmacol. 130 (2): 272–274. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.045. PMID 20457242.
  16. ^ "Flacourtia indica in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
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