Governor-Generalship of the Steppes
| Governor-Generalship of the Steppes Степное генерал-губернаторство | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governor-Generalship of the Russian Empire | |||||||||||
| 1882–1918 | |||||||||||
 | |||||||||||
| Capital | Omsk | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 1882 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1918 | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||||
The Governor-Generalship of the Steppes, or General Government of the Steppes (Russian: Степное генерал-губернаторство, romanized: Stepnoye general-gubernatorstvo), was a colony[1][2][3] of the Russian Empire located on the Kazakh Steppe and western Siberia.[4]
Russia asserted full control over the Kazakh Steppe in the early 19th century, amidst the Russian conquest of Central Asia.[5] As part of its resettlement policy, the Russian government handed over pastures to over 800,000 ethnically-Russian settler-colonists; this, along with the blocking of traditional transhumance routes and lands used to sustain Kazakh practices of nomadic pastoralism, resulted in the disruption of Kazakh customary land law and sedentism among Kazakh nomadic communities.[6] In other cases, Kazakhs became labourers in the service of the Russian settler population. Sedentism, as well as the unequal distribution of land favouring Russian settlers, was the dominant issue in local politics during the early 20th century.[7]
A Russophone Kazakh intelligentsia began emerging in the mid-19th century, later growing into an anti-colonial movement that was strengthened by the Russian Revolution of 1905. Beginning with the 1903 arrest of Jakyp Aqbayev, Russian colonial authorities frequently arrested or otherwise targeted Kazakh activists, especially during the administration of Aleksandr Troynitsky over Semipalatinsk Oblast. This repression resulted in the further growth of nationalist and anti-colonialist activism as the movement grew increasingly politicised, later becoming the Alash movement.[8]
It consisted of four or five oblasts: Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk, Turgay, Uralsk and from 1882 to 1899 Semirechensk, having a total area of 2,240,000 square kilometres (860,000 sq mi) and a total population of 3,454,000 (both including Semirechensk) in 1897. Omsk was the capital.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ Sadvokasova & Sadykova 2014, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Tebayev 2009, p. 268.
- ^ Khalid 2021, pp. 95–98.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Khalid 2021, pp. 75–78.
- ^ Aldashev & Guirkinger 2017, p. 415.
- ^ Khalid 2021, pp. 104.
- ^ Uyama 2015, pp. 682–683.
Bibliography
[edit]- Sadvokasova, Z. T.; Sadykova, A. M. (19 March 2014). "Comparative Approach to the Study of Policy of Tsarist and Soviet Government in Relation to Islam". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences: 46–52. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1301 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Tebayev, D. B. (2009). "Проблема присоединения Степного края в XVIII—XIX вв. В современной Российской историографии" [The Problem of the Steppe Territory's annexation in the 18th–19th centuries in modern Russian historiography]. Periodical of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. History of Russia (in Russian). 5. Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia: 265–270 – via Cyberleninka.
- Khalid, Adeeb (2021). Central Asia: A New History from the Imperial Conquests to the Present. Princeton, New Jersey and Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. p. 556. ISBN 9780691161396. LCCN 2020047138.
- Aldashev, Gani; Guirkinger, Catherine (July 2017). "Colonization and changing social structure: Evidence from Kazakhstan". Journal of Development Economics. 127: 413–430. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.12.005 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Uyama, Tomohiko (2015). "Repression of Kazakh Intellectuals as a Sign of Weakness of Russian Imperial Rule: The paradoxical impact of Governor A.N. Troinitskii on the Kazakh national movement". Cahiers du monde russe. 56 (4): 681–703. doi:10.4000/monderusse.8216 – via OpenEdition Journals.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Steppes, General-Governorship of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 890.
