Hemoglobin variants
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There are over 1,000 naturally occurring structural variants of hemoglobin in humans. These variants are caused by amino acid substitutions in the hemoglobin molecule. The physiological effects of these variants can range from minor to severe.[1] Some well-known hemoglobin variants, such as sickle-cell anemia, are responsible for diseases and are considered hemoglobinopathies. Other variants cause no detectable pathology, and are thus considered non-pathological variants.[2][3]
The normal hemoglobin types are; Hemoglobin A (Hb A), which is 95–98% of hemoglobin found in adults, Hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2), which is 2–3% of hemoglobin found in adults, and Hemoglobin F (Hb F), which is the primary hemoglobin that is produced by the fetus during pregnancy, and may persist in small amounts in adults.[citation needed]
Hemoglobin variants occur when there are mutations in specific genes that code for the protein chains, known as globins, which make up the hemoglobin molecule. They could affect the structure, behavior, and/or the stability of the hemoglobin molecule. There are four genes that code for alpha globin and two genes that code for beta globin.
Hemoglobin variants are most often inherited characteristics. First, abnormal beta gene can be inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. This means that the person who inherits this will have two copies of the altered gene. Both of these genes can be passed to offspring. The next way they can be inherited is in a heterozygous fashion. This means that the person has one normal beta gene and one abnormal beta gene. This person is considered to be a carrier of whichever hemoglobin variant is inherited. Only the abnormal gene can be passed on to offspring in this case. Carriers also do not have to deal with having symptoms or any health concerns. Another way that beta genes can be inherited is in a homozygous fashion. This means that the person has two abnormal beta genes. In this case the person produces the associated hemoglobin variant and may have the symptoms and complications that are associated with they specific hemoglobin variant they have. The severity of the conditions mainly depend on the genetic mutation and it may vary from person to person. The copies of the abnormal beta genes would more than likely be passed to offspring.[citation needed]
Along with lengthy list of common hemoglobin variants, there are some variants that are less common. These variants are considered silent, which means that they have no signs or symptoms. They usually affect the functionality and/or the stability of the hemoglobin molecule. With most of these variants are mutations in the alpha globin gene that result in an abnormally long alpha chain and an unstable hemoglobin molecules.[citation needed]
Hemoglobin F is the primary hemoglobin produced by the fetus. The hemoglobin transports oxygen efficiently in a low oxygen environment. The hemoglobin production stops at birth and decreases to adult levels by the age of one or two. The levels can be normal to increased in beta thalassemia. Hemoglobin F frequently increases in individuals with sickle cell anemia and sickle cell-beta thalassemia. Individuals with sickle cell and increase of Hb F have a milder case of the disease. There are situations where the Hb F is increased. This rare condition is called Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH). This is a group of disorders where the Hemoglobin F is increased without signs or clinical features of thalassemia. Some different ethnic groups have different mutations that cause HPFH. Hb F can also be increase by acquired conditions that involve the red blood cells. Elevated Hemoglobin F levels are also associated with Leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders.[citation needed]
Hemoglobin H increases the affinity for oxygen. This means that it holds onto the oxygen instead of releasing it into tissue and cells. Hb H usually occurs in some alpha thalassemia and is composed of four beta globin (protein) chains. This variant is usually produced in response to a severe shortage of alpha chains, and usually cause beta chains to function abnormally.[citation needed]
List of examples
[edit]
List of hemoglobin variant examples:[4]
- Embryonic
- HbE Gower 1 (ζ2ε2)
- HbE Gower 2 (α2ε2)
- HbE Portland I (ζ2γ2)
- HbE Portland II (ζ2β2)
- Fetal
- Adult
- Pathologic/abnormal
- Hb Bassett
- Hb Kansas[5][6]
- Hb D-Punjab
- Hb O-Arab[7][8]
- Hb G-Philadelphia
- Hb Hasharon
- Hb Kirklareli - In humans, the Hb-Kirklareli mutation hemoglobin has ~80,000 times greater affinity for carbon monoxide over oxygen resulting in systemic carboxyhemoglobin reaching a sustained level of 16% COHb. This is as compared to approximately 240 times greater CO affinity over O2 in Hb A.[9]
- Hb Lepore
- Hb M
- Hb Hope
- Hb Pisa
- Hb J
- Hb N-Baltimore
- Hemoglobin Chesapeake
- Hemoglobin Louisville
- Hemoglobin Vanvitelli [10]
References
[edit]- ^ Thom, Christopher S.; Dickson, Claire F.; Gell, David A.; Weiss, Mitchell J. (2013-03-01). "Hemoglobin Variants: Biochemical Properties and Clinical Correlates". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 3 (3): a011858. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011858. ISSN 2157-1422. PMC 3579210. PMID 23388674.
- ^ Huisman THJ (1996). "A Syllabus of Human Hemoglobin Variants". Globin Gene Server. Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "Hemoglobin Variants". Lab Tests Online. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 2007-11-10. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ Thom CS, Dickson CF, Gell DA, Weiss MJ. Hemoglobin variants: biochemical properties and clinical correlates. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013 Mar 1;3(3):a011858. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011858. PMID 23388674; PMCID: PMC3579210.
- ^ Bonaventura, J; Riggs, A (1968). "Hemoglobin Kansas, a human hemoglobin with a neutral amino acid substitution and an abnormal oxygen equilibrium". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 243 (5): 980–91. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93612-4. PMID 5640981.
- ^ "rs33948057". dbSNP. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Zimmerman, Sherri A; O'Branski, Erin E; Rosse, Wendell F; Ware, Russell E (1999). "Hemoglobin S/OARAB: Thirteen new cases and review of the literature". American Journal of Hematology. 60 (4): 279–84. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199904)60:4<279::AID-AJH5>3.0.CO;2-2. PMID 10203101. S2CID 71251127.
- ^ "Anemia Associated with Hemoglobin O-Arab | Hematology News". Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2017-11-13.[full citation needed]
- ^ Motterlini R, Foresti R (March 2017). "Biological signaling by carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-releasing molecules". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 312 (3): C302–C313. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2016. PMID 28077358.
- ^ Casale, M.; Cozzolino, F.; Scianguetta, S.; Pucci, P.; Monaco, V.; Sanchez, G.; Santoro, C.; Rubino, R.; Cannata, M.; Perrotta, S. (2019). "Hb Vanvitelli: A new unstable α-globin chain variant causes undiagnosed chronic haemolytic anaemia when co-inherited with deletion - α3.7". Clinical Biochemistry. 74: 80–85. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.09.002. PMID 31493379. S2CID 202003706.