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Hugh O'Donnell, 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell

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Hugh Albert O'Donnell
2nd Earl of Tyrconnell
Hugh Albert O'Donnell, at 10 years of age as a page at the court of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria
Tenure1608–1642
PredecessorRory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
SuccessorTitle dormant
BornOctober 1606
Ireland
DiedAugust/September 1642 (aged 35)
At sea
Noble familyO'Donnell dynasty
FitzGerald family
Spouse(s)Anna-Margaret de Hénin
FatherRory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
MotherBridget FitzGerald

General Hugh Albert O'Donnell, 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell[a][b] (October 1606 – August/September 1642), was an Irish-born nobleman, descended from the O'Donnell clan of Tyrconnell, who served as a general in the Spanish military.

He was the only son of Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, whose title was posthumously attainted in 1614. He is sometimes considered to be the last King of Tyrconnell, though he left Tyrconnell as an infant never to return.

Family background

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He was born about October 1606,[2] the only son of Rory, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, and his wife Bridget FitzGerald.[3][1] His paternal grandparents were Sir Hugh McManus O'Donnell, an Ulster chieftain, and Scottish noblewoman Fiona "Iníon Dubh" MacDonald.[4] His maternal grandparents were Irish peer Henry FitzGerald, 12th Earl of Kildare,[3] and English noblewoman Frances Howard.[5]

Hugh Albert had a mixed ancestry of various noble families. His father's paternal family were the Gaelic Irish O'Donnell clan of Tyrconnell, who claimed descent, via Conall Gulban of the Cenél Conaill, from High King Niall of the Nine Hostages.[6] He was also a descendant of the first six Scottish Chiefs of Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg, as well as being descended from Robert the Bruce via Robert II.[7][8][9] His mother was descended from the Hiberno-Norman FitzGerald dynasty and the English Howard family.[citation needed]

His father's branch of the O'Donnell clan had ruled Tyrconnell since 1566.[10] The Irish confederacy's defeat in the Nine Years' War (which ended three years before his birth) marked the beginning of the end for Gaelic Irish society.[11] Although Rory had fought against the English during the war, he managed to secure favour with King James I.[12][4] On 27 September 1603, Rory was created Baron of Donegal[13] and 1st Earl of Tyrconnell,[13][12][4] with the title Baron of Donegal to his heirs apparent.[13] Thus, Hugh Albert became Baron of Donegal upon his birth.[13][14]

Hugh Albert's parents married around Christmas 1606.[4]

Flight of the Earls

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Main article: Flight of the Earls

On 14 September 1607, due to increasing hostility from the government, Rory and his wartime ally Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, fled from Ireland along with ninety of their followers. Hugh Albert accompanied his father on the flight.[15] He was aged eleven months at the time.[16][1] His wet nurse Caecilia O'Gallagher, plus two criadas, also accompanied him on the flight.[17] His cousin, also called Hugh O'Donnell (son of his uncle Cathbarr), was also on the flight.[18] In the haste to leave, his mother Bridget was left behind in Maynooth.[3][19] Bridget was pregnant at the time; a few months after the flight, she gave birth to Hugh Albert's younger sister Mary Stuart O'Donnell.[20][21]

The refugees hoped to reached Spain, but were turned away due to Philip III's fears of violating the Treaty of London.[22] Thus the refugees spent the winter in Leuven in the Spanish Netherlands.[23] Many of the refugees were compelled to leave their children behind in Leuven under the care of Franciscans.[24] Hugh Albert and his cousin Hugh were left in Leuven,[25] whilst their parents continued to Rome.[4][18] Cathbarr's wife Rosa remained in the Spanish Netherlands.[18]

Hugh Albert and his cousin Hugh were brought up at St Anthony's College, Leuven.[1] Caecilia and her husband served as Hugh Albert's foster parents.[17] The couple were clients of the O'Donnell clan. They had "lost all their possessions to come [to Flanders]", and they maintained Hugh Albert for "a full year and six months" at their own expense.[26]

Caecilia looked after Hugh Albert until February 1608, when he was given to the Convent of the Dames Blanches in Leuven. Another of Hugh Albert's nurses was Anna ny Madden, the wife of Dennis O'Kelly. There is no evidence that she participated in the Flight of the Earls.[17]

Left in Louvain

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After the earls left for Rome, another nurse, named Anna ny Madden supplanted Caecilia. Caecilia was unable to nurse the child - her and her husband were devastated by this. The O'Gallaghers reminded officials that they were Hugh Albert's legal fosterers. They condemned the new nurse for "slovenness and unpleasantness," and accused her for only caring about the well-being of her own child and spouse. Caecilia's husband questioned how a stranger could teach Hugh Albert the Irish language ("his mother tongue") and he asserted that Caecilia should remain with Hugh Albert at the convent as his rightful nurse. The O'Gallaghers bemoaned that they had "no other consolation except this child, or means of support, or income", and lamented to the Archduke that they "had nothing to eat except what your Highness with your wanted kindness is pleased to grant". These desperate solicitations and pleas just alienated their correspondents.[26]

Hugh Albert's father, Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell

On 28 July 1608, Rory died of a fever in Rome.[27] Hugh Albert became 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell after his father's death.[28][3] Cathbarr similarly died of fever on 15 September 1608 in Rome.[18][29][27] Nuala (Hugh Albert's aunt) became entrusted with the care of Hugh Albert and cousin Hugh.[30] Nuala arrived in the Lowlands in mid-December 1611.[25] In all likelihood, after Rory's death, Hugh Albert and his cousin Hugh were confided to the charge of Cathbarr's widow Rosa O'Doherty.[1] The two boys remained in the care of their nurses at the convent until October 1610, when Hugh Albert and his cousin Hugh were given over to Hugh MacCaughwell, the Franciscan superior of the Irish College in Leuven. At the Irish College, the O'Donnell cousins were raised in the company of the Earl of Tyrone's sons Shane (future 3rd Earl of Tyrone) and Brian.[25]

Tyrone petitioned for Nuala and Rosa to be relocated back to the Spanish Netherlands to alleviate their deprivation and allow them to look after the O'Donnell cousins. Tyrone's application failed.[31] For the next two years, Rosa and Nuala repeatedly petitioned the Spanish government to allow them to reunite with their nephews in Flanders.[32] Phillip III instructed ambassador Castro to "calm [Rosa] and divert her from this purpose and console her in what manner seem[s] best to you". On 20 June 1612, Castro informed Philip III that he could not dissuade Rosa and that she was travelling to the Low Countries. Castro relented and transferred her pension to Flanders. Rosa took residence with Nuala and the sister-in-laws looked after the O'Donnell cousins.[33]

In March 1614, Nuala met with English ambassador William Trumbull. According to Trumbull, Nuala pledged her loyalty to James I of England and offered to withdraw Hugh Albert from Flanders, if the king would give his "grace and pardon... together with the restoring of [Hugh Albert's] father's lands." Trumbull gave no guarantee of the king's favour - due to the past conflicts between the O'Donnells and the English - and suggested Nuala travel to England with Hugh Albert to plead for "bounty and clemency" from the King. Unfortunately for Nuala, she could not be granted safe passage back to the British Isles, and her proposals were in vain.[25][34]

It was recorded that from 1615, the "Conde de Tyrconnell" and Don Hugo O'Donnell were in the receipt of a modest pension from the Archduke. As both boys were called Hugh, the Archduke's name was added to Hugh's name. Archduke Albert was in all likelihood Hugh Albert's godfather in confirmation. Around this time, Hugh Albert was attached as a page to the court of the Infanta Isabella (the Archduke's consort).[1] He was a page to the Infanta Isabella, daughter of King Philip III of Spain.[35] A portrait exists of Hugh Albert O'Donnell as a young page. This portrait is the only authentic and contemporary portrait of the last regnant O'Donnell dynasty of Tyrconnell.[36][c] Hugh Albert lived at the Spanish court.[3]

Rory's title was attainted by the Irish Parliament in 1614.[3]

Military service

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Hugh (son of Cathbarr) died in 1625 as a captain in the Siege of Breda.[38] Hugh Albert O'Donnell was made a knight of Alcántara in 1625.[39]

As Hugh Albert matured, he took over the role of leader of the O'Donnell exiles from his aunt Nuala.[34][40] Nuala eventually became Hugh Albert's dependent.[34] Now it was Nuala who needed Hugh Albert's consent for her monthly pension's distribution. In 1627 she requested a prompt payment of her allowance, when Hugh Albert wasn't at court.[40]

In 1626 or later, Mary met her elder brother, Hugh Albert, for the first time in Brussels.[41][42] Through his influence, she was received by Isabella's court.[42][43][44]

In 1627, rumours abounded of another Spanish Armada, with Hugh Albert to play a major role in leading the Irish.[45]

The Archbishop of Tuam Florence Conry arranged for Mary to be married to Shane O'Neill, 3rd Earl of Tyrone.[20] The relations between the O'Neills and the O'Donnells had become strained after the war's end, and Conry hoped a unifying marriage would allay hostilities between the noble families.[20][42] However, Mary was secretly in a relationship with O'Gallagher, and she anticipated conflict if she rejected the marriage.[42][20] Around 1629, Mary became pregnant, and her relationship with O'Gallagher was exposed.[20] The disgraced couple fled from Brussels to Italy.[42][20] Hugh Albert claimed that Mary was an imposter pretending to be his sister.[20][42]

By 1632, Hugh Albert was in charge of an Irish regiment of his own.[40]

Hugh Albert took the title of earl, or count, on the continent, and was in favour at the Spanish court.[41] In time O'Donnell joined the service of King Philip, and was commissioned colonel of a tercio in 1632.[46]

In adult life, Hugh Albert styled himself Earl of Tyrconnell and Donegal, Baron of Lifford, Lord of Sligo and Lower Connaught, and Knight Commander of the Order of Alcántara.[1][47]

Hugh Albert rose to be a general in the Spanish service.[1]

Death and legacy

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In 1641, when the Irish rose in arms to oppose the Parliamentarians, eyes turned to Hugh Albert, who was then a Spanish general of reputation. His military rank and experience, coupled with his claim as a descendant of the Gaelic nobility and his association with Celtic prophecies, all contributed to this. It seems Hugh Albert craved permission from the Spanish court to be placed in service of Ireland. However, due to the war with France (in which he was employed), this permission was refused.[1]

He was killed in action when his ship engaged a French vessel in August or September 1642 and caught fire.[citation needed] In 1642, he drowned in the Mediterranean whilst fighting against the French.[15] According to historian Eunan O'Donnell, Hugh Albert O'Donnell died on 1 July 1642 in Barcelona.[48] He had no issue.[1][48][3] His death was announced by his aunt Rosa in an Irish letter written at Louvain dated 16 September 1642.[41] He drowned in 1642.[49]

O'Donnell left no immediate heirs, although the earldom, were it not attainted in 1614, would have passed by remainder to his uncle Cathbarr O'Donnell, whose line was extinct by then, and thence, to his 1st cousin Donal Oge O'Donnell, according to the terms of the letters patent.[50]

As Hugh had never recognised James I as his monarch, he had no hope of being recognised as the 2nd Earl, under the principle of the "Fount of honour". He had an undoubted claim to the title, but took no steps in 1614 to defend it when it was debated in the Irish House of Lords. He would at least have had to submit to King James to take his place in the House of Lords, and until then he did so the title was "in abeyance".[citation needed]

In Hugh Albert's will, he appointed Hugh Balldearg O'Donnell as his heir, thus restoring the chieftainship to the elder branch of the family.[3]

Family

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Around 1635, O'Donnell married Anna-Margaret, daughter of Maximilien II de Hénin, 5th Count of Bossu, Knight of the Golden Fleece (died 8 December 1625) and Alexandrine Franeoise de Gavre; and a near kinswoman of the last eccentric Charles, Duke of Guise.[51][52][48] Anna-Margaret's eldest brother was Albert Maximilian de Hennin, who was an ally to Owen Roe O'Neill.[53]

Ancestors of Hugh O'Donnell, 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell
8. Manus O'Donnell, King of Tyrconnell
4. Hugh McManus O'Donnell, King of Tyrconnell
9. Siobhán O'Neill
2. Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
10. James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg
5. Fiona MacDonald
11. Agnes Campbell
1. Hugh Albert O'Donnell
12. Gerald FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Kildare
6. Henry FitzGerald, 12th Earl of Kildare
13. Mabel Browne, Countess of Kildare
3. Bridget FitzGerald, Countess of Tyrconnell
14. Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham
7. Frances Howard, Countess of Kildare
15. Catherine Howard, Countess of Nottingham

Notes

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  1. ^ Irish: Aodh Ailbhe mac Rudhraighe Ó Domhnaill; Spanish: Albertus Hugo Odonnell
  2. ^ He was also styled Hugh-Albert or Albert-Hugh O'Donnell.[1]
  3. ^ Hugh Albert's father Rory was depicted in a fresco in the Vatican dated circa 1610, though Rory himself died in 1608.[37]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Burke 1866, p. 410.
  2. ^ Silke 2006. "Hugh Albert O'Donnell, born [to Rory and Bridget] about October 1606, was the only son of this marriage, Mary Stuart O'Donnell being born about a year later." Bagwell 1895, p. 445 and Burke 1866, p. 410 both state that Hugh Albert was eleven months old at the time of the Flight of the Earls, which took place on 14 September 1607.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h McNeill 1911, p. 8.
  4. ^ a b c d e O'Byrne, Emmett (October 2009). "O'Donnell (Ó Domhnall), Ruaidhrí". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006701.v1. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  5. ^ Webb, Alfred (1878). "Henry FitzGerald, 12th Earl of Kildare". A Compendium of Irish Biography. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
  6. ^ O'Clery, O'Clery & Murphy 1895, p. xii.
  7. ^ O'Clery, O'Clery & Murphy 1895, p. xxx.
  8. ^ O'Donnell 2019, p. 2. fn. 8.
  9. ^ O'Donnell 2023, p. 34.
  10. ^ Morgan, Hiram (October 2009). "O'Donnell, 'Red' Hugh (Ó Domhnaill, Aodh Ruadh)". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006343.v1. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021.
  11. ^ Ciardha, Éamonn Ó (2007). "Cáit ar ghabhadar Gaoidhil? (Where Will the Irish Go?)". History Ireland. 15 (4): 5–6. ISSN 0791-8224. JSTOR 27725645.
  12. ^ a b Clavin, Terry (October 2009). "O'Donnell, Sir Niall Garvach". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006345.v1. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d Burke 1866, p. 410. "[Rory] was created created 27 September, 1603, Baron of Donegal, and EARL OF TYRCONNELL, and to his heirs male, with remainder to his brother Geoffry alias Caffrie O'Donnell, and his heirs male with the title of Baron of Donegal to his heir apparent."
  14. ^ McGurk 2007, p. 16. "...the one-year-old baron of Donegal, son and heir to Earl Rory."
  15. ^ a b McGurk 2007, p. 16.
  16. ^ Bagwell 1895, p. 445.
  17. ^ a b c Casway 2003, p. 57.
  18. ^ a b c d McGettigan, Darren (October 2009). "O'Donnell, Caffar". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.002288.v1.
  19. ^ Casway 2003, p. 59.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Clavin, Terry (October 2009). "O'Donnell, Mary Stuart". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006694.v1. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  21. ^ Silke 2006. "Hugh Albert O'Donnell, born [to Rory and Bridget] about October 1606, was the only son of this marriage, Mary Stuart O'Donnell being born about a year later."
  22. ^ McGurk 2007.
  23. ^ McNeill 1911b, p. 110.
  24. ^ Casway 2016, p. 75.
  25. ^ a b c d Casway 2003, p. 66.
  26. ^ a b Casway 2003, p. 72.
  27. ^ a b FitzPatrick, Elizabeth (2007). "San Pietro in Montorio, Burial-Place of the Exiled Irish in Rome, 1608-1623". History Ireland. 15 (4): 46–51. ISSN 0791-8224. JSTOR 27725658.
  28. ^ McGurk 2007, p. 16. "After his father's death in 1608 the latter Hugh would become the titular second earl of Tyrconnell."
  29. ^ Walsh 1960, p. 58.
  30. ^ Casway 2003, p. 64.
  31. ^ Casway 2003, p. 69.
  32. ^ Casway 2003, pp. 69–70.
  33. ^ Casway 2003, p. 70.
  34. ^ a b c Casway, Jerrold (2009). "O'Donnell, Nuala". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006696.v1. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  35. ^ RIA 1830, p. 134.
  36. ^ O'Donnell 2020, p. 10.
  37. ^ O'Donnell 2020, p. 9.
  38. ^ Burke 1866, p. 410. "...Hugh O'Donnell, paternal cousin german of the aforesaid Albert, died a captain during the siege of Breda."; Casway 2003, p. 70. "A captain in the Irish Regiment, Rosa's eldest son, Cathbar, was killed in 1625 at the siege of Breda."
  39. ^ Ó Canann, Tomás G. (2007). "Ó Domhnaill's inauguration, according to Pilib Ó Súilleabháin Bhéarra". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 137: 101–116. ISSN 0035-9106. JSTOR 23024262.
  40. ^ a b c Casway 2003, p. 67.
  41. ^ a b c Bagwell 1895, p. 446.
  42. ^ a b c d e f Casway 2003, p. 73.
  43. ^ Clavin, Terry (October 2009). "O'Donnell, Mary Stuart". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006694.v1. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  44. ^ O'Donnell 2023, p. 36.
  45. ^ O'Donnell 2023, p. 35.
  46. ^ Campbell 2015, p. 103.
  47. ^ O'Donnell 2018, p. 146.
  48. ^ a b c O'Donnell 2006, p. 44. fn. 46. "Hugh Albert (1606-1642), married Princess Anne Marguerite of Henin-Lietard (1608-1634). Her family had a beautiful chateau in what is now Belgium... Hugh Albert died on 1st July, 1642 in Barcelona, Spain. He had no issue."
  49. ^ Burke 1866, p. 410. "...he d. or as some say was drowned in 1642, the year following that in which his country had again taken up arms."
  50. ^ The text of the Letters Patent is referenced in G.O. Ms. 169 (National Library of Ireland) and in several slight variations as follows: (a) in pages 2388-2389 of the Appendix in Volume VI of the Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters (De Burca's 1990 re-print of the 1856 edition by John O'Donovan); (b) in page 39 of the Fate and Fortunes of the Earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel, by Rev. C.P. Meehan (1870); (c) in a partial translation of the Latin original of the Letters Patent held by Count O'Donnell von Tyrconnell in Austria, and recounted in O'Domhnaill Abu (the O'Donnell Clan Newsletter no. 12 of Winter 1989). Versions (a) and (b) referenced above make explicit reference to the remainder to Donal Oge O'Donnell
  51. ^ Burke 1866, p. 410. "... m. the dau. of a knight of the Golden Fleece (of a now extinct house in the Low Countries, hardly second at that time to any subject family on the continent), Anna-Margaret, dau. of Maximilian de Henin, Count de Bossut, and a near kinswoman of the last eccentric Duke of Guise."
  52. ^ Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society 1866, p. 461. "...towards the year 1635, 'Hugh Albert O'Neill, Count of Tyrone, married, in the Low Countries, Anne de Hennin, eldest daughter of Maximilian de Hennin, Baron of Liederkerke, Viscount of Brussels, Count of Bossut, &c., Knight of the Golden Fleece, who died on the 8th December, 1625, and of Alexandrine Françoise de Gavre, his wife.'"
  53. ^ Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society 1866, p. 461.

Sources

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Further reading

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Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Tyrconnell
1608–1642 		Vacant
Preceded by Earl of Tyrconnell
1608–1642 		Vacant
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