Icebreakers of Russia
There is a disagreement as to whether the Russia first "true" icebreaker was Pilot (manufactured in Great Britain in 1862, whose ice-breaking capabilities were enhanced in Russia in 1864) or genuinely first 1898 Arctic ice-faring icebreaker Yermak.[1]
Classification
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In Russia, icebreakers are classified in several ways, according to different criteria:[2][3]
- By purpose
- Leader icebreakers: The most powerful icebreakers that head ship caravans
- Line icebreakers: For guiding and towing of ships on sea routes, for freeing ice-stuck ships
- Auxiliary icebreakers: for work in ports, river mouths, and for emergency rescue operations
- By ice passability:
- heavy icebreakers can break through ice up to 2 m thick
- medium icebreakers, for ice from 1 to 1.5 m thick
- light icebreakers, for ice less than 1 m thick
- By power type:
- Steam engine; obsolete, unused
- Diesel-electric engine; the most common type
- Nuclear-powered icebreakers
- By operating method
- Ice-cutting. These ships existed in 19th-20th centuries, and for them the term "icecutter" was used in Russia[4]
- Ice-breaking
- By operational area
- River icebreakers
- Marine icebreakers
- Port icebreakers
The official classification of a particular vessel may be found in the database of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping.[3]
The following lists include icebreakers owned and/or operated by either governmental or commercial entities. Ships known to be in service are presented in bold.[5][6]
Nuclear-powered icebreakers
[edit]
The following ships are nuclear-powered icebreakers;
- Lenin (1959–1989; museum ship in Murmansk)
- Arktika class
- Taymyr class
- Project 22220
- Project 10510
Diesel-powered icebreakers
[edit]
The following ships are/were fitted with diesel engines for powering their propulsion;
- Wind class
- Severny Veter (1944–1951; ex-USCGC Staten Island; returned to the United States)
- Severniy Polyus (1945–1951; ex-USS Westwind; returned to the United States)
- Admiral Makarov (1945–1949; ex-USCGC Southwind; returned to the United States)
- Kapitan Belousov class
- Kapitan Belousov (1954–1991; sold to Ukraine)[19]
- Kapitan Voronin (1955–1996; broken up)[20]
- Kapitan Melekhov (1956–1994; broken up)[21]
- Moskva class
- Civilian variants of Dobrynya Nikitich class (Project 97A)
- Vasiliy Pronchishchev (1961–1989; ex-Ledokol-1; broken up)[27]
- Afanasy Nikitin (1962–1992; ex-Ledokol-2; passed over to Ukraine)[28]
- Khariton Laptev (1962–1996; ex-Ledokol-3; broken up)[29]
- Vasiliy Poyarkov (1963–1988; ex-Ledokol-4; broken up)[30]
- Yerofey Khabarov (1963–1993; ex-Ledokol-5; broken up)[31]
- Ivan Kruzenstern (1964–; ex-Ledokol-6)[32]
- Vladimir Rusanov (1964–1988; ex-Ledokol-7; broken up)[33]
- Semyon Chelyuskin (1965–1988; ex-Ledokol-8; broken up)[34]
- Yuriy Lisyanskiy (1965–2021; ex-Ledokol-9; to be broken up)[35]
- Fyodor Litke (1970–2013; broken up)[36]
- Ivan Moskvitin (1971–1997; broken up)[37]
- Semyon Dezhnev (1971–)[38]
- Ermak class
- Ermak (1974–2021; broken up)[39]
- Admiral Makarov (1975–)
- Krasin (1976–)
- Kapitan M. Izmaylov class
- Kapitan M. Izmaylov (1976–)
- Kapitan Kosolapov (1976–)
- Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1976–1992; transferred to Azerbaijan)
- Kapitan Sorokin class
- Kapitan Sorokin (1977–; fitted with Thyssen-Waas bow in 1991)
- Kapitan Nikolaev (1978–; rebuilt in 1990)
- Kapitan Dranitsyn (1980–)
- Kapitan Khlebnikov (1981–)
- Kapitan Chechkin class
- Kapitan Chechkin (1977–)
- Kapitan Plakhin (1977–)
- Kapitan Chadaev (1978–)
- Kapitan Krutov (1978–)
- Kapitan Bukaev (1978–)
- Kapitan Zarubin (1978–)
- Mudyug class
- Kapitan Evdokimov class
- Kapitan Evdokimov (1983–)
- Kapitan Babichev (1983–)
- Kapitan Chudinov (1983–)
- Kapitan Borodkin (1983–)
- Avraamiy Zavenyagin (1984–)
- Kapitan Mecaik (1984–)
- Kapitan Deminov (1984–)
- Kapitan Moshkin (1986–)
- Tor (2000–; purchased from Sweden)[40]
- Karu (2002–2020; ex-Karhu, ex-Kapitan Chubakov; purchased from Estonia; broken up)
- Dudinka (2006–; ex-Apu; purchased from Finland)
- Project 21900
- Moskva (2008–)
- Sankt-Peterburg (2009–)
- Project 21900M
- Vladivostok (2015–)
- Murmansk (2015–)[41]
- Novorossiysk (2016–)[42]
- Ob (2019–)[43]
- Georgiy Sedov (2019–; ex-Antarcticaborg; purchased from Kazakhstan)
- Viktor Chernomyrdin (2020–)[44]
- Project 21900M2
- Project 23620
- Project 22740M
Steam-powered icebreakers
[edit]
The following icebreakers were powered by steam;
- Pilot (built in 1862; modified and operated as an icebreaker: 1864–1890; broken up?)
- Ledokol 1 (1890–1915; later converted to a gunboat)[51][52][53]
- Ledokol 2 (1895–1923; handed over to Latvia)[51]
- Saratovskiy Ledokol (1895–1968; sunk)[54]
- Nadeshnyy (1897–1924; later converted to a gunboat)[51]
- Yermak (1899–1963; broken up)
- Gaydamak (1898–1930; broken up)[51]
- Ledokol 3 (1899–1923; broken up)[51][55]
- Ledokol IV (1907–1942; sunk by Germans)[51]
- A. Sibiryakov (1909–1942; sunk by Germans)
- Vaygach (1909–1918; sank in 1918)
- Taymyr (1909–1950s?; broken up)
- Silatch (1910–1918, 1922–late 1950s; broken up)
- Malygin (1912–1940; sunk in 1940)
- Volynets (1914–1918, 1940–1985; ex-Tsar' Mikhail Fyodorovich, ex-Wäinämöinen, ex-Suur Tõll; sold to Estonia in 1987)
- Fyodor Litke (1914–1958; ex-CGC Earl Grey; broken up)
- Georgiy Sedov (1915–1967; ex-Beothic (1909–1915); broken up)
- Sadko (1915–1941; ex-Lintrose (1912–1915); sank in 1941)
- Mikula Seleaninovich (1916–1918)[51]
- Ledokol V (1916–1941; sank in 1941)[56]
- Ledokol VI (1916–1961; broken up)[57]
- Ledokol VII (1916–1954; broken up)[58]
- Ledokol VIII (1917–1961; broken up)[59]
- Ledokol IX (1917–1932; sank in White Sea)[60]
- Krasin (1917–1971; extensively rebuilt in 1953–1960, now a museum ship in St. Petersburg)
- Lenin (1917–1968; broken up)
- Stepan Makarov (1917–1941; sunk)
- Toros (1929–1964)[51]
- Sibir (1938–1973; ex-I. Stalin (−1961); broken up)
- Admiral Lazarev (1938–1967; ex-L. Kaganovich (−1951); broken up)
- Admiral Makarov (1941–1967; ex-V. Molotov (−1956); broken up)
- A. Mikoyan (1941–1968; broken up)
- Malygin (1945–1970; ex-Voima; broken up)
- Sibiryakov (1945–1972; ex-Jääkarhu; broken up)
- Alyosha Popovich (1945–1970; ex-Eisvogel; decommissioned and abandoned off Russky Island)
- Ilya Muromets (1946–1979; ex-Eisbär; broken up in 1981)[61]
- Peresvet (1951–1980; ex-Castor; decommissioned and abandoned off Reyneke Island)
References
[edit]- ^ Понкратов Д. В., Мартинес Х. П. (2020). "Как выглядел "Пайлот"?". Гангут (in Russian) (120): 3–12. ISSN 2218-7553.
- ^ Ледокол
- ^ a b Классификация Российского морского регистра судоходства (Classification of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping)
- ^ ЛЕДОРЕЗ, citing Военно-морской словарь. — Moscow, 1990.
- ^ Ilmari Aro (17 November 2008). "THE WORLD ICEBREAKER AND ICEBREAKING SUPPLY VESSEL FLEET" (PDF). Baltic Icebreaking Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ^ Major icebreakers of the world. USCG Office of Waterways and Ocean Policy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
- ^ a b c Russia prepares to dismantle first nuclear icebreaker ever. Bellona, 14 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
- ^ Russian nuclear icebreaker Rossiya taking last voyage along Norway’s coast. Bellona, 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
- ^ Northern Sea Route. Rosatom. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
- ^ "Росатомфлот" начал процесс утилизации атомных ледоколов. Life, 19 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
- ^ "На ледоколе "Арктика" поднят российский флаг" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ "Baltiysky Zavod shipyard delivers Sibir, first serial icebreaker of Project 22220, to Atomflot". PortNews. 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ "На ледоколе "Урал" прошла церемония поднятия флага" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
- ^ "На построенном ОСК атомном ледоколе "Якутия" поднят государственный флаг" (in Russian). 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
- ^ "Балтзавод заложил атомоход проекта 22220 "Чукотка"" (in Russian). PortNews. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
- ^ "Пятый серийный атомный ледокол проекта 22220 получит название «Ленинград»". Media Paluba (in Russian). 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ "На Балтийском заводе начата резка металла для универсального атомного ледокола Сталинград проекта 22220" [Metal cutting for the universal nuclear icebreaker Stalingrad of Project 22220 has begun at the Baltic Shipyard]. Neftegaz.ru (in Russian). 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
- ^ "Срок выпуска атомного ледокола «Россия» сдвинули на 2030 год" [The release date of the nuclear-powered icebreaker Rossiya has been pushed back to 2030]. Kommersant (in Russian). 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "Kapitan Belousov (5181598)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- ^ "Kapitan Voronin (5181689)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- ^ "Kapitan Meheklov (5181639)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- ^ "Moskva (5242495)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- ^ "Leningrad (5206104)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- ^ "Kiev (6424040)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- ^ "Murmansk (6723678)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- ^ "Vladivostok (6822786)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- ^ "Василий Прончищев". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Афанасий Никитин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Харитон Лаптев". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Пояр". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Ерофей Хабаров". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Ivan Kruzenstern (640380)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ "Vlad". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Семён Челюскин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Росморпорт готов заплатить до 26 млн рублей за утилизацию ледокола "Юрий Лисянский"" (in Russian). PortNews. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
- ^ "Fyodor Litke (7020085)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
- ^ "Иван Москвитин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Semyon Dezhnev (7119446)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
- ^ "Ермак". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ "Tor (5418197)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- ^ Vyborg Shipyard starts building hull of 21900M icebreaker "Novorossiysk" for Rosmorport (photo). PortNews, 8 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
- ^ FSUE Rosmorport takes delivery of Novorossiysk, icebreaker built by Vyborg Shipyard (photo). PortNews, 26 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
- ^ "The icebreaker "Ob" built for work in Sabetta will be delivered to the customer". Sever-Press. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- ^ "Acceptance/delivery certificate signed for Victor Chernomyrdin icebreaker". PortNews. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ^ "Sietas (Германия) заложила ледокол мощностью 18 МВт для ФГУП "Росморпорт"". PortNews. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ "IAA PortNews' interview with Aleksandr Solovyov, General Director of Vyborg Shipyard". PortNews. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Onego Shipyard to build Project 23620 LNG-fueled icebreaker duo for Rosmorport". PortNews. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
- ^ "Reconstruction plan of the Onega Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Plant". VPK. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
- ^ "Судостроители Петрозаводска заложили первый в истории Карелии ледокол" (in Russian). Интернет-газета «СТОЛИЦА на Onego.ru». 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
- ^ "Заложен второй мелкосидящий ледокол проекта 22740М" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Andrienko, Vladimir Grigorievich (2017), Ледокольный флот России 1860–е – 1918 гг., Litres, ISBN 978-545-76850-6-2
- ^ Портовые и многоцелевые ледоколы. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
- ^ Holmen VIII. Tugboatlars.se. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
- ^ Ледокол "Саратов" планируют поднять со дна Волги в декабре. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
- ^ Ledokol 3 1899. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ "Ledokol V (18155)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
- ^ "Ledokol VI (23869)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
- ^ Ledokol VII 1916. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ "Ledokol VIII (23878)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
- ^ Ledokol IX 1917. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ Илья Муромец (Eisbar). FESCO. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
External links
[edit]- MAJOR ICEBREAKERS OF THE WORLD, a USCG table, year 2017 version. Lists 61 Russian ships, of which 11 were under construction and 4 planned