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List of Hungarian Nobel laureates

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Nobel Prizes are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." In 1968, a sixth prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established.

Hungarians have won 15 Nobel Prizes since 1905. Eight were born in Budapest. Following is a complete list of the Nobel laureates of Hungary, as recognised by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.[1][2] However, if persons born as Hungarian citizens are included, then the number rises to 22 in the scientific field.[3]

Laureates

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Hungarians have received Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Economics – in all fields except Peace.

Year Winner Field Contribution
1905 Philipp Lenard Physics for his work on cathode rays
1914 Robert Bárány Physiology or Medicine for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Chemistry for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to Vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid
1943 George de Hevesy Chemistry for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes
1961 Georg von Békésy Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea
1963 Eugene Wigner Physics for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles
1971 Dennis Gabor Physics for his invention and development of the holographic method
1986 John Polanyi Chemistry for his contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
1994 George Andrew Olah Chemistry for his contribution to carbocation chemistry
1994 John Harsanyi Economics for pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games
2002 Imre Kertész Literature for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history
2004 Avram Hershko
(Hungarian spelling: Herskó) 		Chemistry
2023 Katalin Karikó Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19[4]
2023 Ferenc Krausz Physics for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter[5]

Also sometimes included

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Born in the Kingdom of Hungary (Austro-Hungarian Empire)

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  • Leopold Ružička (Chemistry 1939) born in Vukovár (until 1920 in Hungary), Syrmia County, in the, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire, mostly (5⁄8) ethnic Croat[6]
  • Born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire as Condominium:
  • Ivo Andrić, born in Bosnia, Condominium of Austria-Hungary, ethnic Croat[7]
  • Vladimir Prelog (Chemistry 1975) born in Sarajevo, Bosnia, Condominium of Austria-Hungary, (mostly) ca 5/9 ethnic Croat[8][9][10][citation needed]

Born abroad

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Unsuccessful nominees

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Year(s) Nominee Field Nominated by
1911, 1914, 1917 Loránd Eötvös[20] Physics Izidor Fröhlich [hu; de], Radó von Kövesligethy, Jenő Klupathy [hu], Philipp Lenard
1901 Vilmos Schulek [hu; de][21] Physiology or Medicine Lajos Thanhoffer [hu], Antal Genersich [hu]
1901 Endre Hőgyes [hu; de][22] Physiology or Medicine Frigyes Korányi, Antal Genersich [hu]
1901 Josef von Fodor[23] Physiology or Medicine Endre Hőgyes [hu; de], Antal Genersich [hu]
1901, 1931, 1937 Sándor Korányi[24] Physiology or Medicine Ottó Pertik [hu], Pál Hári [hu], Louis Nékám, Emil Grósz [hu], Zoltán Vámossy [hu], József Frigyesi [hu], István Tóth [hu], Géza Illyés [hu], László Kétly [hu], Tibor Verebélÿ [hu], Philipp Schwartz, Lajos Ádám [hu]
1904 István Apáthy[25] Physiology or Medicine Willem Rommelaere
1928, 1940 Géza Mansfeld [hu][26] Physiology or Medicine László Rhorer [hu], István Rusznyák
1943 Ladislas J. Meduna[27] Physiology or Medicine Jakob Klaesi
1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 Hans Selye[28] Physiology or Medicine ...
1950 Miklós Jancsó [hu][29] Physiology or Medicine József Frigyesi [hu], Béla Issekutz [hu], Sándor Mozsonyi [hu]
1901, 1902 Ferenc Kemény[30] Literature Imre Pauer [hu], Gusztáv Heinrich [hu]
1925, 1926, 1927 Ferenc Herczeg[31] Literature Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
1935 Dezső Szabó[32] Literature Björn Collinder
1936, 1937 Cécile Tormay[33] Literature János Hankiss [hu], Károly Pap [hu], János Horváth [hu], Jenő Pintér [hu], Fredrik Böök
1965, 1966 Gyula Illyés[34] Literature John Lotz [hu]
1965-1970 George Popják[35] Chemistry
1967 György Lukács[36] Literature Erik Lindegren
1969, 1970 László Mécs [hu][37] Literature Watson Kirkconnell
1970, 1971 Sándor Weöres[38] Literature Áron Kibédi Varga [hu]
1911, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1932 Albert Apponyi[39] Peace 19 Professors of Law, Members of the Faculty of Law at the University of Pécs, Members of the Faculty of History and Philosophy at the University of Szeged, Members of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Pécs, Members of the Faculty of Law at the University of Debrecen (József Tisza [hu]), The Hungarian Inter-Parliamentary Group (Albert Berzeviczy), The professors at the Faculty of Law at the Elisabeth University of Pécs, 3 professors at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Pécs, Professors at the Faculty of History and Philosophy at the University of Szeged

One parent Hungarian-born

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See also

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Nobel per capita:natural sciences

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Only the awards for Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine. are considered. According to citizenship at birth and countries with at least 1 million inhabitants.

Rank Entity Nobel
prizes[citation needed] 		Population
[citation needed] 		Laureates/
10 million
1  Hungary 20[61] 9,58 20.7[62]
2   Switzerland 18 Swiss-born 8,9 20,2
3  Austria (19) 15 Austrian-born 9,03 (20.57) 18,3
4  Denmark 9 5,94 15,2
5  Sweden (17) 15 10,5 14,3
6  United Kingdom (109) 88 British born. 67,6 13,01
7  Norway (8) 5 5,56 9,00
8  Germany 92 84,6 10,9

Scientific prizes per capita-10-top

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Only the awards for Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Economy are considered. According to citizenship at birth and countries with at least 1 million inhabitants.

Rank Entity Nobel
prizes[citation needed] 		Population
[citation needed] 		Laureates/
10 million
1  Hungary 23[61] 9,58 23.7[62]
2   Switzerland (22) 18 Swiss-born 8,9 20,45
3  Austria (19) 16 Austrian-born 9,03 18,3
4  Sweden 17 10,54 16,1
5  Denmark 9 5,94 15,2
6  United Kingdom 88 British born. 67,6 13,01
7  Norway 7 5,56 12,6
8  Germany 92 84,6 10,9

Physics prize per capita

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Only the awards for Physics are considered. According to citizenship at birth and countries with at least 1 million inhabitants.

Rank Entity Nobel
prizes[citation needed] 		Population
[citation needed] 		Laureates/
1 million
1  Hungary 6 9,58 0,63
2   Switzerland 5 8,9 0,56
3  Austria 4 9,03 0,44
4  Sweden 4 10,54 0,38
5  Denmark 2 5,94 0,34
6  United Kingdom 17 67,6 0,24
7  Norway 1 5,56 0,18
8  Germany 28 84,6 ca 0,3

Some of the most important Hungarian physicists from the 20th century did not get the Nobel prize: 1.John von Neumann 2.Edward Teller 3.Theodore von Karman 4.Leo Szilard 5.Roland von Eötvös 6.Radó von Kövesligethy 7.Béla Harkányi 8.Zoltán Bay 9.Victor Szebehely 10.Kálmán Tihanyi 11.Lise Meitner, 1/2-hungarian-jewish on mothers side.

Prominent 21th century physicists mentioned in Nobel Prize arguments are:

Gothenburg Lise Meitner Award 2022

Chemistry prize per capita

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Only the awards for Chemistry are considered. According to citizenship at birth and countries with at least 1 million inhabitants.

Rank Entity Nobel
prizes[citation needed] 		Population
[citation needed] 		Laureates/
million
1  Hungary 7 9,58 0,73[63][64]
2   Switzerland 5 8,9 0,56
3  Austria 5 9,03 0,55
4  Denmark 2 5,94 0,34
5  Sweden 4 10,5 0,38
6  United Kingdom 29 67,6 0,43
7  Norway 2 5,56 0,36
8  Germany 26 84,6 0,31

Some of the greatest[according to whom?] did not win the prize: Tibor Gánti who created chemoton-theory, Csaba Horváth who constructed the first High-performance liquid chromatography Somorjai didnt share the prize with Ertl.

Medicine Prize per capita-10-top

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Only the awards for Medicine are considered. According to citizenship at birth and countries with at least 1 million inhabitants.

Rank Entity Nobel
prizes[citation needed] 		Population
[citation needed] 		Laureates/
10 million
1   Switzerland 7 8,9 0,79
2  Sweden 7 10,54 0,68
3  Denmark 4 5,94 0,67
4  Hungary 6 9,58 0,63
5  Austria 5 9,03 0,55
6  United Kingdom 26 67,6 0,38
7  Norway 1 5,56 0,18
8  Germany 84,6 0,

Economy prizes per capita-10-top

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Only the awards for Economy are considered. According to citizenship at birth and countries with at least 1 million inhabitants.

Rank Entity Nobel
prizes[citation needed] 		Population
[citation needed] 		Laureates/
10 million
1  Norway 3 5,56 ca 0,55
2  Hungary 3[61] 9,58 ca 0,3
3  Sweden 2 10,5 ca 0,19
4  Denmark 1 5,94 ca 0,17
5  Austria 1 Austrian-born 9,03 0,11
6  United Kingdom 7 68,3 ca 0,10
8  Germany 1 84,6 ca 0,01

Place of Birth

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  • 1. Budapest: (8): von Szent-Györgyi, de Hevesy, von Békésy, Wigner, Gábor, Oláh, Harsányi, Kertész
  • 2. New York: (4) Friedman (Hungarian-Jewish), Gajdusek, Politzer (Hungarian-Jewish), Glück (1/2-Hungarian-Jewish)
  • 3. Vienna: (3) Fried (Hungarian-Jewish), Bárány, Zsigmondy
  • 4. Pozsony von Lenárd

Religion at birth

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  • Roman Catholics (10): von Lénárd, de Hevesy, Ruzicka (Croat), Prelog (Croat), Andric (Croat) Stigler (RC Hungarian mother), von Békésy, Polányi, Harsányi, Krausz
  • Protestants (8): Zsigmondy (Lutheran), Szent-Györgyi (Reformed), Wigner (Lutheran), Gábor (Lutheran), Gajdusek(reformed HUN mother), Osheroff (Lutheran Hungarian mother), Oláh (Reformed), Karikó (Reformed)
  • Jewish (9): Bárány (born in Austria), Fried (born in Austria), Wiesel (born in Romania, former Hungarian Transsylvania), Kertész, Herskó, Politzer (born in New York), Glück (born in New York), Furchgott (born in US), Friedman (born in New York, agnostic)

References

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  1. ^ "Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners". Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  2. ^ "Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners". Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  3. ^ See list below by Laszlo Vazulvonal of Stockholm
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023" (PDF) (Press release). Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute. 2 October 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  5. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 3 October 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d Földesi, Katalin (11 December 2018). "Magyar Nobel-díjasok – III. rész" [Hungarian Nobel laureates – part III]. Tudománypláza (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  7. ^ Lampe 2000, p. 91; Hoare 2007, p. 90; Binder 2013, p. 41.
  8. ^ "Eugenija Prelog". geni_family_tree. 27 August 2023.
  9. ^ "Marija Ana Prelog". geni_family_tree. 24 September 2023.
  10. ^ Father 1/2-croat:(Prelog) & 1/2-german:(Riemer). Mother: 2/8-italian (Cettolo) 5/8-croat (Kovacic, Korac), 1/8 german(Mahne)
  11. ^ a b Beck, Mihály. "A Nobel-díj és a magyar Nobel-díjasok" [The Nobel Prize and Hungarian Nobel laureates] (PDF). Budapest Főváros XV. Kerület Rákospalota, Pestújhely, Újpalota Önkormányzata (in Hungarian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d "Hány magyar Nobel-díjasunk van?" [How many Hungarian Nobel laureates do we have?]. 24.hu (in Hungarian). 7 October 2021. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  13. ^ a b c "Magyar Nobel-díjasok" [Hungarian Nobel laureates]. Nemzeti Tudósképző Akadémia (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  14. ^ a b Beck, Mihály (December 2001). "A magyar Nobel-díjasok" [The Hungarian Nobel laureates]. Magyar Tudomány (in Hungarian). 46 (12). Budapest: Akaprint: 1444–1452. ISSN 0025-0325. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  15. ^ "Samuel Fried". geni_family_tree. 26 April 2022.
  16. ^ "Bertha Fried". geni_family_tree. 26 April 2022.
  17. ^ Rechcigl Jr., Miloslav (28 September 2021). "Surgeons". American Men and Women in Medicine, Applied Sciences and Engineering with Roots in Czechoslovakia. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 470. ISBN 978-1-6655-1497-2. LCCN 2021901850. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  18. ^ "Mania (Manyi) Diamant". 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  19. ^ Manyi, Józsi, Terka etc are hungarian names
  20. ^ "Loránd Eötvös". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  21. ^ "V von Schulek". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  22. ^ "Andreas Högyes". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  23. ^ "Josef von Fodor". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  24. ^ "Alexander von Korányi". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  25. ^ "Stephan Apáthy". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  26. ^ "Geza Mansfeld". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  27. ^ "Ladislas de Meduna". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  28. ^ "Hans Selye". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  29. ^ "Miklos Jancsó". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  30. ^ "Franz Kemény". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  31. ^ "Franz (Ferenc) Herczeg". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  32. ^ "Dezsö Szabó". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  33. ^ "Cecile Tormay". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  34. ^ "Gyula Illyés". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  35. ^ "Nomination%20archive%20-%20%20%20". NobelPrize.org. 1 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  36. ^ "Georg Lukács". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  37. ^ "László Mécs". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  38. ^ "Sándor Weöres". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  39. ^ "Count Albert Apponyi". The Nobel Prize. April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  40. ^ "George J. Stigler". The Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  41. ^ a b https://www.familysearch.org/en/surname?surname=ondo [bare URL]
  42. ^ "Max Furchgott". Geni. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  43. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. ^ "Bertha Furchgott". Geni. 17 January 2020. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  45. ^ "Juraschek Franz von". In: Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Vol. 3, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1965, p. 154.
  46. ^ "Bauer Alexander". In: Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Vol. 1, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1957, p. 54.
  47. ^ Kurt Haidinger (1953), "Bauer, Alexander Emil Anton", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 636; (full text online)
  48. ^ "Bauer, Alexander - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  49. ^ "Franziska von Szikler". zbphysik.univie.ac.at.
  50. ^ Added by László Vazulvonal of Stockholm
  51. ^ "Helene Buchner". 6 May 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  52. ^ "Gion Nándor". 5 January 2024 – via Wikipedia.
  53. ^ "Katharina Müller". geni_family_tree. 3 May 2022.
  54. ^ "dr.med. Franz Wilhelm Lippich". geni_family_tree. 13 June 1799. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  55. ^ "Kastenholz Honorius Vilmos". Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  56. ^ "Kastenholz János András, | Magyar írók élete és munkái – Szinnyei József | Kézikönyvtár". Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  57. ^ "Wilhelmine Lippich". geni_family_tree. 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  58. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004". NobelPrize.omrg. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  59. ^ "Patrick Modiano, True Detective". The New Yorker. 28 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  60. ^ "Josef Ofenheimer". geni_family_tree. 30 April 2022.
  61. ^ a b c plus Furchgott, Osheroff, who are half-hungarians born as hungarian citizens
  62. ^ a b Born in Kingdom of Hungary: Vladimir Prelog & Leopold Ružička. According to Hungarian citizen law there are more: Friedman, Gajdusek & Politzer
  63. ^ Born in Kingdom of Hungary: Vladimir Prelog & Leopold Ružička. According to Hungarian citizen law.
  64. ^ "The American Hungarian Federation - Founded 1906".

Sources

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