List of county executives of Maryland
Appearance
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Democratic (6)
Republican (3)
County does not have an executive
County executives head nine of the 23 counties of Maryland: Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Cecil, Frederick, Harford, Howard, Montgomery, Prince George's, and Wicomico. All of these counties have chartered governments and county councils; while Dorchester and Talbot counties also have chartered governments, they do not have executives. The other 12 counties are governed by boards of county commissioners.[1] As of 2025[update], the Democratic Party held six county executiveships, while the Republican Party held three.
Current executives
[edit]County | Image | Executive | Entered office | Party | Election(s) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anne Arundel | ![]() |
Steuart Pittman (born 1961) |
December 3, 2018 | Democratic | 2018 2022 |
[2] | |
Baltimore | ![]() |
Kathy Klausmeier (born 1950) |
January 7, 2025 | Democratic | —[a] | [4] | |
Cecil | ![]() |
Adam Streight (born 1974) |
December 2, 2024 | Republican | 2024 | [5] | |
Frederick | ![]() |
Jessica Fitzwater | December 5, 2022 | Democratic | 2022 | [6] | |
Harford | ![]() |
Robert Cassilly (born 1958) |
December 5, 2022 | Republican | 2022 | [7] | |
Howard | ![]() |
Calvin Ball III (born 1975) |
December 3, 2018 | Democratic | 2018 2022 |
[8] | |
Montgomery | ![]() |
Marc Elrich (born 1949) |
December 3, 2018 | Democratic | 2018 2022 |
[9] | |
Prince George's | ![]() |
Tara Jackson Acting |
December 4, 2024 | Democratic | —[b] | [10][11] | |
Wicomico | ![]() |
Julie Giordano | December 6, 2022 | Republican | 2022 | [12] |
Executives by county
[edit]Anne Arundel
[edit]Image | Executive | Tenure | Party | Election(s) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Joseph W. Alton (1919–2013) |
February 1, 1965[13] – December 2, 1974[14] |
Republican | 1965[15] 1970[16] |
[17] | |
— | Robert A. Pascal (1934–2021) |
December 2, 1974[14] – 1982 | Republican | 1974 1978 |
[18] | |
![]() |
O. James Lighthizer (born 1946) |
1982 – 1990 | Democratic | 1982 1986 |
[19] | |
![]() |
Robert R. Neall (born 1948) |
1990 – 1994 | Republican | 1990 | [20] | |
— | John G. Gary (born 1943) |
1994 – 1998 | Republican | 1994 | [21] | |
— | Janet S. Owens (born 1944) |
1998 – 2006 | Democratic | 1998 2002 |
[22] | |
![]() |
John R. Leopold (born 1943) |
December 4, 2006 – February 1, 2013[c] |
Republican | 2006 2010 |
[23] | |
— | John R. Hammond Acting |
February 2013 | Republican | — | [24] | |
![]() |
Laura Neuman (born 1965) |
February 22, 2013 – December 1, 2014 |
Republican | —[d] | [26] | |
![]() |
Steve Schuh (born 1960) |
December 1, 2014 – December 3, 2018 |
Republican | 2014 | [27] | |
![]() |
Steuart Pittman (born 1961) |
December 3, 2018 – present |
Democratic | 2018 2022 |
[2] |
Baltimore
[edit]Cecil
[edit]Image | Executive | Tenure | Party | Election(s) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Tari Moore | December 3, 2012 – December 5, 2016 |
Republican[e] | 2012 | [28] | |
![]() |
Alan McCarthy (born 1947) |
December 5, 2016 – December 7, 2020 |
Republican | 2016 | [29] | |
![]() |
Danielle Hornberger (born 1981) |
December 7, 2020 – December 2, 2024 |
Republican | 2020 | [30] | |
![]() |
Adam Streight (born 1974) |
December 2, 2024 – present |
Republican | 2024 | [5] |
Frederick
[edit]Image | Executive | Tenure | Party | Election(s) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Jan Gardner (born 1956) |
December 1, 2014 – December 5, 2022 |
Democratic | 2014 2018 |
[31] | |
![]() |
Jessica Fitzwater | December 5, 2022 – present |
Democratic | 2022 | [6] |
Harford
[edit]Image | Executive | Tenure | Party | Election(s) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Charles Anderson (born 1931) |
December 28, 1972 – December 4, 1978 |
Democratic[32] | 1972[33] 1974 |
[34] | |
— | J. Thomas Barranger (1947–2011)[35] |
December 4, 1978 – December 6, 1982 |
Democratic[32] | 1978 | [36] | |
— | Habern W. Freeman (born 1941) |
December 6, 1982 – December 3, 1990 |
Democratic | 1982 1996 |
[37] | |
![]() |
Eileen M. Rehrmann (born 1944) |
December 3, 1990 – December 7, 1998 |
Democratic | 1990 1994 |
[38] | |
![]() |
James M. Harkins (born 1953) |
December 7, 1998 – June 30, 2005 |
Republican | 1998 2002 |
[39] | |
![]() |
David R. Craig (born 1949) |
July 4, 2005 – December 1, 2014 |
Republican | 2006[f] 2010 |
[41] | |
![]() |
Barry Glassman (born 1962) |
December 1, 2014 – December 5, 2022 |
Republican | 2014 2018 |
[42] | |
![]() |
Robert Cassilly (born 1958) |
December 5, 2022 – present |
Republican | 2022 | [7] |
Howard
[edit]Image | Executive | Tenure | Party | Election(s) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Omar Jones (born 1913) |
January 28, 1969 – 1974 |
Democratic | [43] | ||
— | Edward L. Cochran (born 1929) |
December 1974 – December 1978 |
Democratic | 1974 | [44] | |
— | J. Hugh Nichols (1930–2015) |
December 1978 – July 1986 |
Democratic | 1978 1982 |
[45] | |
Republican[g] | ||||||
— | Ned Eakle (1926–2012) Acting |
October 22, 1986 – December 1986 |
Democratic | —[h] | [46] | |
![]() |
Elizabeth Bobo (born 1943) |
December 1, 1986 – December 3, 1990 |
Democratic | 1986 | [47] | |
— | Chuck Ecker (1928–2015) |
December 3, 1990 – December 1998 |
Republican | 1990 1994 |
[48] | |
![]() |
James N. Robey (born 1941) |
December 1998 – December 4, 2006 |
Democratic | 1998 2002 |
[49] | |
![]() |
Kenneth Ulman (born 1974) |
December 4, 2006 – December 1, 2014 |
Democratic | 2006 2010 |
[50] | |
![]() |
Allan H. Kittleman (born 1958) |
December 1, 2024 – December 3, 2018 |
Republican | 2014 | [51] | |
![]() |
Calvin Ball III (born 1975) |
December 3, 2018 – present |
Democratic | 2018 2022 |
[8] |
Montgomery
[edit]Image | Executive | Tenure | Party | Election(s) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | James P. Gleason (1921–2008) |
December 7, 1970 – December 4, 1978 |
Republican | 1970 1974 |
[52] | |
— | Charles W. Gilchrist (1936–1999) |
December 4, 1978 – December 1, 1986 |
Democratic | 1978 1982 |
[53] | |
![]() |
Sidney Kramer (1925–2022) |
December 1, 1986 – December 3, 1990 |
Democratic | 1986 | [54] | |
— | Neal Potter (1915–2008) |
December 3, 1990 – December 7, 1994 |
Democratic | 1990 | [55] | |
![]() |
Doug Duncan (born 1955) |
December 7, 1994 – December 4, 2006 |
Democratic | 1994 1998 2002 |
[56] | |
![]() |
Ike Leggett (born 1944) |
December 4, 2006 – December 3, 2018 |
Democratic | 2006 2010 2014 |
[57] | |
![]() |
Marc Elrich (born 1949) |
December 3, 2018 – present |
Democratic | 2018 2022 |
[9] |
Prince George's
[edit]Image | Executive | Tenure | Party | Election(s) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | William W. Gullett (1922–2015) |
February 8, 1971[58] – 1974 |
Republican | 1971 | [59] | |
— | Winfield M. Kelly Jr. (1935–2023) |
1974 – 1978 |
Democratic | 1974 | [60] | |
![]() |
Lawrence Hogan (1928–2017) |
December 1978 – December 19, 1982 |
Republican | 1978 | [61] | |
![]() |
Parris Glendening (born 1942) |
December 19, 1982 – December 1994 |
Democratic | 1982 1986 1990 |
[62] | |
— | Wayne Curry (1951–2014) |
December 1994 – December 2, 2002 |
Democratic | 1994 1998 |
[63] | |
— | Jack B. Johnson (born 1949) |
December 2, 2002 – December 6, 2010 |
Democratic | 2002 2006 |
[64] | |
![]() |
Rushern Baker (born 1958) |
December 6, 2010 – December 3, 2018 |
Democratic | 2010 2014 |
[65] | |
![]() |
Angela Alsobrooks (born 1971) |
December 3, 2018 – December 2, 2024 |
Democratic | 2018 2022 |
[66] | |
![]() |
Tara Jackson Acting |
December 2, 2024 – present |
Democratic | —[b] | [10][11] |
Wicomico
[edit]Image | Executive | Tenure | Party | Election(s) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Richard M. Pollitt Jr. (born 1952) |
December 5, 2006[67] – December 2, 2014 |
Democratic | 2006 2010 |
[68] | |
![]() |
Bob Culver (1952–2020) |
December 2, 2014 – July 26, 2020 |
Republican | 2014 2018 |
[69] | |
![]() |
John Psota (born 1963) |
July 26, 2020 – December 6, 2022 |
Republican | —[i] | [72] | |
![]() |
Julie Giordano (born 1981) |
December 6, 2022 – present |
Republican | 2022 | [12] |
Notes
[edit]- ^ Klausmeier was selected by the Baltimore County Council to serve the rest of Johnny Olszewski's term after he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.[3]
- ^ a b Jackson became acting executive after Angela Alsobrooks was elected to the U.S. Senate.[10]
- ^ Leopold was suspended from January 29 after he was convicted on two counts of misconduct in office; he resigned on February 1.[23]
- ^ Neuman was selected by the Anne Arundel County Council to serve the rest of Leopold's term.[25]
- ^ Independent from November 29, 2012, to November 11, 2013[28]
- ^ Craig became executive after Harkins resigned;[39] he was elected to a full term in 2006.[40]
- ^ Nichols left the Democrats for the Republicans in 1986.[45]
- ^ Eakle became acting executive after the resignation of Nichols.[45]
- ^ Psota became acting executive after the death of Culver and was later chosen by the Wicomico County Council to serve the remainder of Culver's term.[70] He ran for a full term in 2022, but was defeated in the Republican primary by Julie Giordano.[71]
References
[edit]- ^ "Maryland Counties, local government". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 2, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b "Steuart L. Pittman, Jr., County Executive, Anne Arundel County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ Kobell, Rona (January 7, 2025). "State Sen. Kathy Klausmeier named Baltimore County Executive". The Baltimore Banner. Archived from the original on January 7, 2025. Retrieved January 7, 2025.
- ^ "Katherine A. Klausmeier, County Executive, Baltimore County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b "Adam M. Streight, County Executive, Cecil County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b "Jessica E. Fitzwater, County Executive, Frederick County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b "Robert G. Cassilly, County Executive, Harford County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b "Calvin B. Ball, County Executive, Howard County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b "Marc B. Elrich, County Executive, Montgomery County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b c "Prince George's County, Maryland - Government, Executive Branch". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 4, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b Spencer, Darcy; Cook, Gina (December 2, 2024). "Angela Alsobrooks resigns as Prince George's County executive after Senate win". WRC-TV. Archived from the original on December 17, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ a b "Julie M. Giordano, County Executive, Wicomico County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Alton takes oath in $18,000 post". The News. Associated Press. February 2, 1965. p. 14. Retrieved February 12, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Swearing-in ceremonies are conducted". The Evening Sun. December 3, 1974. p. C28. Retrieved February 12, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Alton calls for 'total effort' in Arundel". The Evening Sun. January 27, 1965. p. C26. Retrieved February 12, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Alton re-elected as executive; Beall tops Tydings for Senate". The Capital. November 4, 1970. p. 1. Retrieved February 12, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Joseph W. Alton, Jr., County Executive, Anne Arundel County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 8, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Robert A. Pascal, County Executive, Anne Arundel County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "O. James Lighthizer, County Executive, Anne Arundel County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on December 19, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Robert R. Neall, Secretary of Health". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "John G. Gary, County Executive, Anne Arundel County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Janet S. Owens, County Executive, Anne Arundel County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b "John R. Leopold, County Executive, Anne Arundel County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Anne Arundel County, Maryland - County Executives". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 4, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Anne Arundel County Council selects Laura Neuman to replace John Leopold". WBAL-TV. February 22, 2013. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Laura A. Neuman, County Executive, Anne Arundel County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on December 29, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Steven R. Schuh, County Executive, Anne Arundel County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 8, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b "Tari Moore, County Executive, Cecil County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Alan J. McCarthy, County Executive, Cecil County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Danielle M. Hornberger, County Executive, Cecil County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 22, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ "Jan H. Gardner, County Executive, Frederick County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ a b "Harford County - Government, County Executives". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 4, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- ^ Anderson, David (December 26, 2019). "Charles B. Anderson Jr., first Harford County executive, named Living Treasure". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
[Anderson] was elected county executive in 1972, the same year voters adopted a county charter
- ^ "Charles B. Anderson, Jr., County Executive, Harford County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "Obituary information for J. Thomas Barranger". www.pumphreyfuneralhome.com. Robert A. Pumphrey Funeral Homes. Archived from the original on September 14, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "J. Thomas Barranger, County Executive, Harford County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "Habern W. Freeman, County Executive, Harford County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "Eileen M. Rehrmann, County Executive, Harford County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 31, 2025. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b "James R. Harkins, County Executive, Harford County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 8, 2025. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "Official 2006 Gubernatorial General Election Results for Harford County". Maryland State Board of Elections. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "David R. Craig, Maryland Secretary of Planning". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 8, 2025. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "Barry Glassman, County Executive, Harford County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 21, 2025. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ "Omar J. Jones, Jr., County Executive, Howard County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
- ^ "Edward L. Cochran Jr., County Executive, Howard County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
- ^ a b c "J. Hugh Nichols, County Executive, Howard County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on June 18, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
- ^ "William E. Eakle, Interim County Executive, Howard County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on October 9, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
- ^ "Elizabeth Bobo, Maryland State Delegate". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 8, 2025. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
- ^ "Charles I. Ecker, County Executive, Howard County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
- ^ "James N. Robey, Maryland State Senator". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 8, 2025. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
- ^ "Kenneth S. Ulman, County Executive, Howard County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
- ^ "Allan H. Kittleman, County Executive, Howard County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
- ^ "James P. Gleason, County Executive, Montgomery County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Charles W. Gilchrist, County Executive, Montgomery County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 2, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Sidney Kramer, County Executive, Montgomery County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Neal Potter, County Executive , Montgomery County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 2, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Douglas M. Duncan, County Executive , Montgomery County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 2, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Isiah (Ike) Leggett, County Executive , Montgomery County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 2, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Prince Georges Swears In Gullett". The Baltimore Sun. February 8, 1971. p. 22. Retrieved February 11, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "William W. Gullett, County Executive, Prince George's County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on December 5, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Winfield M. Kelly, Jr., County Executive, Prince George's County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 8, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Lawrence J. Hogan, Sr., County Executive, Prince George's County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 16, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Parris N. Glendening, Maryland Governor". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Wayne K. Curry, County Executive, Prince George's County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on August 14, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Jack B. Johnson, County Executive, Prince George's County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 16, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Rushern L. Baker III, County Executive, Prince George's County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 8, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Angela D. Alsobrooks, U.S. Senator (Maryland)". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on January 4, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ Gidjunis, Joseph (December 6, 2006). "New county government era begins". The Daily Times. p. 1. Retrieved February 11, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Richard M. Pollitt, Jr., County Executive, Wicomico County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 4, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "Robert L. Culver, Jr., County Executive, Wicomico County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 4, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ Powers, Kelly (September 18, 2020). "Administration head John Psota will continue as acting Wicomico County executive". The Daily Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ Peck, Louis (August 2, 2022). "Acting Wicomico Co. Exec John Psota defeated by teacher Julie Giordano in bid for full term". Maryland Matters. Archived from the original on November 4, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ "John D. Psota, Acting County Executive, Wicomico County, Maryland". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original on February 4, 2025. Retrieved February 11, 2025.