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collage showing six species of small, colorful birds with long bills perched on different plants
Clockwise from top left: ruby-cheeked sunbird, collared sunbird, Loten's sunbird, little spiderhunter, fire-tailed sunbird, and malachite sunbird

Nectariniidae is a family of passerine birds in the superfamily Passeroidea, comprising the sunbirds and spiderhunters.[1] Members of Nectariniidae are also known as nectariniids.[2] Their range extends from the Afrotropics north to the Levant and southern Arabian Peninsula, and east through South and Southeast Asia up to New Guinea and northern Australia.[3] They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, from arid savannah to tropical rainforests, and can be found from sea level to an altitude of 4,900 m (16,100 ft). Sunbirds are generally small birds with long, thin, down-curved bills and brightly coloured, iridescent plumages.[2] They display marked sexual dimorphism, and males are much more visually striking than females, who are usually dull green, brown, or grey. The spiderhunters (Arachnothera) are larger than other sunbirds and show less sexual dimorphism.[3]

The primary threat facing sunbirds is habitat loss and degradation caused by deforestation due to agriculture.[2] Most species of sunbird are considered to be of Least Concern by the IUCN, although three species, the Amani sunbird, Loveridge's sunbird, and the elegant sunbird, are Endangered, and several others are considered Near Threatened or Vulnerable.

The exact delineation of sunbird species is somewhat contested and varies from authority to authority: the International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognizes 146 species of sunbirds in 16 genera,[1] while other authorities recognise 143–147 species.[4][5] The largest genera are Cinnyris and Aethopyga, with 53 and 23 species, respectively.[1] Recent phylogenetic studies indicate that several widespread species such as the olive-backed and black sunbirds may represent complexes of multiple cryptic species.[6] Several undescribed species of sunbird may also exist in Sierra Leone, Djibouti,[3] and Tanzania.[5]

Conventions

[edit]
IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (3 species)
 VU Vulnerable (4 species)
 NT Near threatened (7 species)
 LC Least concern (116 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (16 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the sunbird's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.[1] Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN[a] or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

[edit]

The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognizes 146 species of sunbirds in 16 genera;[1] other authorities recognise 143–147 species.[4][5] This list does not include hybrid species, extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU.

Nectariniids

[edit]
Genus Chalcoparia – Cabanis, 1851 – 1 species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Ruby-cheeked sunbird

sunbird with orange breast, yellow belly, black wings, and metallic green back

C. singalensis
(Gmelin, J. F., 1789)

Eleven subspecies
  • C. s. singalensis
  • C. s. assamensis
  • C. s. bantenensis
  • C. s. borneana
  • C. s. internota
  • C. s. interposita
  • C. s. koratensis
  • C. s. pallida
  • C. s. panopsia
  • C. s. phoenicotis
  • C. s. sumatrana
South Asia, Indochina, Java, and Borneo[7]  LC 


Unknown Population steady[8]

Genus Deleornis – Wolters, 1977 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Fraser's sunbird

illustration of olive-green sunbird with orange-red patch on shoulder

D. fraseri
(Jardine & Selby, 1843)

Three subspecies
  • D. f. idius
  • D. f. cameroonensis
  • D. f. fraseri
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[9]

Grey-headed sunbird

sunbird with grey head and green body

D. axillaris
(Reichenow, 1893) 		Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[10]

Genus Anthreptes – Swainson, 1832 – fifteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Plain-backed sunbird

greenish sunbird with yellow undersides and bluish-black face

A. reichenowi
Gunning, 1909

Two subspecies
  • A. r. yokanae
  • A. r. reichenowi
Disjunctly in coastal East Africa and western Southern Africa  NT 


Unknown Population declining[11]

Anchieta's sunbird

brown sunbird with yellow sides, red belly, and bluish-black face and throat

A. anchietae
(Barboza du Bocage, 1878) 		Angola east to Tanzania and Mozambique  LC 


Unknown Population steady[12]

Plain sunbird

greenish sunbird with grey undersides

A. simplex
(Müller, S., 1843) 		Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra  LC 


Unknown Population declining[13]

Brown-throated sunbird

sunbird with yellow undersides, pale purplish throat, brown back, metallic blue head, and brown patch around the eyes

A. malacensis
(Scopoli, 1786)

Sixteen subspecies
  • A. m. malacensis
  • A. m. anambae
  • A. m. erixanthus
  • A. m. bornensis
  • A. m. mjobergi
  • A. m. paraguae
  • A. m. heliolusius
  • A. m. wiglesworthi
  • A. m. iris
  • A. m. chlorigaster
  • A. m. cagayanensis
  • A. m. heliocalus
  • A. m. celebensis
  • A. m. extremus
  • A. m. convergens
  • A. m. rubrigena
Southeast Asia  LC 


Unknown Population steady[14]

Grey-throated sunbird

illustration of three sunbirds; the one on top has yellow undersides, a grey throat, blue-green back, and a brown patch around the eyes, the lower two are olive-green with yellowish-green undersides

A. griseigularis
Tweeddale, 1878

Two subspecies
  • A. g. birgitae
  • A. g. griseigularis
Philippines  LC 


Unknown Population steady[15]

Red-throated sunbird

sunbird with yellow undersides, red throat, brown back, and metallic green on top of the head

A. rhodolaemus
Shelley, 1878 		Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra  NT 


Unknown Population declining[16]

Mangrove sunbird[b]

grey sunbird with pale white patch around eyes

A. gabonicus
(Hartlaub, 1861) 		West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[17]

Western violet-backed sunbird

sunbird with black upper body, white undersides, metallic purple patch on shoulder, and thick black bill

A. longuemarei
(Lesson, R. P., 1831)

Three subspecies
  • A. l. longuemarei
  • A. l. angolensis
  • A. l. nyassae
Sub-Saharan Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[18]

Eastern violet-backed sunbird

sunbird with black upper body, white undersides, metallic bluish-green patch on shoulder, and thick black bill

A. orientalis
Hartlaub, 1880 		Horn of Africa south to Tanzania  LC 


Unknown Population steady[19]

Uluguru violet-backed sunbird


A. neglectus
Neumann, 1922 		East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[20]

Violet-tailed sunbird

illustration of two sunbird: the one on top has metallic bluish-green uppersides, beige undersides, black wings, and an orange shoulder patch, while the one on the bottom has metallic bluish-green uppersides, beige undersides, black wings, and a whitish face and throat

A. aurantius
Verreaux, J. & Verreaux, É., 1851 		Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[21]

Little green sunbird

greenish-brown sunbird with whitish-yellow undersides and black bill

A. seimundi
(Ogilvie-Grant, 1908)

Three subspecies
  • A. s. kruensis
  • A. s. seimundi
  • A. s. minor
West Africa, Central Africa, and western East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[22]

Yellow-chinned sunbird[c]

greenish sunbird with paler undersides and brownish wings and tail

A. rectirostris[d]
(Shaw, 1812) 		West Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[23]

Grey-chinned sunbird[e]

sunbird with metallic green upperparts, grey chin, whitish undersides, and a orangish and across the breast

A. tephrolaemus[d]
(Jardine & Fraser, 1852) 		Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[24]

Banded green sunbird[f]


A. rubritorques
Reichenow, 1905 		Tanzania  VU 


1500–7000 Population steady[25]

Genus Hedydipna – Cabanis, 1851 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Collared sunbird

sunbird with metallic green upperparts, yellow belly, black wings, and a narrow purple breastband

H. collaris
(Vieillot, 1819)

Nine subspecies
  • H. c. subcollaris
  • H. c. hypodila
  • H. c. somereni
  • H. c. djamdjamensis
  • H. c. garguensis
  • H. c. elachior
  • H. c. zambesiana
  • H. c. zuluensis
  • H. c. collaris
Sub-Saharan Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[26]

Pygmy sunbird

sunbird with metallic green upperparts, yellow belly, and two long tail streamers

H. platura
(Vieillot, 1819) 		West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[27]

Nile Valley sunbird

sunbird with metallic green upperparts, yellow belly, a narrow purple breastband, and two long tail streamers

H. metallica
(Lichtenstein, M. H. C., 1823) 		Egypt south to Sudan and northern Horn of Africa, southwestern Arabian peninsula  LC 


Unknown Population steady[28]

Amani sunbird


H. pallidigaster
(Sclater, W. L. & Moreau, 1935) 		Tanzania and southeastern Kenya  EN 


1500–7000 Population declining[29]

Genus Anabathmis – Reichenow, 1905 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Reichenbach's sunbird

frontal view of dark greenish sunbird with dirty white underparts and metallic blue face

A. reichenbachii
(Hartlaub, 1857) 		Extreme southern West Africa east to Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[30]

Príncipe sunbird

frontal view of dark greenish sunbird with paler underparts and metallic purplish throat

A. hartlaubii
(Hartlaub, 1857) 		Príncipe
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[31]

Newton's sunbird

brownish sunbird with glossy bluish-black throat, white underparts, and yellow band across the belly

A. newtonii
(Barboza du Bocage, 1887) 		São Tomé Island
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[32]

Genus Dreptes – Reichenow, 1914 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Giant sunbird[g]

two blackish sunbirds with glossy bluish tint to face

D. thomensis
(Barboza du Bocage, 1889) 		São Tomé Island
Map of range 		 VU 


250–999 Population declining[33]

Genus Anthobaphes – Cabanis, 1851 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Orange-breasted sunbird

sunbird with glossy bluish-green head, blackish face, brownish-green upperparts, orange underparts turning yellow towards the bottom, and purple chestband

A. violacea
(Linnaeus, 1766) 		Southwestern South Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[34]

Genus Cyanomitra – Reichenbach, 1853 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Green-headed sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown upperparts, grey underparts, and glossy purplish-blue head held in hand

C. verticalis
(Latham, 1790)

Four subspecies
  • C. v. verticalis
  • C. v. bohndorffi
  • C. v. cyanocephala
  • C. v. viridisplendens
West, Central, and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[35]

Bannerman's sunbird


C. bannermani
Grant, C. H. B. & Mackworth-Praed, 1943 		Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[36]

Blue-throated brown sunbird

brownish sunbird with dark throat and pale grey underparts

C. cyanolaema
(Jardine & Fraser, 1852)

Three subspecies
  • C. c. magnirostrata
  • C. c. cyanolaema
  • C. c. octaviae
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[37]

Cameroon sunbird

greenish-brown sunbird with glossy blue head and yellowish underparts held in hand

C. oritis
(Reichenow, 1892)

Three subspecies
  • C. o. poensis
  • C. o. oritis
  • C. o. bansoensis
Western Cameroon, southeastern Nigeria, and Bioko  LC 


Unknown Population declining[38]

Blue-headed sunbird

back view of greenish-brown sunbird with glossy blue head

C. alinae
Jackson, F. J., 1904

Five subspecies
  • C. a. derooi
  • C. a. kaboboensis
  • C. a. alinae
  • C. a. tanganjicae
  • C. a. marungensis
Eastern Rift Mountains  LC 


Unknown Population declining[39]

Olive sunbird

grey sunbird with olive-tinted throat, wings, and tail

C. olivacea
(Smith, A., 1840)

Eleven subspecies
  • C. o. guineensis
  • C. o. cephaelis
  • C. o. obscura
  • C. o. ragazzii
  • C. o. changamwensis
  • C. o. neglecta
  • C. o. granti
  • C. o. alfredi
  • C. o. sclateri
  • C. o. olivacina
  • C. o. olivacea
Sub-Saharan Africa south of the Sahel  LC 


Unknown Population steady[40]

Grey sunbird[h]

grey sunbird with pale throat and small red patch on shoulders held in hand

C. veroxii
(Smith, A., 1832)

Three subspecies
  • C. v. fischeri
  • C. v. zanzibarica
  • C. v. veroxii
Coasts of East and Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[41]

Genus Chalcomitra – Reichenbach, 1853 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Buff-throated sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on the top with a brownish body and dark-streaked greenish underparts, and the one on the bottom having black upperparts, reddish-brown underparts, a bright yellow throat, and metallic green on the head

C. adelberti
(Gervais, 1834)

Two subspecies
  • C. a. adelberti
  • C. a. eboensis
West Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[42]

Carmelite sunbird

brown sunbird with black face behind a flower

C. fuliginosa
(Bechstein, 1811)

Two subspecies
  • C. f. aurea
  • C. f. fuliginosa
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[43]

Green-throated sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on the top with a brownish body, blue-green on the face and head, and a blackish stripe through the eyes, and the one on the bottom with brownish upperparts and darks-streaked pale underparts

C. rubescens
(Vieillot, 1819)

Three subspecies
  • C. r. crossensis
  • C. r. stangerii
  • C. r. rubescens
Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[44]

Amethyst sunbird

black sunbird with glossy green on the top of the head and glossy purplish-pink on the throat and shoulder

C. amethystina
(Shaw, 1812)

Four subspecies
  • C. a. kalckreuthi
  • C. a. kirkii
  • C. a. deminuta
  • C. a. amethystina
Central, East, and Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[45]

Scarlet-chested sunbird

brownish sunbird with blackish head, glossy green on the crown and throat, and scarlet on the chest

C. senegalensis
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Six subspecies
  • C. s. senegalensis
  • C. s. acik
  • C. s. proteus
  • C. s. lamperti
  • C. s. saturatior
  • C. s. gutturalis
Sub-Saharan Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[46]

Hunter's sunbird

blackish sunbird with glossy blue-green on the head and bright red on the throat and chest

C. hunteri
(Shelley, 1889) 		Horn of Africa and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[47]

Socotra sunbird

illustration of sunbird with brownish upperparts, white underparts, and yellow patches on the sides

C. balfouri
(Sclater, P. L. & Hartlaub, 1881) 		Socotra  LC 


Unknown Population declining[48]

Genus Leptocoma – Cabanis, 1851 – six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Purple-rumped sunbird

sunbird with yellow underparts, reddish-brown upperparts, and glossy blue-green crown

L. zeylonica
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • L. z. flaviventris
  • L. z. zeylonica
Indian subcontinent  LC 


Unknown Population steady[49]

Crimson-backed sunbird

sunbird with yellowish underparts, purple throat, reddish upperparts, brown wings, glossy blue-green crown, and black face

L. minima
(Sykes, 1832) 		Southwestern India  LC 


Unknown Population steady[50]

Purple-throated sunbird

illustration of three sunbirds

L. sperata[i]
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Four subspecies
  • L. s. henkei
  • L. s. sperata
  • L. s. trochilus
  • L. s. juliae
Philippines  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Van Hasselt's sunbird

sunbird with red underparts, blackish upperparts, purplish throat, and glossy blue-green crown

L. brasiliana
(Gmelin, J. F., 1788)

Five subspecies
  • L. b. brasiliana
  • L. b. emmae
  • L. b. mecynorhyncha
  • L. b. eumecis
  • L. b. axantha
Eastern Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia  LC 


Unknown Population steady[51]

Black sunbird

blackish sunbird with glossy blue-green throat

L. aspasia
(Lesson, R. P. and Garnot, 1828)

Twenty-one subspecies
  • L. a. talautensis
  • L. a. sangirensis
  • L. a. grayi
  • L. a. porphyrolaema
  • L. a. auriceps
  • L. a. auricapilla
  • L. a. aspasioides
  • L. a. proserpina
  • L. a. chlorolaema
  • L. a. mariae
  • L. a. cochrani
  • L. a. aspasia
  • L. a. maforensis
  • L. a. nigriscapularis
  • L. a. mysorensis
  • L. a. veronica
  • L. a. cornelia
  • L. a. christianae
  • L. a. caeruleogula
  • L. a. corinna
  • L. a. eichhorni
Eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea  LC 


Unknown Population steady[52]

Copper-throated sunbird

blackish sunbird with glossy blue-green crown and reddish throat

L. calcostetha
(Jardine, 1842) 		Southeast Asia  LC 


Unknown Population steady[53]

Genus Nectarinia – Illiger, 1811 – six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Bocage's sunbird

blackish-blue sunbird

N. bocagii
Shelley, 1879 		Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola  LC 


Unknown Population steady[54]

Purple-breasted sunbird

blackish sunbird with orangish throat

N. purpureiventris
(Reichenow, 1893) 		Albertine Rift Mountains  LC 


Unknown Population declining[55]

Tacazze sunbird

brown and green sunbird with purple shoulder patch and reddish tint to side of head

N. tacazze
(Stanley, 1814)

Two subspecies
  • N. t. tacazze
  • N. t. jacksoni
Horn of Africa and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[56]

Bronzy sunbird[j]

glossy bluish sunbird with bronzy wash and brown wings

N. kilimensis
Shelley, 1885

Three subspecies
  • N. k. kilimensis
  • N. t. arturi
  • N. t. gadowi
Central and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[57]

Malachite sunbird

bright green sunbird with black wings

N. famosa
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • N. f. cupreonitens
  • N. f. famosa
East Africa and Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[58]

Scarlet-tufted sunbird[k]

black and glossy blue-green sunbird

N. johnstoni
Shelley, 1885

Four subspecies
  • N. j. johnstoni
  • N. j. dartmouthi
  • N. j. nyikensis
  • N. j. reichenowi
East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[59]

Genus Drepanorhynchus – Fischer, G. A. & Reichenow, 1884 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Golden-winged sunbird

brown sunbird with yellow on back and wings feeding on flower

D. reichenowi
Fischer, G. A., 1884

Three subspecies
  • D. r. shellyae
  • D. r. lathburyi
  • D. r. reichenowi
East Africa
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[60]

Genus Cinnyris – Cuvier, 1816 – fifty-three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Olive-bellied sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, black wings, red belly, and whitish underparts

C. chloropygius
(Jardine, 1842)

Three subspecies
  • C. c. kempi
  • C. c. chloropygius
  • C. c. orphogaster
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[61]

Tiny sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, brown wings, red chest, and whitish underparts

C. minullus
Reichenow, 1899 		West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[62]

Eastern miombo sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, brown wings, red chest, and greyish-white underparts

C. manoensis
Reichenow, 1907

Two subspecies
  • C. m. manoensis
  • C. m. amicorum
East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[63]

Western miombo sunbird


C. gertrudis
Grote, 1926 		Central and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[64]

Southern double-collared sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, brown wings, red and blue chest, and greyish-white underparts

C. chalybeus
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • C. c. subalaris
  • C. c. chalybeus
Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[65]

Neergaard's sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds

C. neergaardi
Grant, C. H. B., 1908 		Southern Africa  NT 


3300–6700 Population declining[66]

Rwenzori double-collared sunbird[l]

sunbird with green upperparts, brown wings, red and blue chest, and greyish-white underparts

C. stuhlmanni
Reichenow, 1893

Four subspecies
  • C. s. stuhlmanni
  • C. s. graueri
  • C. s. chapini
  • C. s. schubotzi
Eastern Rift Mountains  LC 


Unknown Population steady[67]

Whyte's double-collared sunbird


C. whytei[m]
Benson, 1948

Two subspecies
  • C. w. whytei
  • C. w. skye
East Africa  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Prigogine's double-collared sunbird


C. prigoginei
MacDonald, 1958 		Southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo  NT 


Unknown Population declining[68]

Ludwig's double-collared sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, red chest, and greyish-white underparts

C. ludovicensis[m]
(Barboza du Bocage, 1868) 		Angola  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Northern double-collared sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, red chest, and brown wings and underparts

C. reichenowi
Sharpe, 1891

Two subspecies
  • C. r. preussi
  • C. r. reichenowi
Western Central Africa and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[69]

Greater double-collared sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, red chest, and brown wings and underparts

C. afer
(Linnaeus, 1766) 		Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[70]

Regal sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, red and yellow underparts, and brown wings

C. regius
Reichenow, 1893

Two subspecies
  • C. r. regius
  • C. r. anderseni
Albertine Rift Valley  LC 


Unknown Population declining[71]

Rockefeller's sunbird


C. rockefelleri
Chapin, 1932 		Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo  VU 


1100–11900 Population declining[72]

Eastern double-collared sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, red chest, brown wings, and greyish underparts

C. mediocris
Shelley, 1885 		Kenya and Tanzania  LC 


Unknown Population steady[73]

Usambara double-collared sunbird


C. usambaricus
Grote, 1922 		Southeast Kenya and northeast Tanzania  NT 


Unknown Population steady[74]

Forest double-collared sunbird

illustration of sunbird with green upperparts, red chest, and brown wings, and yellowish underparts

C. fuelleborni
Reichenow, 1899

Two subspecies
  • C. f. fuelleborni
  • C. f. bensoni
East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[75]

Moreau's sunbird


C. moreaui
Sclater, W. L., 1933 		Central Tanzania  NT 


Unknown Population declining[76]

Loveridge's sunbird

taxidermied sunbird with green upperparts, orangish chest, and brown wings, and yellowish underparts

C. loveridgei
Hartert, E. J. O., 1922 		Eastern central Tanzania  EN 


14000–24700 Population declining[77]

Beautiful sunbird

bright green sunbird with red and yellow chest

C. pulchellus[n]
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • C. p. pulchellus
  • C. p. melanogastrus
West, Central, and East Africa  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Marico sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, brown wings and underparts, and maroon chest

C. mariquensis
Smith, A., 1836

Three subspecies
  • C. m. osiris
  • C. m. suahelicus
  • C. m. mariquensis
East and Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[78]

Shelley's sunbird

two sunbirds; the one on the left pale greyish-brown with dark-streaked cream white underparts, and the one on the right with brownish body, blue-green head and mantle, and red and purple bands on breast

C. shelleyi[o]
Alexander, 1899 		East Africa  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Hofmann's sunbird


C. hofmanni[o]
Reichenow, 1915 		Eastern Tanzania  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Congo sunbird


C. congensis
(van Oort, 1910) 		Congo Basin  LC 


Unknown Population declining[79]

Red-chested sunbird

sunbird with brown body, green head and mantle, purplish throat, and orange-red breast

C. erythrocercus
(Hartlaub, 1857) 		Extreme southern Sudan to central Tanzania  LC 


Unknown Population steady[80]

Black-bellied sunbird

sunbird with brown body, green head and mantle, and orange breast

C. nectarinioides
Richmond, 1897

Two subspecies
  • C. n. erlangeri
  • C. n. nectarinioides
East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[81]

Purple-banded sunbird

sunbird with blackish body, green head and mantle, and red and purple bands on breast

C. bifasciatus
(Shaw, 1812)

Two subspecies
  • C. b. bifasciatus
  • C. b. microrhynchus
East, Central, and Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[82]

Tsavo sunbird

sunbird with brown body, green head and mantle, and purple breast

C. tsavoensis
van Someren, 1922 		Kenya and northeastern Tanzania  LC 


Unknown Population steady[83]

Violet-breasted sunbird


C. chalcomelas
Reichenow, 1905 		Somalia and Kenya  LC 


Unknown Population steady[84]

Pemba sunbird

blue-green sunbird with blackish wings

C. pembae
Reichenow, 1905 		Pemba Island
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[85]

Orange-tufted sunbird

sunbird with brown body, green head and mantle, and orangish breast

C. bouvieri
Shelley, 1877 		Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[86]

Palestine sunbird

back view of green sunbird with brown wings

C. osea
Bonaparte, 1856

Two subspecies
  • C. o. osea
  • C. o. decorsei
Arabian Peninsula and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[87]

Arabian sunbird

green sunbird with purplish crown, red breast, and black wings and belly

C. hellmayri[p]
Neumann, 1904

Two subspecies
  • C. h. kinneari
  • C. h. hellmayri
Arabian Peninsula  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Shining sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on the top pale greyish-brown, and the one on the bottom green with black wings, purplish crown, and reddish breast

C. habessinicus[p]
(Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828)

Three subspecies
  • C. h. habessinicus
  • C. h. alter
  • C. h. turkanae
East Africa  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Splendid sunbird

sunbird with black face, wings, and belly, red chest, purple hindneck, and greenish upper wings

C. coccinigastrus
(Latham, 1801) 		West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[88]

Johanna's sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on the top with greenish-brown upperparts and darks-peaked yellow underparts, and the one on the bottom with green upperparts, red underparts, black wings and vent, and purple breast

C. johannae
Verreaux, J. & Verreaux, É., 1851

Two subspecies
  • C. h. fasciatus
  • C. h. johannae
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[89]

Superb sunbird

sunbird with deep red underparts, glossy green upperparts, black face, throat, and wings, and glossy purple breast and crown

C. superbus
(Shaw, 1812)

Four subspecies
  • C. s. ashantiensis
  • C. s. nigeriae
  • C. s. superbus
  • C. s. buvuma
West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population declining[90]

Rufous-winged sunbird


C. rufipennis
(Jensen, 1983) 		Central Tanzania  VU 


2500–9999 Population declining[91]

Oustalet's sunbird

illustration of sunbird with green upperparts, white underparts, and multicolored breast

C. oustaleti
(Barboza du Bocage, 1878)

Two subspecies
  • C. o. oustaleti
  • C. o. rhodesiae
Disjunctly, in Angola, and in Tanzania and Zambia  LC 


Unknown Population steady[92]

White-bellied sunbird

sunbird with green upperparts, white underparts, blackish wings, and blue-and-black breast

C. talatala
Smith, A., 1836 		Southern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[93]

Variable sunbird

sunbird with brownish wings, white underparts, blue-green upperparts, black face, and black-and-purple breast

C. venustus
(Shaw, 1799)

Five subspecies
  • C. v. venustus
  • C. v. fazoqlensis
  • C. v. albiventris
  • C. v. falkensteini
  • C. v. igneiventris
West, Central, and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[94]

Dusky sunbird

chocolate-brown sunbird with white belly

C. fuscus
Vieillot, 1819

Two subspecies
  • C. f. fuscus
  • C. f. inclusus
Southwestern Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[95]

Ursula's sunbird

brownish sunbird with paler underparts and small red patch on sides

C. ursulae
(Alexander, 1903) 		Cameroon  LC 


Unknown Population declining[96]

Bates's sunbird

view from below of sunbird with pale underparts

C. batesi
Ogilvie-Grant, 1908 		West and Central Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[97]

Copper sunbird

sunbird with iridescent coppery body and black wings and tail

C. cupreus
(Shaw, 1812)

Two subspecies
  • C. c. cupreus
  • C. c. chalceus
West, Central, and East Africa  LC 


Unknown Population steady[98]

Purple sunbird

black and glossy blue sunbird

C. asiaticus
(Latham, 1790)

Thre subspecies
  • C. a. brevirostris
  • C. a. asiaticus
  • C. a. intermedius
Eastern Arabian Peninsula east to South Asia and Indochina  LC 


Unknown Population steady[99]

Olive-backed sunbird

sunbird with yellow underparts, green upperparts, and a blue throat

C. jugularis[q]
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Twenty-one subspecies
  • C. j. andamanicus
  • C. j. proselius
  • C. j. klossi
  • C. j. rhizophorae
  • C. j. flammaxillaris
  • C. j. ornatus
  • C. j. polyclystus
  • C. j. aurora
  • C. j. obscurior
  • C. j. jugularis
  • C. j. woodi
  • C. j. plateni
  • C. j. infrenatus
  • C. j. robustirostris
  • C. j. teysmanni
  • C. j. frenatus
  • C. j. buruensis
  • C. j. clementiae
  • C. j. keiensis
  • C. j. idenburgi
  • C. j. flavigastra
Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea and northern Australia  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Apricot-breasted sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown upperparts, glossy blue throat, and yellowish underparts with an orange tint on the breast

C. buettikoferi
Hartert, E. J. O., 1896 		Sumba
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[100]

Flame-breasted sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on the top with greenish-brown upperparts, red-orange underparts, and a blue-green face, and the one on the bottom with greenish-brown upperparts and yellow underparts

C. solaris
(Temminck, 1825)

Two subspecies
  • C. s. exquisitus
  • C. s. solaris
Lesser Sunda Islands and Wetar  LC 


Unknown Population steady[101]

Souimanga sunbird

brown sunbird with glossy green face and paler underparts

C. sovimanga
(Gmelin, J. F., 1788)

Five subspecies
  • C. s. sovimanga
  • C. s. apolis
  • C. s. aldabrensis
  • C. s. abbotti
  • C. s. buchenorum
Madagascar and Seychelles  LC 


Unknown Population steady[102]

Malagasy green sunbird[r]

glossy green sunbird with black underparts and wings

C. notatus[s]
(Müller, P. L. S., 1776)

Three subspecies
  • C. n. notatus
  • C. n. moebii
  • C. n. voeltzkowi
Madagascar and Comoros  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Seychelles sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds: the one on top has brown upperparts, pale underparts, green crown, blue throat, and a yellow-orange shoulder patch, while the one on the bottom is wholly brown, darker on top

C. dussumieri
(Hartlaub, 1861) 		Seychelles  LC 


Unknown Population steady[103]

Humblot's sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown upperparts, yellow and red underparts, and black throat

C. humbloti
Milne-Edwards, A. & Oustalet, 1885

Two subspecies
  • C. h. humbloti
  • C. h. mohelicus
Grande Comore and Mohéli  LC 


Unknown Population steady[104]

Anjouan sunbird

illustration of sunbird with blue-green upperparts, black underparts and wings, and dark red band across the chest

C. comorensis
Peters, W., 1864 		Anjouan  LC 


Unknown Population steady[105]

Mayotte sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds, both with blue-green upperparts, orange chest, and yellow underparts

C. coquerellii
(Hartlaub, 1860) 		Mayotte
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[106]

Loten's sunbird

sunbird with glossy blue-green head, purplish chest, and brownish body

C. lotenius
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • C. l. hindustanicus
  • C. l. lotenius
India and Sri Lanka  LC 


Unknown Population steady[107]

Genus Aethopyga – Cabanis, 1851 – twenty-two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Grey-hooded sunbird

sunbird with yellow-green upperparts, grey head, and whitish underparts

A. primigenia
(Hachisuka, 1941)

Two subspecies
  • A. p. diuatae
  • A. p. primigenia
Mindanao  LC 


20000–49999 Population steady[108]

Apo sunbird

sunbird with brownish upperparts and pale orange-tinted underparts

A. boltoni[t]
Mearns, 1905

Three subspecies
  • A. b. malindangensis
  • A. b. boltoni
  • A. b. tibolii
Mindanao  LC 


15000–24999 Population steady[109]

Lina's sunbird

sunbird with dark upperparts, yellowish underparts, metallic blue ear patch, and orange stripe down belly

A. linaraborae
Kennedy, R. S., Gonzales & Miranda, 1997 		Mindanao  NT 


Unknown Population steady[110]

Flaming sunbird

sunbird with brownish upperparts, whitish underparts, metallic blue face and throat, and orange chest

A. flagrans
Oustalet, 1876 		Luzon and Catanduanes  LC 


Unknown Population declining[111]

Maroon-naped sunbird

sunbird with reddish-brown upperparts, yellowish underparts, and metallic green on top of head

A. guimarasensis
(Steere, 1890)

Two subspecies
  • A. g. guimarasensis
  • A. g. daphoenonota
Negros, Panay, and Guimaras  LC 


Unknown Population declining[112]

Metallic-winged sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown upperparts, yellowish underparts, and metallic blue green on shoulder and ear

A. pulcherrima[u]
Sharpe, 1876 		Central and southern Philippines  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Luzon sunbird

illustration of sunbird with greenish upperparts, yellowish underparts, blue on forehead, metallic green wings and tail, and orange on chest

A. jefferyi[u]
(Ogilvie-Grant, 1894) 		Luzon  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Bohol sunbird

A. decorosa[u]
(McGregor, 1907) 		Bohol  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Elegant sunbird

An illustration of two sunbirds; one on top has multicolored red, blue, and brown upperparts, blue wings, yellow rump, purple-based brown tail, and yellow underparts. The one on bottom has greenish-brown upperparts and yellow underparts.

A. duyvenbodei
(Schlegel, 1871) 		Sangihe Islands  EN 


13000–29000 Population declining[113]

Lovely sunbird

sunbird with pale yellow underparts, brownish upperparts, and bright red face and upper back

A. shelleyi
Sharpe, 1876 		Palawan archipelago  LC 


Unknown Population steady[114]

Handsome sunbird

sunbird with pale yellow-white underparts, greenish-brown upperparts, dark red face and upper back, and greenish-brown crown

A. bella
Tweeddale, 1877

Six subspecies
  • A. b. flavipectus
  • A. b. minuta
  • A. b. rubrinota
  • A. b. bella
  • A. b. bonita
  • A. b. arolasi
Philippines  LC 


Unknown Population steady[115]

Mrs. Gould's sunbird

sunbird with brown wings, yellow belly, red face, chest, and upper back, and black on face

A. gouldiae
(Vigors, 1831)

Four subspecies
  • A. g. gouldiae
  • A. g. isolata
  • A. g. dabryii
  • A. g. annamensis
Indochina, southern China, and Himalayan foothills  LC 


Unknown Population steady[116]

Green-tailed sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown wings, yellow-orange belly, red upper back, and bluish-black face

A. nipalensis
(Hodgson, 1836)

Nine subspecies
  • A. n. horsfieldi
  • A. n. nipalensis
  • A. n. koelzi
  • A. n. victoriae
  • A. n. karenensis
  • A. n. angkanensis
  • A. n. australis
  • A. n. blanci
  • A. n. ezrai
Indochina, southern China, and Himalayan foothills  LC 


Unknown Population steady[117]

White-flanked sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown body, red throat and chest, and metallic blue crown

A. eximia
(Horsfield, 1821) 		Java  LC 


Unknown Population steady[118]

Fork-tailed sunbird

sunbird with yellowish underparts, red chest, brown wings, black face, and bluish crown and nape

A. christinae[v]
Swinhoe, 1869

Three subspecies
  • A. c. latouchii
  • A. c. sokolovi
  • A. c. christinae
China, Vietnam, and Laos  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Black-throated sunbird

sunbird with blackish face and throat, red back, white underparts, and brown wings

A. saturata
(Hodgson, 1836)

Ten subspecies
  • A. s. saturata
  • A. s. assamensis
  • A. s. galenae
  • A. s. petersi
  • A. s. sanguinipectus
  • A. s. anomala
  • A. s. wrayi
  • A. s. ochra
  • A. s. johnsi
  • A. s. cambodiana
Indochina, southern China, and Himalayan foothills  LC 


Unknown Population steady[119]

Crimson sunbird

sunbird with brownish body, bright red head, throat, and upper back, and blue forehead

A. siparaja
(Raffles, 1822)

Fourteen subspecies
  • A. s. seheriae
  • A. s. labecula
  • A. s. owstoni
  • A. s. tonkinensis
  • A. s. mangini
  • A. s. insularis
  • A. s. cara
  • A. s. trangensis
  • A. s. siparaja
  • A. s. nicobarica
  • A. s. heliogona
  • A. s. natunae
  • A. s. flavostriata
  • A. s. beccarii
South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China  LC 


Unknown Population steady[120]

Magnificent sunbird

illustration of two sunbirds; the one on top with brownish body, bright red head, throat, and upper back, and purple forehead and tail, and the one on bottom with greenish-brown body washed reddish towards the tail

A. magnifica
Sharpe, 1876 		Western and Central Visayas  LC 


Unknown Population steady[121]

Vigors's sunbird

sunbird with brownish wings, grey underparts, bright red throat and upper back, and blackish-red head

A. vigorsii
(Sykes, 1832) 		Western India  LC 


Unknown Population steady[122]

Javan sunbird

sunbird with bright red head and throat, white underparts, and blackish forehead

A. mystacalis
(Temminck, 1822) 		Java  LC 


Unknown Population declining[123]

Temminck's sunbird

sunbird with brownish wings, greyish-white underparts, bright red throat and upper back, and black stripes on head

A. temminckii
(Müller, S., 1843) 		Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[124]

Fire-tailed sunbird

sunbird with greenish-brown wings, orange-and-yellow underparts, blackish face, reddish back, yellow rump, and long orange tail

A. ignicauda
(Hodgson, 1836)

Two subspecies
  • A. i. ignicauda
  • A. i. flavescens
Himalayas  LC 


Unknown Population steady[125]

Genus Kurochkinegramma – Kashain, 1978 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Purple-naped sunbird

greenish-brown sunbird with yellow streaks on underside

K. hypogrammicum
(Müller, S., 1843)

Five subspecies
  • K. h. lisettae
  • K. h. mariae
  • K. h. nuchale
  • K. h. hypogrammicum
  • K. h. natunense
Indochina, Borneo, and Sumatra  LC 


Unknown Population steady[126]

Genus Arachnothera – Temminck, 1826 – thirteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range IUCN status and estimated population
Little spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts, yellowish underparts, and a whitish throat

A. longirostra
(Latham, 1790)

Ten subspecies
  • A. l. longirostra
  • A. l. sordida
  • A. l. pallida
  • A. l. cinereicollis'
  • A. l. zarhina
  • A. l. niasensis
  • A. l. prillwitzi
  • A. l. rothschildi
  • A. l. atita
  • A. l. buettikoferi
South and Southeast Asia  LC 


Unknown Population steady[127]

Orange-tufted spiderhunter

illustration of two spiderhunters with greenish-brown upperparts, grey throats and undersides of wings, yellow underparts, and orange patches under the wing

A. flammifera
Tweeddale, 1878

Two subspecies
  • A. f. flammifera
  • A. f. randi
Philippines  LC 


Unknown Population steady[128]

Pale spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts and whitish underparts fanning its wings out

A. dilutior
Sharpe, 1876 		Palawan  LC 


Unknown Population steady[129]

Thick-billed spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts and yellowish underparts

A. crassirostris
(Reichenbach, 1853) 		Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[130]

Long-billed spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts and yellowish-white underparts

A. robusta
Müller, S. & Schlegel, 1844

Two subspecies
  • A. r. robusta
  • A. r. armata
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[131]

Spectacled spiderhunter

spiderhunter with yellowish-grey underparts and prominent yellow eye-ring

A. flavigaster
(Eyton, 1839) 		Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[132]

Yellow-eared spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts, yellowish-grey underparts, and yellow tufts on the face

A. chrysogenys
(Temminck, 1826)

Two subspecies
  • A. c. chrysogenys
  • A. c. harrissoni
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[133]

Naked-faced spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts, greyish underparts, and featherless patches on the face

A. clarae
Blasius, W., 1890

Four subspecies
  • A. c. luzonensis
  • A. c. philippinensis
  • A. c. clarae
  • A. c. malindangensis
Philippines  LC 


Unknown Population steady[134]

Gray-breasted spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts and greyish underparts

A. modesta
(Eyton, 1839)

Three subspecies
  • A. m. caena
  • A. m. modesta
  • A. m. concolor
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo  LC 


Unknown Population declining[135]

Streaky-breasted spiderhunter

spiderhunter with greenish-brown upperparts and greyish underparts

A. affinis
(Horsfield, 1821) 		Java and Bali  LC 


Unknown Population declining[136]

Bornean spiderhunter

back view of spiderhunter with greenish upperparts

A. everetti[w]
(Sharpe, 1893) 		Borneo  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Streaked spiderhunter

spiderhunter with yellow-green upperparts and whitish underparts, both heavily streaked black

A. magna[w]
(Hodgson, 1836)

Five subspecies
  • A. m. magna
  • A. m. aurata
  • A. m. musarum
  • A. m. remota
  • A. m. pagodarum
Eastern Indian subcontinent and Indochina  NE 


Unknown Unknown

Whitehead's spiderhunter

illustration of bird with streaked white and brown body, brown wings, and black tail with extensive yellow at base

A. juliae
Sharpe, 1887 		Borneo
Map of range 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[137]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by the HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.[4]
  2. ^ Called mouse-brown sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  3. ^ Called yellow-throated sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  4. ^ a b The yellow-chinned and grey-chinned sunbirds are treated as a single species, the green sunbird, by the Clements Checklist.[5]
  5. ^ Called gray-throated sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  6. ^ Called banded sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  7. ^ Called São Tomé sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  8. ^ Called mouse-colored sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  9. ^ The IUCN splits the purple-throated sunbird sensu lato into two species, the purple-throated sunbird sensu stricto (L. sperata) and the orange-lined sunbird (L. juliae).[4]
  10. ^ Called bronze sunbird by The Clements Checklist and the IUCN.[5]
  11. ^ Called red-tufted sunbird by The Clements Checklist and the IUCN.[5]
  12. ^ Called Stuhlmann's sunbird by The Clements Checklist and the Ruwenzori sunbird by the IUCN.[5]
  13. ^ a b Whyte's double-collared sunbird and Ludwig's double-collared sunbird are treated as a single species, the montane double-collared sunbird, by the IUCN and Clements.[4][5]
  14. ^ The IUCN splits the beautiful sunbird sensu lato into two species, the gorgeous sunbird (C. melanogastrus) and beautiful sunbird sensu stricto (C. pulchellus).[4]
  15. ^ a b Hofmann's sunbird is considered a subspecies of Shelley's sunbird by the IUCN and Clements.[4][5]
  16. ^ a b The Arabian sunbird is treated as a subspecies of the shining sunbird by the Clement's Checklist.[5]
  17. ^ The IUCN splits the olive-backed sunbird sensu lato into two species, Rand's sunbird (C. idenburgi) and olive-backed sunbird sensu stricto (C. jugularis),[4] while The Clements Checklist splits it into eight different species.[5]
  18. ^ Called Malagasy sunbird by The Clements Checklist.[5]
  19. ^ The IUCN splits the Malagasy green sunbird into three species, the long-billed sunbird (C. notatus), Grand Comoro sunbird (C. moebii), and Moheli sunbird (C. voeltzkowi).[4]
  20. ^ The Clement's Checklist splits the Apo sunbird sensu lato into two species, Tboli sunbird (A. tibolii) and Apo sunbird sensu stricto (A. malindangensis).[5]
  21. ^ a b c The Bohol and Luzon sunbirds are treated as a subspecies of the metallic-winged sunbird by the IUCN and Clements.[4][5]
  22. ^ The IUCN splits the fork-tailed sunbird sensu lato into two species, the Hainan sunbird (A. christinae) and fork-tailed sunbird sensu stricto (A. latouchii).[4]
  23. ^ a b The Bornean spiderhunter is treated as a subspecies of the streaked spiderhunter by the IUCN.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (July 2023). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (March 4, 2020). Billerman, Shawn M.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Rodewald, Paul G.; Schulenberg, Thomas S. (eds.). "Sunbirds and Spiderhunters (Nectariniidae)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.nectar1.01. S2CID 216264284. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c Cheke, Robert A.; Mann, Clive F. (2010). Sunbirds: A Guide to the Sunbirds, Flowerpeckers, Spiderhunters and Sugarbirds of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-3567-9. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
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  95. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717950A94559334. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717950A94559334.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  96. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Cinnyris ursulae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22717831A118496874. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22717831A118496874.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  97. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris batesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717687A94546628. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717687A94546628.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  98. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Cinnyris cupreus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22717945A131980663. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22717945A131980663.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  99. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Cinnyris asiaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22717855A155489800. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22717855A155489800.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  100. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris buettikoferi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717801A94552966. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717801A94552966.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  101. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris solaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717805A94553131. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717805A94553131.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  102. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris sovimanga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717808A94553308. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717808A94553308.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  103. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris dussumieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717754A94549803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717754A94549803.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  104. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris humbloti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717813A94553492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717813A94553492.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  105. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris comorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717817A94553660. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717817A94553660.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  106. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris coquerellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717822A94553815. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717822A94553815.en. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  107. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cinnyris lotenius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717862A94556053. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  108. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Aethopyga primigenia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22718048A179048340. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22718048A179048340.en. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  109. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Aethopyga boltoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22718059A179061446. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22718059A179061446.en. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  110. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Aethopyga linaraborae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22724518A177948824. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22724518A177948824.en. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  111. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga flagrans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103805010A94564834. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103805010A94564834.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  112. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga guimarasensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103809131A104301389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103809131A104301389.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  113. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga duyvenbodei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718068A94565160. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718068A94565160.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  114. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Aethopyga shelleyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22734230A132035299. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22734230A132035299.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  115. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Aethopyga bella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22732130A132034102. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22732130A132034102.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  116. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga gouldiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718077A94565475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718077A94565475.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  117. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga nipalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718081A94565721. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718081A94565721.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  118. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga eximia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718084A94565956. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718084A94565956.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  119. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga saturata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718090A94566293. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718090A94566293.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  120. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga siparaja". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103804411A94566535. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804411A94566535.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  121. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Aethopyga magnifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T103810377A132044827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103810377A132044827.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  122. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga vigorsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103804493A104300369. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804493A104300369.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  123. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga mystacalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103804351A94566823. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804351A94566823.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  124. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aethopyga temminckii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103804369A104300960. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103804369A104300960.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  125. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Aethopyga ignicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22718100A131982762. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718100A131982762.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  126. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Kurochkinegramma hypogrammicum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717680A94546136. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717680A94546136.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  127. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera longirostra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103778625A94567188. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103778625A94567188.en. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  128. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Arachnothera flammifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T103778923A132044412. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103778923A132044412.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  129. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera dilutior". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103778680A104295930. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103778680A104295930.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  130. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera crassirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718106A94567472. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718106A94567472.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  131. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera robusta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718109A94567652. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718109A94567652.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  132. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera flavigaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718112A94567832. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718112A94567832.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  133. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera chrysogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718115A94568017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718115A94568017.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  134. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Arachnothera clarae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22718118A131982953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22718118A131982953.en. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  135. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera modesta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103792501A104296539. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792501A104296539.en. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  136. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera affinis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103792496A94568389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103792496A94568389.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  137. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera juliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718131A94569006. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718131A94569006.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
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