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List of wars involving Thailand

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This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Thailand, its predecessor states, and by Siamese people, from antiquity to the present day. It also includes wars fought outside Thailand by the Thai military.

  Thai victory
  Thai defeat
  Another result
  Ongoing conflict

Sukhothai Kingdom

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Sukhothai-Champa War (1313)[1]

Location: Champa

The Sukhothai Kingdom at its greatest extent during the late 13th century under the reign of King Ram Khamhaeng
The Sukhothai Kingdom at its greatest extent during the late 13th century under the reign of King Ram Khamhaeng
Sukhothai Kingdom Kingdom of Champa

Trần dynasty

Champa defensive victory

Ayutthaya Kingdom

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Ayutthaya–Lan Na War
(1441–1474)[2]

Location: Northern Ayutthaya, Southern Lan Na[3][full citation needed]

Places listed in the Thai epic Yuan Phai, chronicling the conflict during c. 1474/75
Places listed in the Thai epic Yuan Phai, chronicling the conflict during c. 1474/75
Ayutthaya Kingdom[4][full citation needed] Kingdom of Lanna[4][5] Stalemate[5]
Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549)

Location: Upper Tenessarim coast, western and central Siam

Painting by Prince Narisara Nuvadtivongs, depicting Queen Suriyothai (center) on her elephant putting herself between King Maha Chakkraphat (right) and the Viceroy of Prome (left).
Painting by Prince Narisara Nuvadtivongs, depicting Queen Suriyothai (center) on her elephant putting herself between King Maha Chakkraphat (right) and the Viceroy of Prome (left).
Ayutthaya Kingdom Toungoo dynasty Siamese defensive victory
  • The Burmese command decided to withdraw
  • Burma claims to regain Upper Tenasserim down to Tavoy (Dawei)
Burmese–Siamese War (1563–1564)

Location: Ayutthaya, Phitsanulok, Sukhothai

Ayutthaya Kingdom Toungoo dynasty
Vassal Lan Na
Vassal Sukhothai
Burmese victory
  • Ayutthaya becomes a Burmese vassal state
Burmese–Siamese War (1568–1569)

Location: Ayutthaya, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet and Lan Xang

Ayutthaya Kingdom
Kingdom of Lan Xang
Toungoo dynasty
Vassal Sukhothai
Burmese victory
  • Ayutthaya remains a Burmese vassal state
Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)

Location: Ayutthaya Kingdom and lower Tanintharyi Region

Elephant duel between Naresuan and Mingyi Swa during the Battle of Nong Sarai as wall murals in Phra Ubosot, Wat Suwan Dararam, Ayutthaya, Thailand.
Elephant duel between Naresuan and Mingyi Swa during the Battle of Nong Sarai as wall murals in Phra Ubosot, Wat Suwan Dararam, Ayutthaya, Thailand.
Ayutthaya Kingdom Toungoo dynasty Siamese victory
Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)

Location: Cambodia

Ayutthaya Kingdom Cambodia Kingdom Siamese victory
  • Siamese sack of Longvek
Burmese–Siamese War (1593–1600)

Location: Southern and Central Myanmar

King Naresuan entered Pegu, mural painting by Phraya Anusatchitrakon, Wat Suwandararam, Ayutthaya.
King Naresuan entered Pegu, mural painting by Phraya Anusatchitrakon, Wat Suwandararam, Ayutthaya.
Ayutthaya Kingdom Toungoo dynasty Siamese victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1609–1622)

Location: Upper Tenasserim coast

Ayutthaya Kingdom Toungoo dynasty Burmese victory
Spanish-Siam War

(1624–1636)[6][7][8]

Ayutthaya Kingdom

Dutch Republic Dutch East India Company

Spain Iberian Union Siamese victory
  • Dutch hegemony on Southeast Asia
  • 150 Spaniards killed
Burmese–Siamese War (1662–1664)

Location: Northern Siam and Tenasserim coast

Ayutthaya Kingdom Toungoo dynasty Inconclusive
Burmese–Siamese War
(1675–1676)

Location: Tenasserim coast

Ayutthaya Kingdom Toungoo dynasty Military stalemate
Anglo-Siamese War
(1687–1688)

Location: Mergui and Coromandel coast

Ayutthaya Kingdom Kingdom of England England
East India Company
Inconclusive
  • East India Company fails to blockade the port of Mergui
  • The ports of Siam were closed to East India Company vessels until 1708
  • The East India had resumed trade using foreign-flagged vessels as early as 1705
Siege of Bangkok
(June 1688 - November 13, 1688)

Location: Bangkok, Thailand

Siege of the French fortress in Bangkok by the Siamese revolutionary forces of Phetracha in 1688.
Siege of the French fortress in Bangkok by the Siamese revolutionary forces of Phetracha in 1688.
Ayutthaya Kingdom
Supported by:
: Dutch East India Company
 Kingdom of France
Kingdom of France French East India Company
Decisive Siamese victory
  • French negotiated retreat
Burmese–Siamese War
(1700–1701)

Location: Ayutthaya Kingdom

Ayutthaya Kingdom Toungoo dynasty Siamese defensive victory
  • Siam defeats Burmese invasion
Siamese–Vietnamese War (1717)[9][10]

Location: Cambodia

Ayutthaya Kingdom Nguyễn lords Siamese victory
  • Siam gains suzerainty of Cambodia
  • Vietnam annexes several border provinces of Cambodia
Burmese–Siamese War (1759–1760)

Location: Tenasserim, Siam

Siege of the French fortress in Bangkok by the Siamese revolutionary forces of Phetracha in 1688.
Siege of the French fortress in Bangkok by the Siamese revolutionary forces of Phetracha in 1688.
Ayutthaya Kingdom Konbaung dynasty Inconclusive
  • Burma captures the Tennasserim coast down to TavoyMergui frontier
Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)

Location: Tenasserim coast, Gulf of Siam coast, Suphanburi, Ayutthaya

Ayutthaya Kingdom Konbaung dynasty Burmese victory

Thonburi Kingdom

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Notable battles
Thonburi reunification of Siam (1767–1771)
[11][12]

Location: Siam

State of Thonburi (Thonburi Kingdom) State of Phimai
State of Phitsanulok
State of Sawangburi
State of Nakhon Si Thammarat
Principality of Banteay Mas
Konbaung dynasty (Burma)
Thonburi victory
Siamese–Vietnamese War (1771–1773)[13][14]

Location: Cambodia, Southern Vietnam

Map of Indochina in 1760
Map of Indochina in 1760
Thonburi Kingdom Nguyễn Lords
Cambodia Kingdom
Hà Tiên polity
Siamese victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776)

Location: Northern and central Siam, Lan Na

Thonburi Kingdom Konbaung dynasty Siamese victory
Lao–Siamese War (1778–1779)

Location: Khorat Plateau

Thonburi Kingdom
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
Cambodia Kingdom
Kingdom of Vientiane
Kingdom of Champasak
Siamese victory
  • Lao kingdoms of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak came under Siamese suzerainty.

Rattanakosin Kingdom

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Notable battles
Siamese–Vietnamese War (1784–1785)

Location: Rạch Gầm River and Xoài Mút River, Southern Vietnam

Rattanakosin Kingdom
Cambodia Kingdom
Nguyễn lords
Hà Tiên Protectorate
Tây Sơn Decisive Tây Sơn Victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786)

Location: Western Siam

Rattanakosin Kingdom Konbaung dynasty Siamese victory
Tavoy campaign (1788)

Location:Tenasserim Coast

Rattanakosin Kingdom Konbaung dynasty Burmese defensive victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1792–1794)

Location:Tenasserim Coast

Rattanakosin Kingdom Konbaung dynasty Burmese defensive victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1797–1798)

Location: Lanna Kingdom, Northern Thailand

Rattanakosin Kingdom
Lanna Kingdom
Kingdom of Vientiane
Konbaung dynasty Siamese victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)

Location: Lanna Kingdom, Northern Thailand

Rattanakosin Kingdom
Lanna Kingdom
Kingdom of Vientiane
Konbaung dynasty Siamese victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1809–1812)

Location: Phuket

Rattanakosin Kingdom Konbaung dynasty Siamese victory
Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)

Location: Cambodia, Southern Vietnam

Cambodian pro-Siamese faction
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Cambodian pro-Vietnamese faction
Nguyễn dynasty
Cambodian pro-Vietnamese faction victory

Vietnamese forces restore Ang Chan to the Cambodian throne

Siamese invasion of Kedah
(1821)

Location: Kedah

Rattanakosin Kingdom Kedah Sultanate Siamese victory
  • Exile of Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II[15]
  • Imposition of direct Siamese rule on Kedah
  • Start of the Kedahan resistance[16]
First Anglo-Burmese War
(1824-1826)

Location: Burma, East Bengal, Manipur

The storming of one of the principal stockades, near Yangon (Rangoon), 8 July 1824
The storming of one of the principal stockades, near Yangon (Rangoon), 8 July 1824
United Kingdom British Empire Konbaung dynasty
Siamese-allied victory
Lao rebellion (1826–1828)

Location: Central Laos

Rattanakosin Kingdom Kingdom of Vientiane
Kingdom of Champasak
Military support:
Nguyễn dynasty[a]
Siamese victory
Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1835)

Location: Cambodia, Southern Vietnam

Rattanakosin Kingdom Nguyễn dynasty Vietnamese victory
  • Cambodia becomes a vassal state of Vietnam
Cambodian rebellion (1840)

Location: Cambodia, Cochinchina

Khmer anti-Vietnamese rebels
Support:
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Nguyễn dynasty Siamese-allied Victory

Siamese intervention
Cambodia independence from Vietnam
Cambodia came under joint Siamese-Vietnamese suzerainty

Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)

Location: Cambodia, Southern Vietnam

A map showing the movement of Vietnamese troops (from June to December 1845) in Vietnam-Siamese War (1841–1845).
A map showing the movement of Vietnamese troops (from June to December 1845) in Vietnam-Siamese War (1841–1845).
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Khmer anti-Vietnamese rebels
Nguyễn dynasty Stalemate
Burmese–Siamese War (1849–1855)

Location: Kengtung, Trans-Salween region

Rattanakosin Kingdom Konbaung dynasty Burmese defensive victory
Haw wars
(1865–1890)

Location: Eastern Cambodia,

A Siamese army during Haw wars in 1865
A Siamese army during Haw wars in 1865
Rattanakosin Kingdom Haw Rebels (Red flag and Striped flag bands) Siamese victory
Franco-Siamese conflict
(1893)

Location: French Indochina, Siam

French ships Inconstant and Comète under fire in the Paknam incident, 13 July 1893
French ships Inconstant and Comète under fire in the Paknam incident, 13 July 1893
Kingdom of Siam French Third Republic French Republic French victory;
Ngiao rebellion(1902)

Location: Phrae

Rattanakosin Kingdom Shan (Ngiao) rebels Siamese victory
World War I
(1917-1918)

Location: Europe (Decapitation Boonpeng 1919)

(Clockwise from the top) * The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme * Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line * HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles * A British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme * Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11
(Clockwise from the top)
* The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme * Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line * HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles * A British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme * Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11
Allied Powers: Central Powers: Siamese-allied victory

After 1932 revolution

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Notable battles
Boworadet Rebellion
(1933)

Location: Central Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima, Lak Si and Ratchaburi

Thailand
People's Party
Rebel faction led by Prince Boworadet People's Party Victory
  • Suppression of the rebellion, consolidation of power by the People's Party
Franco-Thai War
(1940-1941)

Location: French Indochina

French Indochina
French Indochina
Thailand  Vichy France Thai victory[19]
Japanese invasion of Thailand
(1941)

Location:Thailand

Map of the Japanese invasion of Thailand, December 8, 1941
Map of the Japanese invasion of Thailand, December 8, 1941
Thailand Empire of Japan Japan Ceasefire

Thai alliance with Japan

World War II
(1941-1945)

Location: Southeast Asia

(clockwise from top left)
(clockwise from top left)
Axis Powers:
Allied Powers:

Allied victory
Malayan Emergency
(1948-1960)

Location: Malay Peninsula, Southeast Asia ( Dusun Nyor Rebellion 1948 )

Australian Avro Lincoln bomber dropping 500lb bombs on communist rebels in the Malayan jungle (c. 1950)
Australian Avro Lincoln bomber dropping 500lb bombs on communist rebels in the Malayan jungle (c. 1950)
Commonwealth forces:
 United Kingdom

Australia Australia
New Zealand New Zealand
Supported by:
Thailand
(Thai–Malaysian border)

Communist forces:
Malayan Communist Party

Supported by:
China China[21][22][23]
North Vietnam Viet Minh
(until 1954)
 North Vietnam
(from 1954)[24][25][26]
 Soviet Union[23][27]
 Indonesia[22][23]

Thailand-allied victory
Korean War
(1950-1953)

Location: Korean Peninsula, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Korea Strait, China–North Korea border

Clockwise from top: A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division's infantry and armor moves through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir • UN landing at Incheon harbor, starting point of the Battle of Incheon • Korean refugees in front of a U.S. M46 Patton tank • U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez, landing at Incheon • F-86 Sabre fighter aircraft
Clockwise from top: A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division's infantry and armor moves through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir • UN landing at Incheon harbor, starting point of the Battle of Incheon • Korean refugees in front of a U.S. M46 Patton tank • U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez, landing at Incheon • F-86 Sabre fighter aircraft
 South Korea

United Nations[b]

Medical support
Other support
Other support
Military stalemate
Vietnam War
(1955-1975)

Location: South Vietnam, North Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand

Clockwise, from top left: U.S. combat operations in Ia Đrăng, ARVN Rangers defending Saigon during the 1968 Tết Offensive, two A-4C Skyhawks after the Gulf of Tonkin incident, ARVN recapture Quảng Trị during the 1972 Easter Offensive, civilians fleeing the 1972 Battle of Quảng Trị, and burial of 300 victims of the 1968 Huế Massacre.
Clockwise, from top left: U.S. combat operations in Ia Đrăng, ARVN Rangers defending Saigon during the 1968 Tết Offensive, two A-4C Skyhawks after the Gulf of Tonkin incident, ARVN recapture Quảng Trị during the 1972 Easter Offensive, civilians fleeing the 1972 Battle of Quảng Trị, and burial of 300 victims of the 1968 Huế Massacre.
Supported by:
North Vietnamese and National Liberation Front victory
Laotian Civil War
(1959-1975)

Location: Kingdom of Laos

Laos
Laos
 Kingdom of Laos
Forces Armées Neutralistes
(from 1962)
 United States
 South Vietnam
Thailand
Pathet Lao
Forces Armées Neutralistes
(1960–1962)
Patriotic Neutralists
(from 1963)
 North Vietnam
Supported by:
Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory
Communist insurgency in Thailand
(1965–1983)

Location: Thailand (primarily East Thailand)

Ta Ko Bi Cave, a former hideout used by communist rebels.
Ta Ko Bi Cave, a former hideout used by communist rebels.
Thailand

Supported by:

 Taiwan (until July 1981)

 United States[citation needed]

Communist Party of Thailand

Pathet Lao[citation needed]

Supported By:

Khmer Rouge (until 1982)[citation needed]
 Vietnam
 China (from 1979)
 Soviet Union

Thai government victory
  • Amnesty declared on 23 April 1980 by the Thai government
  • Order 66/2523 signed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda
  • Communist insurgency declines and ends in 1984
Cambodian Civil War
(1968-1975)

Location: Cambodia

US tanks entering a town in Cambodia in 1970.
US tanks entering a town in Cambodia in 1970.
Cambodia
(1967–1970)
Khmer Republic
(1970–1975)
 United States
 South Vietnam
Other support:
GRUNK (1970–1975)

 North Vietnam
Việt Cộng

Khmer Rouge victory
Communist insurgency in Malaysia
(1968-1989)

Location: Malaysian Peninsular and Sarawak

Sarawak Rangers (present-day part of the Malaysian Rangers) consisting of Ibans leap from a Royal Australian Air Force Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter to guard the Malay–Thai border from potential Communist attacks in 1965, two years before the war starting in 1968.
Sarawak Rangers (present-day part of the Malaysian Rangers) consisting of Ibans leap from a Royal Australian Air Force Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter to guard the Malay–Thai border from potential Communist attacks in 1965, two years before the war starting in 1968.
Anti-communist forces:
 Malaysia[43]
Thailand[44][45]

Supported by:
 United Kingdom[46]
 Australia
 New Zealand[47]
 United States
 South Vietnam (until 1975)

Communist forces:

Malayan Communist Party[48]

Communist Party of Thailand (until 1983)
Supported by:
 China[49][21]
 Soviet Union[49]
 Vietnam (until late 1970s)
North Kalimantan Communist Party

Peace agreement reached
Third Indochina War
(1975-1991)

Location: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, China

 China
Democratic Kampuchea

Lao royalists
Hmong insurgents
FULRO
Thailand
Supported by:
 United States
 North Korea[52]

 Vietnam
Laos Laos
People's Republic of Kampuchea People's Republic of Kampuchea
Communist Party of Thailand
  • Pak Mai

Supported by:
Warsaw Pact countries (until 1991)[52]

Vietnam-allied victory
Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
(1979–1989)

Location: Thai–Cambodian border, Gulf of Thailand

Thailand
CGDK[53]

Supported by:
 United States
 China

 Vietnam
People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–89)
State of Cambodia (1989)
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Poland[54]
 Czechoslovakia[55]
 East Germany[56]
Vietnamese withdrew
  • Destruction of numerous guerrilla bases and refugee camps along the Thai–Cambodian border
  • Isolated outbreaks of open hostility between Vietnamese and Thai troops
  • Withdrawal of Vietnamese troops from the border in 1989
Thai–Laotian Border War
(1987-1988)

Location: Chat Trakan District, Phitsanulok Province, Thailand
Botene District, Sainyabuli Province, Lao PDR

Noen 1428 (Hill 1428), the battlefield of Thai–Laotian Border War of 1988, view from Phu Soidao National Park, Chat Trakan, Phitsanulok.
Noen 1428 (Hill 1428), the battlefield of Thai–Laotian Border War of 1988, view from Phu Soidao National Park, Chat Trakan, Phitsanulok.
Thailand  Laos
 Vietnam
Peace talks in Bangkok
1999 East Timorese crisis
(1999-2002)

Location: East Timor

Destroyed houses in Dili
Destroyed houses in Dili
East Timor East Timor

International Force:

  • Australia Australia 
  • New Zealand New Zealand 
  • Thailand
  • Brazil Brazil 
  • Canada Canada 
  • Fiji Fiji 
  • France France 
  • Germany Germany 
  • Republic of Ireland Ireland 
  • Italy Italy 
  • Jordan Jordan 
  • Kenya Kenya 
  • Malaysia Malaysia 
  • Norway Norway 
  • Pakistan Pakistan 
  • Philippines Philippines 
  • Portugal Portugal 
  • Singapore Singapore 
  • South Korea South Korea 
  • United Kingdom United Kingdom 
  • United States United States [57]
Insurgents: Conflict ended
  • Defeat of pro-Indonesian militia
  • Stabilisation of East Timor
Iraq War (2003–2004)
Location: Iraq
Iraq War montage
Iraq War montage
Invasion phase (2003)
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Poland
Peshmerga
INC
Supported by:
 Denmark[58]
 Netherlands[59]
 Italy[60]
 Spain[61]
Post-invasion
(2003–11)

Iraq
 United States
 United Kingdom

MNF–I
(2003–09)
Awakening Council

Supported by:
 Iran[62][63]


 Iraqi Kurdistan

Invasion phase (2003)
 Iraq
Ansar al-Islam[c][64]
Post-invasion (2003–11)
Ba'ath loyalists

Sunni insurgents


Shia insurgents

Supported by:
 Iran

Thailand-allied victory
South Thailand insurgency
(2004–present)
Location: Southern Thailand (Songkhla, Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat)
Souththailandmap
Souththailandmap
 Thailand
RTARF
RTP
VDC
BRN
RKK
GMIP
BIPP
PULO
Jemaah Islamiyah[87]
Former support:
  • Aceh (until 2005)[88]
  • Mayaki Cartel (financial support)[89]

 Islamic State


Oil smugglers[95][96][97]


Pirates[98]

Ongoing
Cambodian–Thai border dispute
(2008–2011)

Location: Thai–Cambodian border

Phraviharngopura
Phraviharngopura
Thailand  Cambodia Conflict ended
  • ICJ decision awards promontory of Preah Vihear to Cambodia[99]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Vietnamese observers totaled 80-100.[citation needed]
  2. ^ On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were: US: 70.4%, ROK: 23.3% other UNC: 6.3%[28]
  3. ^ against both Iraq and the United States

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Taylor, p. 144
  2. ^ *Jumsai, Manich (1976). "King Tilokarat (1441–1485)". Popular History of Thailand. Bangkok,Thailand: Claremint. p. 54. ASIN B002DXA1MO.
  3. ^ Jumsai 1976, pp. 54–57.
  4. ^ a b Jumsai 1976, p. 54.
  5. ^ a b Jumsai 1976, pp. 58–61.
  6. ^ "History of Ayutthaya - Foreign Settlements - Portuguese Settlement". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  7. ^ "History of Ayutthaya - Essays - Spain". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  8. ^ "History of Ayutthaya - Historical Events - Timeline 1600-1649". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  9. ^ Tucker, p. 13.
  10. ^ Tucker (2009), p. 722.
  11. ^ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Thailand Third Edition (p. 307). (Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition.)
  12. ^ Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand : A Short History (2nd ed.). Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 974957544X.
  13. ^ Kohn, p. 447.
  14. ^ Dupuy, p. 768.
  15. ^ "Siam, Cambodia, and Laos 1800-1950 by Sanderson Beck".
  16. ^ Stearn, Duncan (25 March 2019). Slices of Thai History: From the curious & controversial to the heroic & hardy. Proglen Trading Co.
  17. ^ Wood, W.A.R. (1924). A History of Siam. London: T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd. pp. 276–277. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  18. ^ Van Roy, Edward (2010). "Safe Haven: Mon Refugees at the Capitals of Siam from the 1500s to the 1800s" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 98: 172–173.
  19. ^ Yon can see Victory monument in bangkok Tucker, World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection p. 649
  20. ^ Fall, p. 22. "On the seas, one old French cruiser sank one-third of the whole Thai fleet ... Japan, seeing that the war was turning against its pupil and ally, imposed its 'mediation' between the two parties."
  21. ^ a b John W. Garver (1 December 2015). China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-0-19-026106-1.
  22. ^ a b A. Dahana (2002). "China Role's in Indonesia's "Crush Malaysia" Campaign". MAKARA of Social Sciences and Humanities Series. Universitas Indonesia. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  23. ^ a b c Mohd. Noor Mat Yazid (2013). "Malaysia-Indonesia Relations Before and After 1965: Impact on Bilateral and Regional Stability" (PDF). Programme of International Relations, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  24. ^ Ching Fatt Yong (1997). The origins of Malayan communism. South Seas Society. ISBN 978-9971-936-12-9.
  25. ^ T. N. Harper; Timothy Norman Harper (9 April 2001). The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00465-7.
  26. ^ Major James M. Kimbrough IV (6 November 2015). Disengaging From Insurgencies: Insights From History And Implications For Afghanistan. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. 88–. ISBN 978-1-78625-345-3.
  27. ^ Geoffrey Jukes (1 January 1973). The Soviet Union in Asia. University of California Press. pp. 302–. ISBN 978-0-520-02393-2.
  28. ^ Kim, Heesu (1996). Anglo-American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953–1960 (PDF) (Thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 213. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  29. ^ Young, Sam Ma (2010). "Israel's Role in the UN during the Korean War" (PDF). Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 4 (3): 81–89. doi:10.1080/23739770.2010.11446616. S2CID 219293462. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015.
  30. ^ "Post-War Warriors: Japanese Combatants in the Korean War". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.
  31. ^ Edles, Laura Desfor (1998). Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain: the transition to democracy after Franco. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0521628853.
  32. ^ a b Edwards, Paul M. (2006). Korean War Almanac. Almanacs of American wars. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 528. ISBN 978-0816074679.
  33. ^ Kocsis, Piroska (2005). "Magyar orvosok Koreában (1950–1957)" [Hungarian physicians in Korea (1950–1957)]. ArchivNet: XX. századi történeti források (in Hungarian). Budapest: Magyar Országos Levéltár. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  34. ^ "Romania's "Fraternal Support" to North Korea during the Korean War, 1950–1953". Wilson Centre. December 2011. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
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