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Member states of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

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The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership is a trade and economic integration agreement that consists of twelve members.[1]

Members of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Location CPTPP
Created
  • 30 December 2018
Number12 (as of 2025)
Populations580 million

Members

[edit]

Below is a breakdown of economic information for each member.[2][3]

Member Entry into force Population Area (km2) GDP ($) Currency
 Australia 30 December 2018 27,629,300 7,688,287 1,898.00bn Australian dollar
 Brunei 12 July 2023 460,345 5,765 15.78bn Brunei dollar
 Canada 30 December 2018 41,465,298 9,984,670 2,582.00bn Canadian dollar
 Chile 21 February 2023 19,629,588 756,102 674.38bn Chilean peso
 Japan 30 December 2018 123,590,000 377,975 6,572.00bn Japanese yen
 Malaysia 29 November 2022 34,564,810 330,803 1,306.00bn Malaysian ringgit
 Mexico 30 December 2018 131,946,900 1,972,550 3,408.00bn Mexican peso
 New Zealand 30 December 2018 5,452,630 263,310 279.18bn New Zealand dollar
 Peru 19 January 2021 34,352,720 1,285,216 566.58bn Puruvian sol
 Singapore 30 December 2018 6,040,000 736 879.98bn Singapore dollar
 United Kingdom 15 December 2024 68,265,209 244,376 4,282.00bn Pound sterling
 Vietnam 14 January 2019 100,300,000 331,345 1,559.00bn Vietnamese dong

Legislative process

[edit]

Summary

[edit]

An overview of the legislative process in selected states is shown below:

Signatory Signature[4] Institution Conclusion date In favour Against AB Deposited Effective Ref.
 Mexico 8 March 2018 Senate 24 April 2018 73 24 28 June 2018 30 December 2018 [5][6][7]
Presidential Assent 21 May 2018 Granted
 Japan 8 March 2018 House of Representatives 18 May 2018 Majority approval (Standing vote) 6 July 2018 30 December 2018 [8][9][10]
House of Councillors 13 June 2018 168 69
 Singapore 8 March 2018 No parliamentary approval required 19 July 2018 30 December 2018 [11][12]
 New Zealand 8 March 2018 House of Representatives 24 October 2018 111 8 25 October 2018 30 December 2018 [13][14]
Royal assent 25 October 2018 Granted
 Canada 8 March 2018 House of Commons 16 October 2018 236 44 1 29 October 2018 30 December 2018 [15][16]
[17][18]
Senate 25 October 2018 Majority approval (Voice vote)
Royal assent 25 October 2018 Granted
 Australia 8 March 2018 House of Representatives 19 September 2018 Majority approval (Standing vote) 31 October 2018 30 December 2018 [19][20][21]
[22][23]
Senate 17 October 2018 33 15
Royal assent 19 October 2018 Granted
 Vietnam 8 March 2018 National Assembly 12 November 2018 469 0 16 15 November 2018 14 January 2019 [24][25][26]
 Peru 8 March 2018 Congress 14 July 2021 97 0 9 21 July 2021 19 September 2021 [27][28]
 Malaysia 8 March 2018 Cabinet of Malaysia 30 September 2022 29 November 2022 [29][30]
[31][32]
 Chile 8 March 2018 Chamber of Deputies 17 April 2019 77 68 2 23 December 2022 21 February 2023 [33][34]
[35][36]
Senate 11 October 2022 27 10 1
 Brunei 8 March 2018 No parliamentary approval required 13 May 2023 12 July 2023 [37][38]

The following country has signed an accession protocol to accede to CPTPP.

Signatory Application Negotiations Signature Institution Passed In favour Against AB Deposited Effective Ref.
 United Kingdom 1 February 2021 Opened 2 June 2021 16 July 2023 House of Lords 23 January 2024 Majority approval (Voice vote) 17 May 2024 15 December 2024 [39][40][41]
[42][43][44]
Concluded 31 March 2023 House of Commons 19 March 2024 Majority approval (Voice vote)
Royal assent 20 March 2024 Granted

Ratifications

[edit]

On 28 June 2018, Mexico became the first country to finish its domestic ratification procedure of the CPTPP, with President Enrique Peña Nieto stating, "With this new generation agreement, Mexico diversifies its economic relations with the world and demonstrates its commitment to openness and free trade".[5][6]

On 6 July 2018, Japan became the second country to ratify the agreement.[8][45]

On 19 July 2018, Singapore became the third country to ratify the agreement and deposit its instrument of ratification.[11][46]

On 17 October 2018, the Australian Federal Parliament passed relevant legislation through the Senate.[47] The official ratification was deposited on 31 October 2018. This two-week gap made Australia the sixth signatory to deposit its ratification of the agreement, and it came into force 60 days later.[21]

On 25 October 2018, New Zealand ratified the CPTPP, increasing the number of countries that had formally ratified the agreement to four.[14]

Also on 25 October 2018, Canada passed and was granted royal assent on the enabling legislation.[17] The official ratification was deposited on 29 October 2018.[15][16][18]

On 2 November 2018, the CPTPP and related documents were submitted to the National Assembly of Vietnam for ratification.[48] On 12 November 2018, the National Assembly passed a resolution unanimously ratifying the CPTPP.[49] The Vietnamese government officially notified New Zealand of its ratification on 15 November 2018.[24]

On 14 July 2021, the CPTPP was approved by the Congress of the Republic of Peru. The official ratification was deposited on 21 July 2021.[27]

On 30 September 2022, Malaysia ratified the CPTPP and deposited its instrument of ratification.[32][31]

On 17 April 2019, the CPTPP was approved by the Chamber of Deputies of Chile. The final round of approval in the Senate was scheduled for November 2019, after being approved by its Commission of Constitution.[50] However, due to a series of massive protests against the government of Sebastián Piñera, the ratification process was paused. Only in 2022, the ratification process was resumed after a new Congress and a new President were elected. Despite the public opposition of Gabriel Boric to the treaty before his election as President, the new administration did not interfere in the voting. The CPTPP was approved in the Senate with 27 votes in favor (mainly from the right-wing opposition and some center-left politicians) and 10 against, mostly by members of the ruling coalition.[51] The treaty was deposited on 23 December, once several side letters were negotiated with the other signatories in specific topics considered harmful by the Chilean government.[52] On 23 February 2023, Boric ratified Chile's entry to TPP-11.[53]

On 13 May 2023, Brunei ratified the CPTPP and deposited its instrument of ratification.[37]

Entry into force

[edit]

The agreement came into effect 60 days after ratification and deposit of accession documents by at least half the signatories (six of the eleven signatories).[54] Australia was the sixth country to ratify the agreement, which was deposited with New Zealand on 31 October 2018, and consequently the agreement came into force between Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Singapore on 30 December 2018.[12]

On 1 January 2019, Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, and Singapore implemented a second round of tariff cuts. Japan's second tariff cut took place on 1 April 2019.[18]

On 15 November 2018, Vietnam deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Vietnam on 14 January 2019.[18][24][55]

On 21 July 2021, Peru deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Peru on 19 September 2021.[27]

On 30 September 2022, Malaysia deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Malaysia on 29 November 2022.[56]

On 23 December 2022, Chile deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Chile on 21 February 2023.[53]

On 13 May 2023, Brunei deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force in Brunei on 12 July 2023.[38]

Accession of the United Kingdom

[edit]
Main article: Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP
  CPTPP Signatories
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories

Background

[edit]

In January 2018, the government of the United Kingdom stated that it was exploring membership of the CPTPP to stimulate exports after Brexit and had held informal discussions with several of the members.[57] In October 2018, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said he would welcome the United Kingdom joining the partnership post-Brexit.[58]Liz Truss, the UK Secretary of State for Trade, expressed in a joint Daily Telegraph article with Simon Birmingham, David Parker, and Chan Chun Sing, the trade ministers of Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore, the intent of the United Kingdom to join the CPTPP.[59]

On 1 February 2021, the United Kingdom formally applied to join CPTPP.[60] The UK is the first non-founding country to apply to join the CPTPP. If successful, Britain would become the second-largest CPTPP economy, after Japan.[61] Japan had expressed support for the UK's potential entry into CPTPP in 2018,[62] and as 4th CPTPP Commission (2021) chair, Japan's minister in charge of negotiations on the trade pact, Yasutoshi Nishimura, expressed hope on Twitter that Britain will "demonstrate its strong determination to fully comply with high-standard obligations" of the free trade accord, and mentioned that "I believe that the UK's accession request will have a great potential to expand the high-standard rules beyond the Asia-Pacific."[63]

In June 2021, the CPTPP agreed to open accession talks. A working group was established to discuss tariffs and rules governing investment and trade, led by Japan.[64]

By March 2023, the United Kingdom was set to join the CPTPP, as the 11 members had reached an agreement to Britain's accession.[65][66][67] The UK government also announced it had secured an extension mechanism, which could extend the whole agreement to any Crown Dependency or British Overseas Territory.[68] On the same day, Guernsey and Jersey confirmed their intentions to participate in CPTPP.[69][70] In May 2023, a UK government spokesman confirmed that "the deal will cover goods trade between the Crown Dependencies and CPTPP countries, with a mechanism to include trade in services in future."[71]

The United Kingdom formally signed the CPTPP trade deal during the 7th CPTPP Commission - or members ministerial meeting - in New Zealand on 16 July 2023, becoming the first non-original signatory and European country to sign the agreement.[72][73]

Ratification Timeline

[edit]
  • The agreement would enter into force if, within 15 months of signing the agreement, all or at least six (6) CPTPP members have ratified the accession protocol.[74][75]
  • On 29 August 2024, the UK announced it had secured the final ratification required to join the CPTPP.[76]
  • The agreement entered into force on 15 December 2024 for those countries which had ratified the agreement before 16 October 2024.[74][75][76]

Ratifiers

[edit]

Before 16 October 2024

[edit]

For those countries who ratified the accession protocol before 16 October 2024, the agreement entered into force from 15 December 2024:

  •  Japan: Fully ratified the UK's accession and notified New Zealand on 15 December 2023.[77]
  •  Singapore: Fully ratified the UK's accession and notified New Zealand on 17 January 2024.[78]
  •  Chile: Fully ratified the UK's accession and notified New Zealand on 3 April 2024.[78]
  •  United Kingdom: Fully ratified its own accession and notified New Zealand on 16 May 2024.[78]
  •  New Zealand: Fully ratified the UK's accession on 4 June 2024.[77]
  •  Vietnam: Fully ratified the UK's accession and notified New Zealand on 1 August 2024.[78]
  •  Peru: Fully ratified the accession of the UK and notified New Zealand on 28 August 2024.[79][80]
  •  Malaysia: Fully ratified the accession of the UK and notified New Zealand on 17 September 2024.[81][82]
  •  Brunei: Fully ratified the accession of the UK and notified New Zealand on 16 October 2024.[83][84]

After 16 October 2024

[edit]

For those countries who ratified the accession protocol after 16 October 2024, the agreement entered into force 60 days after ratification:

  •  Australia: Fully ratified the accession of the UK and notified New Zealand on 25 October 2024; trade between Australia and the UK became covered by CPTPP from 24 December 2024.[83]

Unratified

[edit]

As of December 2024, the following countries are yet to ratify the UK's accession protocol. The agreement will apply to them 60 days after they ratify:[83]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ thomasbeard (5 September 2024). "The UK is set to join CPTPP". Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
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