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Mohammed Merah

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Mohammed Merah
Born(1988-10-10)10 October 1988[1]
Toulouse, France
Died22 March 2012(2012-03-22) (aged 23)[2]
Toulouse, France
CitizenshipFrance[3]
OccupationMechanic
OrganizationAl-Qaeda[4]
Parent(s)Zoulika Aziri (mother)
Mohamed Benalel Merah (father)[5]
RelativesTwo brothers, two sisters

Mohammed Merah (Arabic: محمد مراح; 10 October 1988 – 22 March 2012) was a French jihadist who admitted to killing seven people, including three children, in several shootings in southwestern France in March 2012.[6][7][8][9] He was killed following a police siege and standoff.

Biography

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Quartier Bellefontaine in Toulouse

Merah was born on 10 October 1988 to French parents of Algerian origin.[7][8] His parents divorced when he was five.[10] He was raised, along with his two brothers and sisters, by their single mother in a "tough part of Toulouse".[11] As a minor, he was described as having "a violent profile from childhood and behavioural troubles".[12]

Merah was described as a polite and loner youth. He was arrested numerous times as a youth, mostly for petty crimes such as purse-snatching.[11] He was first arrested in 2005 and served two short prison terms; the first was 18 months in 2007-08 for aggravated robbery,[10] and the second was in 2009. His convictions reportedly included thefts and driving offences.[13] According to his friends, Merah never went to the mosque, although his family had been traditionally Muslim.[14] He was known to French authorities because of his travels to Afghanistan and Pakistan, which were on various watch lists.[15]

After the shootings, French TV station M6 published a 2006 French intelligence document. It said that Merah was a member of the Islamist jihadist movement Forsane Alliza, a French organisation with a cluster of followers in Toulouse who are suspected of inciting violence and terrorism.[16] The French government outlawed the Forsane Alizza organization because it was encouraging citizens to travel to Afghanistan to fight jihad.[17] The lawyer for the group, speaking after the shootings, denied claims that the leader of the group had any connections with Merah.[17] French intelligence described Merah as having the "ability to travel and furnish logistic assistance to other militants."[16] The document revealed that Merah was under surveillance since 2006.[18] Police have been investigating whether Merah acted alone in planning his attacks.

On 25 December 2008, Merah tried to commit suicide by hanging.[14] A subsequent psychiatric report described Merah as polar narcissistic, noting his slicked-back hair and high interest in personal grooming and designer clothes. Merah was described as a polar introvert. The psychiatrist stated Merah's "mood is stable" but that he "recently had dark thoughts"[10] and spoke of "suicidal intentions." He found Merah to be "anxious" and "introverted" but not "psychologically disturbed".[19] He said Merah exhibited "neurotic fragility owing to the departure of his father and lack of supervision on his mother's part."[10] Merah had a history of psychological problems.[20]

French intelligence officials have suggested he had a double life or even a split personality, which allowed him to party in nightclubs and drink alcohol with acquaintances who were unaware of his arsenal of weapons, visits to Afghanistan and Pakistan, and attack plans. He had been married but separated from his wife.[21]

In January 2008, Merah tried to join the French Army, but was rejected because of his criminal past. In July 2010, he went to the recruitment centre of the Foreign Legion and stayed overnight, but left before he could be evaluated.[22]

According to declassified documents from the DCRI (French domestic intelligence), Merah and his older brother Abdelkader had been placed under surveillance in late 2009 after they traveled to Egypt, where Merah went to learn Arabic. In 2010, he was identified as a "new recruit" in radical Islamist circles. The DCRI questioned him after he returned from a visit to Pakistan.[23]

French media reported that in 2010 Merah had forced a neighbour's boy to watch graphic war videos from Afghanistan and beat up the boy's sister after the mother intervened.[12] Bernard Squarcini said that Merah "appeared on radars" when arrested in Kandahar, Afghanistan in December 2010, while visiting as a "tourist." He was followed officially by French intelligence after his return from Pakistan in 2011.[18]

The French newspaper JDD reported Merah's friends described him as a "nice guy" who "got on well with everyone".[12] His friends found him sometimes devout, but Merah would also go clubbing.[11] One friend commented that Merah identified "more with Islam than with France."[24] Another friend said that Merah had been seen in a Toulouse night club three weeks before the attacks.[7] Merah had also traveled to Geneva, Switzerland on a skiing trip with two friends a month before the attacks. He allegedly bought a GoPro video camera there which he used to film his attacks.[25]

According to Merah's lawyer, he was sentenced to a month in prison on 24 February 2012 after driving without a driving licence, and was due before the judge again in April.[26] Merah had reportedly split from his wife days before the shootings.[27][28] He was unemployed at the time of the shootings after having worked as a coachbuilder.[29]

Toulouse and Montauban shootings

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Main article: Toulouse and Montauban shootings
Map of March 2012 attacks in Toulouse and Montauban, and scarlet Vigipirate area, in France

Filming

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Merah filmed all of the killings using a GoPro camera strapped to his body.[7][15] He made a video of them set to music and verses of the Koran.[30] He sent the video to news agency Al Jazeera.[31] After a request from French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Al Jazeera decided against airing the video.[32] One video shows Merah shooting two French Muslim[33] soldiers in Montauban, and shouting Allahu Akbar.[34]

Motivation

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Prior to the identification of Merah as the attacker, French President Nicolas Sarkozy said that the anti-semitic nature of the Jewish school attack appeared obvious.[35] After Merah was identified, Sarkozy stated that "the Islamic faith has nothing to do with the insane motivations of this man,"[36] and others have repeated this view.[37][38] Merah admitted anti-Semitic motivations for his attack during the siege with police.[39]

Some media have described Merah as an "Islamic terrorist".[40][34][41] Merah said that he resented France's ban on women wearing the burqa, and that "the Jews have killed our brothers and sisters in Palestine."[42]

He also wanted to avenge the French Army's involvement in the war in Afghanistan.[43][42] An editor at France 24 reported that Merah told him that these acts were not only necessary, but that they were to "uphold the honour of Islam".[44] During the murders, Merah said, "you killed my brothers, I kill you."[15][45] Journalist Ed West described this as an expression of tribalism, not religion.[37][46]

Abdelghani Merah in Strasbourg

Mohammed Merah's older brother, Abdelghani, said that Mohammed was raised in an "atmosphere of racism and hatred." He blamed his family for Mohammed's attraction to extremist Islamism and antisemitism. Merah's sister Souad said, "I am proud of my brother. He fought until the end... Jews, and all those who massacre Muslims, I detest them."[47] Abdelghani stated that, during their childhood, their mother frequently stated that Arabs were born to hate Jews, and that there may be more "Mohammed Merahs" if families were allowed to teach such hatred.[48] In 2003, Mohammed stabbed Abdelghani seven times as the latter refused to give up his Jewish girlfriend.[47]

Façade of Mohammed Merah's apartment after the RAID assault

Dan Bilefsky linked Merah's anger to the high unemployment and alienation of young immigrants in France, and said this affected his development as a self-styled jihadist.[24] Canadian journalist Rosie DiManno argued that Merah was motivated neither by religion nor the treatment of immigrants in France. She noted that while Merah had familial links with militant Islam (his mother was married to the father of Sabri Essid, who was arrested in 2007 at an al-Qaeda safe house in Syria for militants en route to Iraq), there was no evidence that Merah was involved with militant groups or even any religious congregation. DiManno characterized Merah as a sociopath who "sought posthumous grandeur" and adopted a terror agenda as a cover for his pre-existing rage.[49]

Journalist Paul Sheehan attacked what he called progressives going into overdrive to "dissociate the violence from Islam" when it was revealed the killer was a Muslim who supported al-Qaeda. He observed that Merah had dubbed his film of the shootings with verses from the Koran invoking jihad and the greatness of Islam before he mailed it to Al-Jazeera. Merah had studied the Koran while in prison. Sheehan argues that Merah specifically targeted Muslim soldiers and Jews in a premeditated attack.[50] President Sarkozy's intelligence adviser stated that Merah did not originally target the Jewish school, but attacked it only after arriving too late to ambush a soldier nearby.[51]

According to Christian Etelin, Merah's lawyer since he was 16, Merah was suffering from "psychological difficulties". Etelin stated that Merah was abandoned by his father as a child, and there were reports that he split with his wife days before the attacks.[27][28] Etelin denied that Merah was an Islamist. He said that Merah could have committed the shootings in an episode of "paranoid schizophrenia during which he completely disconnected from reality."[19] Bernard Squarcini, the head of DRCI (France's domestic intelligence agency), stated, "you have to go back to his broken childhood and psychiatric troubles. To carry out what he did smacks more of a medical problem and fantasy than a simple jihadist trajectory."[52]

Intelligence documents later showed Mohamed Merah had made more than 1,800 calls to over 180 contacts in 20 different countries, in addition to having made several trips to the Middle East and Afghanistan. Haaretz reported that these facts cast doubt on Squarcini's view of Merah as a solitary figure who was not part of a terrorist network.[53][54]

Burial

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According to older brother Abdelghani, when Merah's body was brought home, members of the local terrorist community visited the family to praise his actions and they cried tears of joy. Their only regret was that Merah had not killed more Jews.[55] Merah was buried on 29 March 2012 in the Muslim section of the Cornebarrieu cemetery, near Toulouse.[56] About 50 people attended, including the imam.[57]

References

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  1. ^ "Tuerie Toulouse: voici le portrait du suspect". RTL.BE. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  2. ^ "Mohamed Merah est mort dans l'assaut du RAID". Le Monde (in French). 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  3. ^ "Pourquoi Alger a refusé l'enterrement de Merah en Algérie", Le Monde (in French), 29 March 2012
  4. ^ "No evidence French gunman had ties to Al Qaeda, official says", Fox News. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  5. ^ Toulouse gunman's father plans to sue France over son's death National Post
  6. ^ "Toulouse Suspect Was Petty Criminal Turned Jihadist, Police Say". Bloomberg.com. 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
  7. ^ a b c d "Raid on Toulouse shooting suspect". BBC News. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  8. ^ a b Wardrop, Murray (21 March 2012). "Toulouse siege: live". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  9. ^ Sayare, Scott (23 March 2012). "Toulouse standoff ends with questions". International Herald Tribune. Toulouse, France. p. 1.
  10. ^ a b c d "Psychiatric report: Merah was narcissistic, suicidal". 23 March 2012.
  11. ^ a b c Oliver Moore (22 March 2012). "Mohammed Merah: petty criminal, part-time jihadist, polite but a loner". Globe and Mail. Canada.
  12. ^ a b c "Obituary: Toulouse gunman Mohammed Merah". BBC News. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  13. ^ France gunman goes down shooting. CBS News (22 March 2012). Retrieved on 30 March 2012.
  14. ^ a b "The making of a jihadi killer". 25 March 2012.
  15. ^ a b c "French police in talks with besieged suspect". Al Jazeera. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  16. ^ a b "19 arrested in French police raids, Sarkozy says". CNN. 30 March 2012.
  17. ^ a b "Lawyer: French Islamist group had no link with Toulouse gunman". CNN. 31 March 2012.
  18. ^ a b "French police crack down on radical Islamists". JPost. 2012-04-01. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  19. ^ a b Nicholas Vinocur (30 March 2012). "In Toulouse suburb, "scooter killer" is "one of us"". Reuters. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  20. ^ "French police swoop nets Islamist militant suspects". Sydney Morning Herald. 31 March 2012.
  21. ^ "French gunman had split with wife". Herald Sun. Australia. 29 March 2012.
  22. ^ "Mohamed Merah a tenté deux fois de s'engager dans l'armée" at Liberation.fr
  23. ^ "French intelligence watched Merah for years". Ynetnews. 9 August 2012.
  24. ^ a b "Toulouse Killer's Path to Radicalism a Bitter Puzzle". New York Times. 29 March 2012.
  25. ^ Meier, Jean-Claude (26 March 2012). "Merah aurait fait du shopping à Genève". Le Matin. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  26. ^ Samuel, Henry (21 March 2012). "Toulouse shooting: 'no change' in Mohammed Merah's behaviour before attacks". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  27. ^ a b "French killer Merah 'a lone wolf'". The Irish Times. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  28. ^ a b "French shooter was 'abandoned child,' attorney says". Boston Globe. 29 March 2012.
  29. ^ "Mohamed Merah n'aurait pas été détenu en Afghanistan". Le Monde (in French) (21 March 2012). Retrieved on 30 March 2012.
  30. ^ "Video montage set to music of French killings". The Australian. AFP. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  31. ^ "Al Jazeera receives video footage of Toulouse attacks". France24. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  32. ^ "Al-Jazeera opts not to air Merah shootings video". BBC News. 27 March 2012.
  33. ^ "En tuant des militaires musulmans français, Merah a tué son double".
  34. ^ a b Campbell, Matthew (26 March 2012). "Terrorist Mohamed Merah found his inner jihadi in prison". The Australian. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  35. ^ "Sarkozy on Toulouse attack: Anti-Semitic motivation appears obvious". Ynetnews. Ynet. 2012-03-20. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  36. ^ Mohammed Merah Toulouse Killings 'Had Nothing To Do With Islam' Sarkozy Says, The Huffington Post UK. Accessed: 1 June 2012.
  37. ^ a b "How Islam became a scapegoat for the problems of immigration". The Daily Telegraph. 28 March 2012. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012.
  38. ^ Tariq Ramadan. "THE LESSON OF MOHAMED MERAH".
  39. ^ "3 hurt in apparent anti-Semitic attack in France". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  40. ^ Edward Cody (23 March 2012). "Mohammed Merah, face of the new terrorism". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  41. ^ YAAKOV LAPPIN. "Toulouse gunman visited Israel in 2010". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  42. ^ a b "Fusillades: opération policière à Toulouse". INFOSSOCIÉTÉ. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  43. ^ "Siege of French Gunman Into Second Day". Sky News. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  44. ^ "World News: French terrorist suspect Merah: Who was he?". EuroNews. NEWSY. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  45. ^ "French killings suspect dies shooting at police, authorities say". CNN. 15 March 2012. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  46. ^ Mustafa Akyol. "Yet Another Not-So-Pious Al Qaeda Terrorist". Huffington Post.
  47. ^ a b "How my hate-filled family spawned Merah the monster". Independent. 2012-11-12. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  48. ^ "Abdelghani Merah a "piégé" sa sœur pour dénoncer l'antisémitisme de sa famille". Le Monde.fr. Le Monde. 2012-11-12. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  49. ^ DiManno, Rosie (25 March 2012). "Toulouse killings: Merah no poster boy for scary jihadists, DiManno says". Toronto Star.
  50. ^ Paul Sheehan (29 March 2012). "It's wrong to make victim of child killer". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  51. ^ Jamey Keaten (23 March 2012). "No sign French shooting suspect had al-Qaeda ties: official". Globe and Mail. Canada.
  52. ^ Paul Cruickshank and Tim Lister (26 March 2012). "How did Mohammed Merah become a jihadist?". CNN.
  53. ^ "Mohamed Merah, un loup pas si solitaire". Le Monde. 2012-08-23. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  54. ^ "haaretz.com/news/world/report-toulouse-gunman-mohamed-merah-was-not-a-lone-wolf-1.460381". Haaretz. 2012-08-23. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  55. ^ "Persistent Muslim anti-Semitism is threatening France's democracy". Newsweek. 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2017-11-25. Abdelghani also revealed, at the time, that "when the medical examiner brought [his] brother's corpse home, people came over. They cried tears of joy. They said that he had brought France to its knees. That he did well. Their only regret was that he had not killed more Jewish children."
  56. ^ "French gunman Mohamed Merah buried in cemetery near Toulouse". BBC News. BBC. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  57. ^ de Mallevoüe, Delphine (30 March 2012). "Merah a été inhumé sans que sa mère ne le revoie". Le Figaro. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
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