Northern Selkup language
| Northern Selkup | |
|---|---|
| шöйӄумый эты šöľqumyt əty | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsky Krai |
| Ethnicity | northern Selkups (ʃølʲqup) |
Native speakers | 600 (2019–2024)[1] |
| Cyrillic | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
1oo | |
| Glottolog | tazz1244 |
| ELP | Northern Selkup |
 Distribution of Selkup dialects | |
 Northern Selkup is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Northern Selkup is a variety of Selkup spoken in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia, by about 600 people. Despite institutional support and grassroots activism, its future "appears gloomy".[2] Some villages have parents transmitting it to their children, but not most.
Classification
[edit]It is considered to be a dialect of a greater Selkup language by most Russian sources, but an individual language by others. According to lexicostatistics, it can be considered to be an individual language.[3] The Endangered Languages Project states that the differences between the Selkup dialects are "comparable to those between, for example, Ket, Yug, and Pumpokol".[4]
Dialects
[edit]
The dialect classification of Northern Selkup is as follows:[5][6]
- Northern Selkup
- Taz
- Upper
- Middle
- Turukhansk
- Baikha (Baisha)
- Karasino
- Tol'ka
- Vakhov
- Taz
The full list of dialects is Upper Taz (around 250 speakers), Middle Taz (about 120 speakers), Baixa and Turukhan (about 40 speakers), and Jeloguj (1 speaker). Both Taz dialects are used in education.[5]
History
[edit]Northern Selkup developed from a 17th-century offshoot of the Tym dialect of Central Selkup.[7]
Phonology
[edit]There are 25 vowel and 16 consonant phonemes in the Taz dialect.
| Labial | Dental | Palatal(ized) | Velar | Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n | nʲ | ŋ | (ɴ) |
| Plosives | p | t | tʲ | k | q |
| Fricatives | (f) | s | ʃʲ | (x) | (χ) |
| Trills | r | (ʀ) | |||
| Laterals | l | lʲ | |||
| Approximant | w | j |
- Voicing is not phonemic. Stops and fricatives may be voiced between vowels or after sonorant consonants.
- The palatalized stop and fricative /tʲ/, /ʃʲ/ are most typically rendered as an alveolo-palatal affricate [tɕ] and fricative [ɕ]. Depending on the speaker, the former can be also realized as the stop [tʲ], the latter as a non-palatalized fricative, postalveolar [ʃ] or retroflex [ʂ].
- Before front vowels, palatalized variants of other consonants are also found.
- [ɴ] and [ʀ] are allophones of /q/ when occurring before nasals and liquids, respectively.
- The non-coronal stops /p/, /k/, /q/ have optional fricative allophones [f], [x], [χ] when occurring before /s/ or /ʃʲ/.
- Across morpheme boundaries, sandhi is widespread. This also occurs in all other dialects.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| Tense | Close | i, iː | y, yː | ɨ, ɨː | u, | uː |
| Mid | e, eː | ø, øː | ɘ, ɘː | o, oː | ||
| Open | æ, æː | a, aː | ||||
| Lax | Close | ɪ, ɪː | [ɪ̈ ~ ə] | |||
| Mid | ɛ, ɛː | ɔː | ||||
- Vowel length is phonemic. /ɔː/ alone, deriving from proto-Selkup */aː/, has no short counterpart.
- The tenseness contrast, an innovation of northern Selkup, is independent of length (e.g. /i/, /iː/, /ɪ/, /ɪː/ all contrast).
- The full range of vowel quality contrasts is only possible in the initial syllable of a word: in later syllables, /e/ /ø/ /ɘ/ /y/ /ɨ/ of either length do not occur, nor does long /uː/. (Shown on a darker gray background.)
- The non-phonemic lax central vowel [ɪ̈ ~ ə] only occurs in unstressed non-first syllables; it is normally treated equivalent with short tense /ɨ/.
- Certain vowels cannot occur before certain consonsnts. For example, /i/, /iː/, /e/, /eː/ do not occur after /t/, /q/, /n/, /l/.[5]
Stress
[edit]Stress in Selkup varies considerably from dialect to dialect for certain words,
Stress in Selkup is rarely phonemic. Some examples are [ˈkɨkɨ-tɨʎ] 'wanted, wanting'—[ˈkɨ-ˈkɨtɨʎ] 'riverless', and [ˈyr-t-æʃʲ] 'make fat'—[yr-ˈt-æʃʲ] 'lose'.[5]
Orthography
[edit]Pre-literate period
[edit]The Selkups, before the introduction of writing, used a rudimentary way of recording numbers; individual lines for units, crosses for tens, and stars for hundreds, as well as the usage of tamgas.[9]
Latin script
[edit]In 1931, the first Northern Selkup alphabet, in the Latin script, was developed.[10]
A a, B в, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ə ə, G g, Ƣ ƣ, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Ɵ ɵ, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ʒ ʒ, Ь ь, Æ æ
In the end, however, it was slightly modified. This version is the one in which literature was published in.
| A a | Ā ā | B ʙ | Ç ç | D d | E e | Ə ə | Æ æ | F f | G g | H h | I i |
| Ь ь | J j | K k | L l | Ļ ļ | M m | N n | Ņ ņ | Ŋ ŋ | O o | Ɵ ɵ | P p |
| Q q | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | Ţ ţ | U u | W w | Y y | Z z |
The Middle Taz dialect was chosen as the base due to a large speaker base and minimal influence from Russian.[9] Letters D d, F f, and H h were only used in loanwords.
The primer Ņarqь wəttь uses Ꞓ ꞓ and Ꞩ ꞩ instead of Ç ç and Ş ş.[11]
Cyrillic script
[edit]In 1937, the alphabet, like all those of the languages of the Soviet Union, was transliterated into Cyrillic. The first such alphabet took the form of the Russian alphabet, with the extra letters аʼ, нг, оʼ, оа, уʼ, эʼ.[12] Books were first published in this alphabet in 1940.
The next alphabet was introduced in 1953, in a primer. The alphabet itself took the form of the Russian alphabet with the extra letters еʼ, кʼ, нʼ, уʼ.[13]
Following this, the only other literature in Northern Selkup until the 1980s was two songs in the collection "Северные россыпи", published in 1962.[12]
Writing in the Northern Selkup language was revived in 1986 with the publication of a primer in the Middle Taz dialect, which was followed by other literature. Teaching was also resumed. The first dictionary, published in 1988, used the following alphabet.[14]
А а, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ё ё, Ж ж, З з, И и, й, К к, Ӄ ӄ, Л л, М м, Н н, Ӈ ӈ, О о, Ө ө, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Ӱ ӱ, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, ъ, Ы ы, ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я
The letters Ӧ ӧ and Ә ә were introduced later.[15]
Since the 2000s, with the introduction of the letters Ӓ ӓ and І і, the alphabet has taken the following form.[16]
| А а | Ӓ ӓ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ә ә | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з |
| И и | І і | Й й | К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | М м | Н н | Ӈ ӈ | O o | Ө ө |
| Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ӱ ӱ | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч |
| Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Vowel length is indicated by a macron. Letters Б б, Г г, Д д, Ж ж, З з, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Щ щ, Ъ ъ are only found in loanwords from Russian.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ "Северноселькупский | Малые языки России". minlang.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
- ^ Abondolo 2023, pp. 107–108.
- ^ "Самодийские языки". jazykirf.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
- ^ "Did you know Northern Selkup is endangered?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
- ^ a b c d Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena, eds. (2022). The oxford guide to the uralic languages. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
- ^ Alatalo, Jarmo; Donner, Kai; Sirelius, Uuno Taavi (2004). Sölkupisches Wörterbuch. Lexica societatis fenno-ugricae. Suomalais-ugrilainen seura. Helsinki: Société finno-ougrienne. ISBN 978-952-5150-76-6.
- ^ Abondolo 2023, pp. 108.
- ^ Helimski 1998, pp. 551–552.
- ^ a b Прокофьев, Г.Н. (1937). Языки и письменность народов Севера Языки и письменность самоедских и финно-угорских народов (in Russian). Государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство.
- ^ "НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека". rusneb.ru - Национальная электронная библиотека (in Russian). Retrieved 2025-01-19.
- ^ Prokofjewa, E.; Прокофьева, Е. Д. (2014-06-12). "Ņarqь wəttь : posukoļ şɵļ qumьļ togьļtьpsātьļ nəkьr". Leningrad : Ucpedgiz, 1932.
- ^ a b Macconnell, Grant D.; Mihalʹčenko, Vida-Ona Ûozovna (2003). Pisʹmennye âzyki mira: âzyki Rossijskoj Federacii sociolingvističeskaâ ènciklopediâ. Moskva: Academia. ISBN 978-5-87444-191-3.
- ^ Прокофьева, Е. Д.; Prokofʹevа, E. D. (2014-06-12). "Букварь : для подготовительного класса селькупской начальной школы". Москва ; Ленинград : Государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство Министерства просвещения РСФСР, 1953.
- ^ Irikov, Sergej I., ed. (1988). Slovar' sel'kupsko-russkij i russko-sel'kupskij: okolo 4000 slov ; posobie dlja učaščichsja načal'noj školy (PDF). Leningrad: Prosveščenie. ISBN 978-5-09-000101-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 29, 2023.
- ^ Irikov, S. I. (1997). Bukvarʹ dli︠a︡ 1 klassa selʹkupskikh shkol (Izd. 3., dor ed.). Sankt-Peterburg: Otd-nie izd-va "Prosveshchenie". ISBN 978-5-09-002402-0.
- ^ Kuznecova, A. I., ed. (2002). Sel'kupskij jazyk: učebnoe posobie dlja pedagogičeskich kolledžej i vysšich učebnych zavedenij. Sankt-Peterburg: Filial izd. "Prosveščenie". ISBN 978-5-09-005259-7.
- ^ Гашилов, А.И. (2008). Тематический словарь селькупского языка. Санкт-Петербург: Дрофа. ISBN 978-5-94745-241-9.
Sources
[edit]- Helimski, Eugene (1998). "Selkup". In Abondolo, David (ed.). The Uralic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 548–579. ISBN 0-415-08198-X.
- Abondolo, Daniel Mario (2023). The Uralic Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi (2nd ed.). Milton: Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-317-23097-7.
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