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Orders of magnitude (pressure)

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This article is about static pressure. For sound pressure see orders of magnitude (sound pressure)

This is a tabulated listing of the orders of magnitude in relation to pressure expressed in pascals. psi values, prefixed with + and -, denote values relative to Earth's sea level standard atmospheric pressure (psig); otherwise, psia is assumed.

Magnitude Pressure lbf/in2 or dB Item
10−17 Pa
 10 aPa Pressure in outer space in intergalactic voids[1][2]
10−15 Pa
 1–10 fPa Pressure in outer space between stars in the Milky Way[1][3]
10−12 Pa
 < 1 pPa Lowest pressure obtained in laboratory conditions[4]
10−10 Pa
40 pPa Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar day,[5] very approximately (4×10−11 Pa)[citation needed]
10−10 Pa
 < 100 pPa Extreme-high vacuum[6]
100 pPa Atmosphere of Mercury, very approximately (1×10−10 Pa)[7]
300 pPa Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar night,[5] very approximately (3×10−10 Pa)[8]
10−9 Pa
 < 1 nPa Vacuum expected in the beam pipe of the Large Hadron Collider's ATLAS experiment[9] (operates at a pressure of 1 nPa to 10 nPa)[10]
~1 nPa Approximate solar wind pressure at Earth's distance from the Sun[11] (variable)[citation needed]
10−8 Pa
 10 nPa Pressure inside a vacuum chamber for laser cooling of atoms (magneto-optical trap)[12]
10–700 nPa Atmospheric pressure in low Earth orbit, around 500 km altitude[13][14]
10−7 Pa
 100 nPa Highest pressure still considered ultra-high vacuum[15][16]
10−6 Pa
 0.1 - 10 μPa Pressure inside a cathode ray tube (approximate)[17][18]
1 μPa Reference pressure for sound in water[19]
1 μPa Pressure inside a vacuum tube (very approximate)[citation needed]
10−5 Pa
 10 μPa Radiation pressure of sunlight on a perfectly reflecting surface at the distance of the Earth.[20]
20 μPa 0 dB Reference pressure for sound in air[21]
±20 μPa 0 dB Threshold of human hearing[21]
10−4 Pa
10−3 Pa
 1–100 mPa Vacuum pressures used for molecular distillation[22]
10−2 Pa
10−1 Pa
 100 mPa Upper limit of high vacuum[15][23]
~200 mPa Atmospheric pressure on Pluto (1988 figure; very roughly)[24]
1 Pa
 1 Pa Pressure exerted by a US dollar bill resting flat on a surface[25]
1 Pa Upper limit of molecular distillation, where the mean free path of molecules is larger than the equipment size[citation needed]
10 Pa
 10 Pa Pressure increase per millimeter of a water column at Earth mean sea level[26]
10 Pa Pressure due to direct impact of a gentle breeze (~9 mph or 14 km/h)[27][28][29]
86 Pa Pressure from the weight of a U.S. penny lying flat[30]
102 Pa
 100 Pa Pressure due to direct impact of a strong breeze (~28 mph or 45 km/h)[27][28][31]
120 Pa Pressure from the weight of a U.S. quarter lying flat[32][33]
133 Pa 1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg[34]
±200 Pa ~140 dB Threshold of pain pressure level for sound where prolonged exposure may lead to hearing loss[citation needed]
±300 Pa ±0.043 psi Lung air pressure difference moving the normal breaths of a person (only 0.3% of standard atmospheric pressure)[35][36]
400–900 Pa 0.06–0.13 psi Atmospheric pressure on Mars, < 1% of atmospheric sea-level pressure on Earth[37]
610 Pa 0.089 psi Partial vapor pressure at the triple point of water (611.657 Pa)[38][39]
103 Pa
 1–10 kPa Typical explosion peak overpressure needed to break glass windows (approximate)[40]
2 kPa Pressure of popping popcorn (very approximate)[41][42]
2.6 kPa 0.38 psi Pressure at which water boils at room temperature (22 °C) (20 mmHg)[43]
5 kPa 0.8 psi Blood pressure fluctuation (40 mmHg) between heartbeats for a typical healthy adult[44][45]
6.3 kPa 0.9 psi Pressure where water boils at normal human body temperature (37 °C), the pressure below which humans absolutely cannot survive (Armstrong limit)[46]
+9.8 kPa +1.4 psi Lung pressure that a typical person can exert (74 mmHg)[47]
104 Pa
 10 kPa 1.5 psi Pressure increase per meter of a water column[26]
10 kPa 1.5 psi Decrease in air pressure when going from Earth sea level to 1000 m elevation[citation needed]
+13 kPa +1.9 psi High air pressure for human lung, measured for trumpet player making staccato high notes[48]
< +16 kPa +2.3 psi Systolic blood pressure in a healthy adult while at rest (< 120 mmHg) (gauge pressure)[44]
+19.3 kPa +2.8 psi High end of lung pressure, exertable without injury by a healthy person for brief times[citation needed]
+34 kPa +5 psi Level of long-duration blast overpressure (from a large-scale explosion) that would cause most buildings to collapse[49]
34 kPa Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest[50]
+70 kPa +10 psi Pressure for paint exiting an HVLP (low-pressure) paint spray gun[51]
70 kPa Pressure inside an incandescent light bulb[52]
75 kPa Minimum airplane cabin pressure and lowest pressure for normal breathing (at 2440 m) and also the limit stated by the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR)[53]
80 kPa 12 psi Pressure inside vacuum cleaner at sea level on Earth (80% of standard atmospheric pressure)[citation needed]
87 kPa 13 psi Record low atmospheric pressure for typhoon/hurricane (Typhoon Tip in 1979) (only 86% of standard atmospheric pressure)[54]
105 Pa
 100 kPa 15 psi 1 bar (14.5 psi),[55] approximately equal to the weight of one kilogram (1 kilopond) acting on one square centimeter[34]
101.325 kPa
 15 psi Standard atmospheric pressure for Earth sea level (14.7 psi)[34]
150 to > 550 kPa 25 to > 80 psi Impact pressure of a fist punch (approximate)[citation needed][56]
+180 to +250 kPa +26 to +36 psi Air pressure in an automobile tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)[citation needed]
+210 to +900 kPa +30 to +130 psi Air pressure in a bicycle tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)[57]
300 kPa 50 psi Water pressure of a garden hose[58]
300 to 700 kPa 50–100 psi Typical water pressure of a municipal water supply in the US[59]
358 to 524 kPa 52-76 psi Threshold of pain for objects outside the human body hitting it[60]
400 to 600 kPa 60–90 psi Carbon dioxide pressure in a champagne bottle[61]
520 kPa 75 psi Partial vapour pressure at the triple point of carbon dioxide[62]
+690 to +830 kPa +100 to +120 psi Air pressure in a heavy truck/bus tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)[citation needed]
800 kPa 120 psi Vapor pressure of water in a kernel of popcorn when the kernel ruptures[63]
106 Pa
 0.8–2 MPa 120–290 psi Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives[citation needed]
1.1 MPa 162 psi Pressure of an average human bite[citation needed]
2.8–8.3 MPa 400–1,200 psi Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun[64]
5 MPa 700 psi Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle[58]
5 MPa 700 psi Military submarine max. rated pressure (est.) of Seawolf-class nuclear submarine, at depth of 500 m[65][66]
10-21 MPa 1,500–3,000 psi Chamber pressure of a high-powered (non-carbon dioxide) air gun
6.9–27 MPa 1,000–4,000 psi Water spray pressure used by pressure washers[67]
9.2 MPa 1,300 psi Atmosphere of Venus[68]
107 Pa
 > 10 MPa > 1,500 psi Pressure exerted by a 45 kg person wearing stiletto heels when a heel hits the floor[69]
15.5 Mpa 2,250 psi Primary coolant loop of a pressurized water reactor
20 MPa 2,900 psi Typical pressure used for hydrogenolysis reactions[70]
21 MPa 3,000 psi Pressure of a typical aluminium scuba tank of pressurized air (210 bar)[71]
21 MPa 3,000 psi Ballistic pressure exerted as high-power bullet strikes a solid bulletproof object[citation needed]
22 MPa 3,200 psi Critical pressure of water
28 MPa 4,100 psi Overpressure caused by the bomb explosion during the Oklahoma City bombing[72]
40 MPa 5,800 psi Water pressure at the depth of the wreck of the Titanic
69 MPa 10,000 psi Water pressure withstood by the DSV Shinkai 6500 in visiting ocean depths of > 6500 meters[73]
70 to 280 MPa 10,000 to 40,000 psi Maximal chamber pressure during a pistol firing[74]
108 Pa
 110 MPa 16,000 psi Pressure at bottom of Mariana Trench, about 11 km below ocean surface (1100 bar)[75]
100 to 300 MPa 15,000 to 44,000 psi Pressure inside reactor for the synthesis of high-pressure polyethylene (HPPE)[76]
250 MPa 36,000 psi Record diesel engine common rail fuel system pressure[77]
400 MPa 58,000 psi Chamber pressure of late 1910s .50 Browning machine gun discharge[citation needed]
240–620 MPa 35,000–90,000 psi Water pressure used in a water jet cutter[78]
109 Pa
 1 GPa Extremely high-pressure chemical reactors (10 kbar)[citation needed]
1.5 GPa Diamond melts using a 3 kJ laser without turning into graphite first[79]
1.5 GPa 220,000 psi tensile strength of Inconel 625 according to Aircraft metal strength tables and the Mil-Hdbk-5[80]
5.8 GPa 840,000 psi Ultimate tensile strength of the polymer Zylon
1010 Pa
 10 GPa Pressure at which octaoxygen forms at room temperature (100,000 bar)[81]
18 GPa Pressure needed for the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond[82]
24 to 110 GPa Stability range of enstatite in its perovskite-structured polymorph, possibly the most common mineral inside the Earth[citation needed]
40 GPa Quantum-mechanical electron degeneracy pressure in a block of copper[83]
48 GPa Detonation pressure of pure CL-20,[84] the most powerful high explosive in mass production
69 GPa 10,000,000 psi Highest water jet pressure attained in research lab[85]
96 GPa Pressure at which metallic oxygen forms (960,000 bar)[81]
1011 Pa
 100 GPa Theoretical tensile strength of a carbon nanotube (CNT) [86]
130 GPa Ultimate tensile strength of monolayer graphene[87]
360 GPa Pressure inside Earth's inner core (3.64 million bar)[88][89]
495 GPa Lower bound at which metallic hydrogen theoretically forms
> 600 GPa Pressure attainable with a diamond anvil cell[90]
1012 Pa
 5 TPa Pressure generated by the National Ignition Facility fusion reactor
1013 Pa
 10 TPa solid matter changes to the metastable inner-shell molecular state
32.9 TPa Pressure at which metallic helium theoretically forms[91]
1014 Pa
 100 TPa Pressure generated by the extremely high-pressure laser implosion plasmas generator.[92]
208.4 TPa Pressure at which metallic neon theoretically forms (the highest metallization pressure for any element)[93]
540 TPa Pressure inside an "Ivy Mike"-like nuclear bomb detonation (5.3 billion bar)[94][95]
1015 Pa
 6.5 PPa Pressure inside a W80 nuclear warhead detonation (64 billion bar)[94][96]
1016 Pa
 25 PPa Pressure inside Sun's core (250 billion bar)[97]
1023 Pa 100 EPa - 100 YPa Pressure inside the core of a white dwarf at the Chandrasekhar limit[98]
1032 Pa 3.2-160 QPa Pressure range inside a neutron star[99]
1035 Pa Approximate pressure at the center of a proton[100]
... ... ... ...
10113 Pa 4.6×10113 Pa 6.7×10109 psi The Planck pressure (4.63×10108 bar)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Li, Yulin. "The ins and out of man-made and natural vacuums". Ask A Scientist!. Cornell Center for Materials Research. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 10^-19 torr
  2. ^ Calculated: 10−19 torr × 133 Pa/torr = 10−17 Pa
  3. ^ Calculated: 10−17 torr × 133 Pa/torr = 10−15 Pa
  4. ^ Thompson, W. (1977). "Characteristics of a cryogenic extreme high-vacuum chamber". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. 14 (1): 643–645. Bibcode:1977JVST...14..643T. doi:10.1116/1.569168.
  5. ^ a b "The lunar environment". Lunar sourcebook. Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-521-33444-0. The undisturbed gas concentration is only about 2x10^5 molecules/cm^3 during the lunar night, falling to perhaps 10^4 molecules/cm^3 during the lunar day.
  6. ^ Stultzman, Marcy; Adderley, Philip; Poelker, Matt (14 November 2006). "Extreme High Vacuum: The Need, Production and Measurement" (PDF). AVS 53rd International Symposium. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  7. ^ "Mercury Fact Sheet". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. ~10^-15 bar
  8. ^ "Moon Fact Sheet".
  9. ^ "Bringing the vacuum to its lowest value". ATLAS e-News. CERN. 28 July 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2012. we expect pressures below 10^-9 Pa
  10. ^ "The Main CERN Vacuum Systems Explained". Vacuum Science World. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  11. ^ "Explanation of Solar Wind Dials". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  12. ^ Altin, P. A.; Robins, N. P. (2010). "Rubidium-85 tunable-interaction Bose–Einstein condensate machine". Review of Scientific Instruments. 81 (6): 063103–063103–9. arXiv:1003.4819. Bibcode:2010RScI...81f3103A. doi:10.1063/1.3430538. PMID 20590221. S2CID 23474264.
  13. ^ "Low Earth Orbit Spacecraft Charging Design Handbook". NASA. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012. ambient pressure is in the range of 10^-10 to 5x10^-8 Torr.
  14. ^ Calculated: 10−10 Torr × 133.3 Pa/Torr = 1.3×10−8 Pa. 5×10−8 Torr × 133.3 Pa/Torr = 6.7×10−6 Pa.
  15. ^ a b American Vacuum Society. "Glossary". AVS Reference Guide. Archived from the original on 2006-03-04. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  16. ^ Calculated unit conversion: 1e-9 torr * 101325/760 Pa/torr = 1.33e-7 Pa
  17. ^ Topic 7 |The Cathode-Ray Tube. aw.com. 2003-08-01
  18. ^ Jump up ^ repairfaq.org – Sam's Laser FAQ – Vacuum Technology for Home-Built Gas Lasers. repairfaq.org. 2012-08-02
  19. ^ "Terminology". SURTASS LFA EIS. Archived from the original on 10 December 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  20. ^ G. Vulpetti, L. Johnson, G. L. Matloff, Solar Sails: A Novel Approach to Interplanetary Flight, Springer, August 2008
  21. ^ a b "Appendix I:A-3. Sound Propagation". Noise and Hearing Conservation Technical Manual Chapter. OSHA. Archived from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  22. ^ Sattler, Klaus; Feindt, Hans (1995). Thermal separation processes: principles and design. Wiley. p. 116. ISBN 978-3-527-28622-5. operating pressures in the range 0.1–0.001 Pa
  23. ^ Calculated unit conversion: 1e-3 torr * 101325/760 Pa/torr = 0.133 Pa
  24. ^ "Pluto expanding atmosphere". Observatoire de Paris, LESIA. Retrieved 29 December 2011. deepest layers reach pressures of no more than a few microbars
  25. ^ Bala Maheswaran. "Fluid" (PDF). Physics 1222 Lecture Notes. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-06. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  26. ^ a b "Pressure". Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 10 kPa - the pressure below 1 m of water
  27. ^ a b "Beaufort Scales (Wind Speed)". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  28. ^ a b "Wind speed and wind pressure". KNMI HYDRA Project. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  29. ^ Exact calculation: P = 1/2 * density of air * (wind speed)^2. wind speed = 9 mph * 0.447 (m/s)/mph = 4.02 m/s. P = 1/2 * (1.25 kg/m^3) * (4.0 m/s)^2 = 10.1 Pa.
  30. ^ "Get an intuition for pressure values". Physics. Stack Exchange. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  31. ^ Exact calculation: P = 1/2 * density of air * (wind speed)^2. wind speed = 28.3 mph * 0.447 (m/s)/mph = 12.7 m/s. P = 1/2 * (1.25 kg/m^3) * (12.7 m/s)^2 = 101 Pa.
  32. ^ "Coin specifications". United States Mint. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  33. ^ Calculated: pressure = mass * g / (pi * diameter^2 / 4) = (5.670e-3 kg) * (9.807 m/s^2) / (3.142 * (19.05e-3 m)^2 / 4) = 120.3 Pa
  34. ^ a b c "Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically". NIST. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  35. ^ "The lung as a low-pressure air pump". Lung Introduction Fundamentals. Retrieved 13 December 2011. a normal inspiratory breath of say 500 ml in an adult requires a distending pressure of under 3cm H2O
  36. ^ Calculated: 3 cm H2O * 98.0 Pa/cm H2O = 294 Pa = 3e2 Pa
  37. ^ "Mars Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 5 January 2012. variable from 4.0 to 8.7 mb
  38. ^ International Equations for the Pressure along the Melting and along the Sublimation Curve of Ordinary Water Substance W. Wagner, A. Saul and A. Pruss (1994), J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515.
  39. ^ Murphy, D. M. (2005). "Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 131 (608): 1539–1565. Bibcode:2005QJRMS.131.1539M. doi:10.1256/qj.04.94. S2CID 122365938.
  40. ^ Lee's loss prevention in the process industries: hazard identification, assessment, and control, Volume 1. Elsevier. 2005. ISBN 978-0-7506-7555-0. Iverson (1968) gives the range of breaking pressures as 1-10 kPa
  41. ^ Episode 124: Car vs. Rain. mythbustersfanclub.com. June 17, 2009
  42. ^ "Transcript". MythBusters - Car vs. Rain - Friday, Dec 25, 2009. Livedash. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2011. force ... which turns out to be 0.22 psi
  43. ^ "Vapor Pressure of Water". Science Help Online for Chemistry. Fordham Preparatory School. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 2.6 kPa
  44. ^ a b "Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults". NIH. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  45. ^ Calculated as the difference between a typical systolic pressure of < 120mm Hg and diastolic pressure of < 80mm Hg.
  46. ^ NAHF - Harry Armstrong Archived 2007-11-18 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ Deardoff, Duane L. "Manometer for Measuring Lung Pressure". personal.psu.edu. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  48. ^ Fletcher, N. H.; Tarnopolsky, A. (1999). "Blowing pressure, power, and spectrum in trumpet playing" (PDF). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 105 (2): 874–881. Bibcode:1999ASAJ..105..874F. doi:10.1121/1.426276. PMID 9972572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
  49. ^ Zipf, Jr, R. Karl; Cashdollar, Kenneth. "Effects of blast pressure on structures and the human body" (PDF). Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  50. ^ West, John B. (1999-03-01). "Barometric pressures on Mt. Everest: new data and physiological significance". Journal of Applied Physiology. 86 (3): 1062–1066. doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.1062. PMID 10066724. S2CID 27875962. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  51. ^ "Time For HVLP?". Sharpe Manufacturing Company. Retrieved 9 January 2012. paint exiting the gun at 10 PSI
  52. ^ "Argon (Ar) Properties, Uses, Applications Argon Gas and Liquid Argon". Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  53. ^ Council, National Research; Studies, Division on Earth Life; Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and; Aircraft, Committee on Air Quality in Passenger Cabins of Commercial (2002-01-03). The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew. National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309082891. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  54. ^ "Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?". Hurricane Research Division Frequently Asked Questions. NOAA. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  55. ^ Gershtein, Sergey; Anna Gershtein. "bar. Metric. Stress and Pressure Conversion Chart". Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  56. ^ Typical force may total 150 to 500 pounds-force (670 to 2,220 N), applied to area of ~6 square inches (39 cm2). Actual impact pressure depends on strike to bone, soft tissue, padded surface, or brick wall. Also depends upon deflection or resistance of object struck. Heavyweight boxing champions have been shown to strike with over 1,000 pounds-force (4,400 N) of force, which would imply ~170 psi (> 1100 kPa) over same area.
  57. ^ "This Is Your...Tire's Air". Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 25 Jun 2013. Road tires typically require 80 to 130 psi, mountain tires 30 to 50 psi and hybrid tires 50 to 70 psi.
  58. ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions". Power Washers. Generac Power Systems. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012. A typical garden hose dispenses water at about 50 PSI, and a coin-operated car wash provides about 700 PSI.
  59. ^ "How Water Towers Work". HowStuffWorks. April 2000. Retrieved 3 January 2012. A typical municipal water supply runs at between 50 and 100 PSI
  60. ^ Park, G.; Kim, C. W.; Park, S. B.; Kim, M. J.; Jang, S. H. (June 2011). "Reliability and Usefulness of the Pressure Pain Threshold Measurement in Patients with Myofascial Pain". Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine. 35 (3): 412–417. doi:10.5535/arm.2011.35.3.412. PMC 3309218. PMID 22506152. Fischer7 reported pressure pain thresholds of 3.7 kg/cm2 and 5.4 kg/cm2 in normal adult females.
  61. ^ "Pressure in a Champagne Bottle". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  62. ^ "Carbon dioxide". NIST Chemistry WebBook. NIST. Retrieved 8 January 2012. 5.185 bar ... uncertainty ... 0.005 bar
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  64. ^ Choi, Young. "Beginner's guide to paintball tanks". PaintBall.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-19. Co2 pressure output can range from 400 psi up to 1200 psi
  65. ^ "Run Silent, Run Deep". US Navy Ships. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 8 January 2012. a normal operating depth of "greater than 800 feet", ... it may be assumed that the ... depth ... is roughly double the official figure
  66. ^ Calculated: assume depth of 2x800 ft = 1600 ft. 1600 ft * 0.3048 m/ft = 488 m. Pressure at 488 m = density * g * depth * area = 1025 kg/m^3 * 9.81 m/s^2 * 488 m * 1 m^2 = 4.90e6 Pa. 4.90e6 Pa * 1.45e-4 psi/Pa = 711 psi.
  67. ^ Romano, Jay (24 September 2006). "How to Select a Pressure Washer". New York Times. Retrieved 19 December 2011. range from about 1,000 p.s.i. to 4,000 or more
  68. ^ Williams, David R. (2010-11-17). "Venus Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  69. ^ "Pressure Under High Heels". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  70. ^ For hydrogenolysis esters with copper chromite. Paquette, L. A. (1995). Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. Vol. 2. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. pp. 1337–1339.
  71. ^ "Scuba Tanks". TheScubaGuide. Archived from the original on 2010-03-09. Retrieved 6 January 2012. when you get your tank filled it will be filled to 3000 psi
  72. ^ Wong, Henry (2002). "Blast-Resistant Building Design Technology Analysis of its Application to Modern Hotel Design". WGA Wong Gregerson Architects, Inc. p. 5.
  73. ^ "SHINKAI 6500". Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. Retrieved 13 December 2011. Pressure at a depth of 6,500 m reaches around 680 atmospheres
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  89. ^ "Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) (Dziewonski & Anderson, 1981)". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. 363.850 GPa
  90. ^ Improved diamond anvil cell allows higher pressures Physics World November 2012
  91. ^ Monserrat, Bartomeu; Drummond, N. D.; Pickard, Chris J.; Needs, R. J. (2014). "Electron-Phonon Coupling and the Metallization of Solid Helium at Terapascal Pressures". Physical Review Letters. 112 (5): 055504. arXiv:1311.1005. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112e5504M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.055504. PMID 24580611. S2CID 29848984.
  92. ^ "Extremely high-pressure generation and compression with laser implosion plasmas".
  93. ^ Tang, Jun; Ao, Bingyun; Huang, Li; Ye, Xiaoqiu; Gu, Yunjun; Chen, Qifeng (2019). "Metallization and positive pressure dependency of bandgap in solid neon". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 150 (11): 111103. Bibcode:2019JChPh.150k1103T. doi:10.1063/1.5089489. PMID 30901987.
  94. ^ a b "4.4 Elements of Thermonuclear Weapon Design". Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 3 January 2012. Mike... Ivy... radiation pressures are 73 and 1400 megabars ... respectively ... Mike ... 5.3 x 10^9 bars ... Ivy ... 6.4 x 10^10 bars
  95. ^ Calculated: ablation pressure = 5.3e9 bar * 1.01325e5 Pa/bar = 5.44e14 Pa
  96. ^ Calculated: ablation pressure = 6.4e10 bar * 1.01325e5 Pa/bar = 6.48e14 Pa
  97. ^ Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  98. ^ Camenzind, Max (2007). Compact objects in astrophysics. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Bibcode:2007coaw.book.....C. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49912-1. ISBN 978-3-540-25770-7. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  99. ^ Ozel, Feryal; Freire, Paulo (2016). "Masses, Radii, and the Equation of State of Neutron Stars". Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 54 (1): 401–440. arXiv:1603.02698. Bibcode:2016ARA&A..54..401O. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023322. S2CID 119226325.
  100. ^ V. D. Burkert; L. Elouadrhiri; F. X. Girod (16 May 2018). "The pressure distribution inside the proton". Nature. 557 (7705): 396–399. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..396B. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z. OSTI 1438388. PMID 29769668. S2CID 21724781.
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