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Otto Schulz (pilot)

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For other people named Otto Schulz, see Otto Schulz (disambiguation).
Otto Schulz
Otto Schulz in World War II
Nickname(s)Eins-Zwei-Drei Schulz
Born(1911-02-11)11 February 1911
Treptow an der Rega, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Died17 June 1942(1942-06-17) (aged 31)
near Sidi Rezegh, Italian Libya
Cause of deathKilled in action
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1934–1942
RankOberleutnant (first lieutenant)
UnitJagdgeschwader 27
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Otto Schulz (11 February 1911 – 17 June 1942) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace in World War II. He is credited with 51 aerial victories claimed in over 450 combat missions whilst flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109. He claimed 48 aerial victories against the Western Allies and three over the Eastern Front.

Born in Treptow an der Rega, Schulz joined the Luftwaffe in 1934 and served as a fighter pilot instructor. In January 1940, he was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) and he claimed his first aerial victory on 31 August 1940 during the Battle of Britain. Following service during the Balkans Campaign and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he was transferred to the North African Theater in September 1941. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 February 1942 following his 44th aerial victory. On 17 June 1942, he was killed in action near Sidi Rezegh, shot down by James Francis Edwards.

Early life and career

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Schulz was born on 11 February 1911 in Treptow an der Rega, present-day Trzebiatów in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland, at the time in the Province of Pomerania of the German Empire. He joined the military service of the Luftwaffe in 1934, was trained as a pilot, and served as a fighter pilot instructor.[Note 1] On 3 January 1940, Schulz was posted to Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). There, he was assigned to the newly created 4. Staffel (4th squadron), a squadron of II. Gruppe (2nd group).[2][Note 2]

II. Gruppe had been created that very same day at the airfield in Magdeburg-Ost (Fliegerhorst Magdeburg-Ost) and was initially placed under the command of Hauptmann Erich von Selle. Command transferred to Hauptmann Werner Anders on 6 February while 4. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Hermann Hollweg. The Gruppe was equipped with Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 and E-3 variant. For the first weeks, the Gruppe conducted various flight exercises before on 10 February they were ordered to move to Döberitz. There, the unit was tasked with providing fighter protection for Berlin.[3] On 19 April, II. Gruppe began its transfer to the west, with 4. Staffel moving to Essen-Mühlheim. For the upcoming Battle of France, II. Gruppe was placed under the control of the Stab (headquarters unit) of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) under command of Oberst Theo Osterkamp. The Gruppe was briefly ordered to return to Döberitz on 24 April before returning west again on 3 May.[4]

World War II

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World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. During the campaign against France, II. Gruppe, as a subordinated unit to JG 51 was controlled by Jagdfliegerführer 2, Oberst Kurt-Bertram von Döring, and was deployed on the right flank of Luftflotte 2 (Air Fleet 2), supporting the attack of Army Group B against the Netherlands. On 10 May, the day the Wehrmacht launched the attack, 4. Staffel was located in Wesel and flew missions to Rotterdam.[5]

Following the Armistice of 22 June 1940, II. Gruppe was sent to Wunstorf near Hanover for replenishment. On 8 July, the Gruppe began its relocation west again, with 4. Staffel arriving in Leeuwarden on 11 July.[6] Here, the Gruppe was tasked with patrolling the Dutch coast until 5 August when they received orders to relocate to an airfield at Crépon, located northwest of Caen on the English Channel.[7] Schulz claimed his first victory on 31 August 1940 over a Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire fighter in the vicinity of Dover.[8] On 7 September, 4. Staffel was placed under the command of Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) Oberleutnant Gustav Rödel.[9] On 28 October, Schulz claimed his fourth overall and last aerial victory of 1940. On a fighter escort mission to London, he shot down a Spitfire in the vicinity of Gravesend.[10] On 5 November, II. Gruppe was withdrawn from combat operations on the English Channel, relocating to Detmold on 9 November.[11]

Schulz also participated in the brief Balkan Campaign in April 1941, scoring two victories, flying out of airbases in Bulgaria then Greece.[12] His unit, as with most of the Luftwaffe, was then withdrawn for the imminent invasion of Russia. Despite II./JG 27's very brief 9-day participation in Operation Barbarossa,[13] he scored three victories. Two of these were some of the 25 bombers shot down over Vilnius by II./JG 27 on 25 June, however most of that short time the Gruppe was tasked with fighter-bomber missions.[13]

North Africa

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A Bf 109 F-4 in the Canada Aviation Museum, similar to those flown by Schulz

Following the withdrawal from the Eastern Front, II. Gruppe arrived in Döberitz on 24 July 1941. The entire personnel then went on vacation, returning to Döberitz on 18 August. Over the next three weeks, the Gruppe converted to the Bf 109 F-4 fighter. Relocation to the North African Theater began on 7 September, with 4. Staffel transferring south on 16 September and was based at an airfield in Ain el Gazala.[14] There, II. Gruppe joined I. Gruppe of JG 27 which was already based in North Africa.[13] On 26 September, II. Gruppe flew its first combat missions in North Africa, a combat air patrol to Sollum.[15]

On 6 October 1941, 30 October and 28 November, he recorded three victories on each day. On 6 October Lieutenants Miller or Neville McGarr from 2 Squadron SAAF were one other those claims—Rödel downed one of them.[16] On the latter date he downed Lieutenant Palm, Pilot Officer Muhart and Flying Officer Vos. Muhart was hospitalised with burns but the other pilots failed to return.[17]

Schulz's score-sheet is slightly unusual in that many of his victories can be positively identified with specific Allied pilots: On 30 November 1941, his 23rd and 24th victims were aces Sergeant Alan Cameron (6.5 victories) and Pilot Officer Neville Duke (27 victories).[18] Cameron was rescued by Wing Commander Peter Jeffrey and flown to base.[19] Schulz claimed his 30th victory on 15 December, when he shot down and killed Pilot Officer Geoffrey Ranger (5 victories) of No. 250 Squadron.[20] This was followed by downing the Australian ace Nicky Barr on 11 January 1942.[21] On 25 January 1942, Schulz claimed two Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters for his 34th and 35th victories.[22] This put him two aerial victories ahead of Rödel and made him the top scorer in II./JG 27 at the time.[23]

On 8 February 1942, Schulz engaged 1 SAAF Hurricanes. He shot down Lieutenants Finney and Biden and then damaged Lieutenant Powell's aircraft in the tail. Each time Schulz descended to strafe and destroy the crash landed fighters from combat altitude of 9,000 feet (2,700 metres).[24] On 15 February 1942, he took off on his own and chased after 20 aircraft of No. 94 and No. 112 Squadron that had just strafed his airfield at Martuba.[25] He shot down five P-40 Kittyhawks in ten minutes, including the top 17-victory RAF ace Ernest "Imshi" Mason, making him an "ace-in-a-day".[26][27] Schulz was credited with five, the last was Sergeant McQueen's P-40. McQueen was wounded but limped back to base—an Italian 6°Gruppo pilot also claimed a P-40 and may have attacked McQueen.[28] The remaining pilots, Pilot Officer John Robert Vernall Marshall, Sergeant Charles Belcher, and Edward Weightman were killed.[29] Schulz was given credit in part due to the witness report of a German tank commander.[30]

This put him on 44 victories, just behind the 48 of the then top-scorer in the Desert, Hans-Joachim Marseille. In recognition of this success, they were both awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on the same day - 22 February - the first such awards for JG 27 since arriving in North Africa.[27] After this his scoring slowed down to only three victories in March. On 15 March Schulz downed Sergeant Rozanski, No. 112 Squadron.[31] Sent to officer-training school,[27] he was promoted to Leutnant in April. At the end of May, now an Oberleutnant and assigned to the Stab flight of II. Gruppe as Technical Officer,[25] he had another quick flurry of four victories including his 50th on 31 May: a P-40 flown by South African ace Major Andrew Duncan (5.5 victories) of No. 5 Squadron SAAF, who was killed.[32]

Death

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On 17 June 1942, after claiming his 51st and last victory (Canadian ace Flight Lieutenant Walter "Wally" Conrad (6.5 victories) of No. 274 Squadron), Schulz himself was shot down and killed in his Bf 109 F-4trop (Werknummer 10 271—factory number) by RAF Kittyhawks near Sidi Rezegh.[25][26][33] Schulz descended to low level to strafe Conrad's P-40 when he was caught by an Allied fighter.[34] Research suggests the victory should be credited to Canadian ace James "Stocky" Edwards of No. 260 Squadron RAF.[35] At the time of his death, behind Marseille and Günther Freiherr von Maltzahn, Schulz was in third place with respect to the number of aerial victories claimed in the North African Theater.[36]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

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According to Obermaier, Schulz was credited with 51 aerial victories claimed in approximately 400 combat missions, including three victories on the Eastern Front and 42 in North Africa.[2] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for more than 50 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim. This number includes three claims on the Eastern Front and 47 on the Western Front.[37]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Schulz an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Unit Claim Date Time Type Location Unit
– Claims with II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[38][39]
On the Channel Front — August – November 1940
1 31 August 1940 13:40 Spitfire Dover[8] 4./JG 77 3 3 September 1940 11:35 Spitfire Thames Estuary[8] 4./JG 77
2 1 September 1940 15:15 Spitfire Ashford[8] 4./JG 77 4 28 October 1940 15:30 Spitfire Gravesend[40] 4./JG 77
– Claims with II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[38]
During the Balkan Campaign — April 1940
5 15 April 1941 06:55 PZL P.24 west Trikkala[41] 4./JG 77 6 20 April 1941 17:10 Hurricane Megara[41] 4./JG 77
– Claims with II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[42]
On the Eastern Front — 22 June – 19 July 1941
7 22 June 1941 08:20 I-15 north of Alytus[43] 4./JG 77 9 26 June 1941 14:40 SB-3 east of Paratjanowo[44] 4./JG 77
8 26 June 1941 09:25 SB-3 north-northwest of Vilnius[44] 4./JG 77
– Claims with II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[45]
In North Africa — 22 September 1941 – June 1942
10 6 October 1941 09:10 P-40 southeast of Sidi Omar[46] 4./JG 77 31 20 December 1941 09:40 P-40 west of Maraua[47] 4./JG 77
11 6 October 1941 09:15 Hurricane southeast of Sidi Omar[46] 4./JG 77 32 20 December 1941 09:43 P-40 west of Maraua[47] 4./JG 77
12 6 October 1941 09:20 Hurricane southeast of Sidi Omar[46] 4./JG 77 33 11 January 1942 13:10 P-40 Antelat[47] 4./JG 77
13 30 October 1941 09:30 Hurricane south of Bardia[46] 4./JG 77 34 25 January 1942 16:35 P-40 northeast of Antelat[48] 4./JG 77
14 30 October 1941 09:35 Hurricane west-southwest of Bardia[46] 4./JG 77 35 25 January 1942 16:40 P-40 25 km (16 mi) northeast Antelat[48] 4./JG 77
15 30 October 1941 09:43 Hurricane 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Sollum[46] 4./JG 77 36 8 February 1942 10:35 P-40 Ain el Gazala airfield[48] 4./JG 77
16 17 November 1941 07:10 Bombay northeast of Ain el Gazala[46] 4./JG 77 37 8 February 1942 10:40 P-40 east of Ain el Gazala[48] 4./JG 77
17 21 November 1941 09:55 Wellington southwest of El Adem[46] 4./JG 77 38 13 February 1942 10:22 P-40 northeast of Tobruk[48] 4./JG 77
18 22 November 1941 16:55 P-40 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Bir Hacheim[49] 4./JG 77 39 13 February 1942 10:30 P-40 Tobruk[48] 4./JG 77
19 25 November 1941 16:00 P-40 north of Tobruk[49] 4./JG 77 40♠ 15 February 1942 17:45 P-40 southeast of Martuba[48] 4./JG 77
20 28 November 1941 16:00 P-40 north of El Adem[49] 4./JG 77 41♠ 15 February 1942 17:46 P-40 southeast of Martuba[48] 4./JG 77
21 28 November 1941 16:10 Hurricane southwest of El Adem[49] 4./JG 77 42♠ 15 February 1942 17:47 P-40 southeast of Martuba[48] 4./JG 77
22 28 November 1941 16:12 Hurricane El Adem[49] 4./JG 77 43♠ 15 February 1942 17:50 P-40 west of Ain el Gazala[48] 4./JG 77
23 30 November 1941 09:10 P-40 northeast of Bir el Gubi[49] 4./JG 77 44♠ 15 February 1942 17:55 P-40 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Martuba[48] 4./JG 77
24 30 November 1941 09:20 P-40 southwest of El Adem[49] 4./JG 77 45 13 March 1942 12:35 P-40 southwest of Tobruk[48] 4./JG 77
25 4 December 1941 10:16 P-40 Bir el Gubi[49] 4./JG 77 46?[Note 3] 15 March 1942 11:32 P-40 10 km (6.2 mi) south Fort Acroma[48] 4./JG 77
26 6 December 1941 12:28 Blenheim southeast of El Adem[47] 4./JG 77 47 28 May 1942 12:20 P-40 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of El Adem[51] 4./JG 77
27 6 December 1941 12:30 Blenheim southeast of El Adem[47] 4./JG 77 48 28 May 1942 16:12 P-40 15 km (9.3 mi) east of El Adem[51] 4./JG 77
28 7 December 1941 09:50 Boston south of Ain el Gazala[47] 4./JG 77 49 31 May 1942 18:57 P-40 20 km (12 mi) southwest of El Adem[51] 4./JG 77
29 8 December 1941 13:10 Boston north of Ridotto[47] 4./JG 77 50 31 May 1942 19:00 P-40 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of El Adem[51] 4./JG 77
30 15 December 1941 11:30 P-40 southwest of Geziregh[47] 4./JG 77 51 17 June 1942 10:20 Hurricane east of Bu Amud[52] 4./JG 77

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings, and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[1]
  2. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman this claim is unconfirmed.[50]
  4. ^ According to Obermaier on 30 December 1941.[2]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  2. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 202.
  3. ^ Prien et al. 2001a, pp. 251, 254.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2001a, p. 253.
  5. ^ Prien et al. 2001b, p. 249.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 385.
  7. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1997, pp. 42–43.
  8. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2002, p. 402.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 398.
  10. ^ Prien et al. 2002, pp. 396, 403.
  11. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 396.
  12. ^ Weal 2003, p. 42.
  13. ^ a b c Weal 2003, p. 49.
  14. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 208.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 209.
  16. ^ Shores & Ring 1969, p. 56.
  17. ^ Shores & Ring 1969, p. 70.
  18. ^ Shores & Williams 1994, pp. 163, 234.
  19. ^ Shores & Ring 1969, p. 71.
  20. ^ Shores & Williams 1994, Chapter Five: Ranger Geoffrey Harold Pilot Officer RAF No. 60082.
  21. ^ Delve 2017, p. 159.
  22. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1997, p. 556.
  23. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1997, p. 555.
  24. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, p. 22.
  25. ^ a b c Weal 2003, p. 78.
  26. ^ a b Sundin & Bergström 1997, p. 34.
  27. ^ a b c Scutts 1994, p. 20.
  28. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, pp. 41–42.
  29. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, p. 43.
  30. ^ Shores & Ring 1969, p. 95.
  31. ^ Shores & Ring 1969, p. 99.
  32. ^ Shores & Williams 1994, p. 236.
  33. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 282.
  34. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, p. 154.
  35. ^ Shores & Williams 1994, p. 249.
  36. ^ Jacobs 2014, Chapter 6: North Africa and Mediterranean, 1941–1943.
  37. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1188–1189.
  38. ^ a b Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1997, p. 553.
  39. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1188.
  40. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 403.
  41. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003a, p. 202.
  42. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1997, p. 554.
  43. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 168.
  44. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 169.
  45. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1997, pp. 554–557.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2004, p. 259.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2004, p. 261.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Prien et al. 2004, p. 262.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2004, p. 260.
  50. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1189.
  51. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2004, p. 264.
  52. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 266.
  53. ^ a b Dixon 2023, p. 168.
  54. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 189.
  55. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 430.
  56. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 393.
  57. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 691.

Bibliography

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  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Delve, Ken (2017). The Desert Air Force in World War II: Air Power in the Western Desert, 1940–1942. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-844-15-817-1.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Jacobs, Peter (2014). Aces of the Luftwaffe: The Jagdflieger in the Second World War. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-4738-4087-4.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 4 S–Z. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-21-9.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter; Stemmer, Gerhard (1997). Messerschmitt Bf 109 im Einsatz bei II./Jagdgeschwader 27, 1940 – 1945 [Messerschmitt Bf 109 in Action with II./Jagdgeschwader 27, 1940 – 1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-42-7.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-63-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2004). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 8/I—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—November 1941 bis December 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 8/I—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—November 1941 to December 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-74-8.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Scutts, Jerry (1994). Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 2. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-448-0.
  • Shores, Christopher; Ring, Hans (1969). Fighters over the desert: the air battles in the Western Desert, June 1940 to December 1942. London, UK: Neville Spearman. ISBN 978-0-85435-060-5.
  • Shores, Christopher F.; Williams, Clive (1994). Aces High: A Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Pilots of the British and Commonwealth Forces of WWII, Volume One. London, UK: Grubb Street. ISBN 978-1-909808-42-3.
  • Shores, Christopher; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell (2012). A History of the Mediterranean Air War 1940–1945: Volume One: North Africa: June 1940 – January 1942. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-908117-07-6.
  • Sundin, Claes; Bergström, Christer (1997). Luftwaffe Fighter Aircraft in Profile. Altglen, PA: Schiffer Military History. ISBN 978-0-7643-0291-6.
  • Weal, John (2003). Jagdgeschwader 27 "Afrika". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 12. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-538-9.

Further reading

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  • Ring, Hans; Girbig, Werner (1994) [1971]. Jagdgeschwader 27 Die Dokumentation über den Einsatz an allen Fronten 1939–1945 [Jagdgeschwader 27 The Documentation on the Deployment on all Fronts from 1939 to 1945] (in German) (8th ed.). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-87943-215-8.
  • Shores, Christopher & Massimello, Giovanni. A History of the Mediterranean Air War 1940-1945 Vol 2 London: Grub Street Publishing (2014). ISBN 978-1909166127 has day-by-day combat analysis
  • Smith, J.Richard & Pegg, Martin. Jagdwaffe Vol 3, Sec3: War over the Desert June 1940 - June 1942 Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing, 2003 ISBN 1-903223-22-9
  • Weal, John. Bf109D/E Aces 1939-41. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1996. ISBN 1-85532-487-3.
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