Discrimination in Saudi Arabia
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Racism in Saudi Arabia extends to allegations of imprisonment, physical abuse, rape, murder,[1] overwork, and wage theft, especially of foreign workers who are given little protections under the law.
Religious-based
[edit]Muslims
[edit]Shia
[edit]The most prominent religious discrimination in Saudi Arabia is against the Shia sect of Islam minority in the Eastern and southern regions of Saudi.
According to a 2009 Human Rights Watch report, Shiite citizens in Saudi Arabia "face systematic discrimination in religion, education, justice, and employment".[2]
Non-Wahhabi Sunnis
[edit]Though the majority of Saudis are Sunni, they still include many non-Wahhabis. These subgroups include different schools of thoughts and jurisprudence such as Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi’i with some also subscribing to Sufism.
Members of non-Wahhabi Sunni subgroups face varying levels of scrutiny and discrimination, including restricted religious freedoms due to the Wahhabi's definition of Sunni Islam along strict lines. Celebration of religious ceremonies such as Mawlid,[3] which is forbidden in Saudi Arabia, is a prime example of that.
Non-Muslims
[edit]Although there is discrimination against non-Muslims (usually Western foreigners, Jews, Christians, etc) in general this goes unnoticed as these cases are relatively uncommon compared to those of other minorities.
Antisemitism
[edit]In Saudi Arabia, antisemitism is commonplace. Saudi Arabian media often denounces Jews in books, news articles and with what some describe as antisemitic satire. Saudi Arabian government officials and state religious leaders often promote the idea that Jews are conspiring to take over the entire world; as proof of their claims they publish and frequently cite the fictional work, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as factual.[4][5][6][needs update]
Nationality-based
[edit]Foreign workers
[edit]Human Rights Watch (HRW) describes the working conditions of foreign workers, most of whom come from developing countries in South Asia, as "near-slavery" and attributes them to "deeply rooted gender, religious, and racial discrimination". Workers are often unwilling to report their employers for fear of losing their jobs or further abuse.[7]
Saudi Arabia has more than 10.24 million foreign workers, who are engaged in manual, accounting, service and domestic work, accounting for one-third of the Kingdom's population and more than half of its workforce.[8]
In 2019, Saudi Arabia reportedly asked the WWE to remove Sami Zayn from the super showdown event that is taking place in Saudi Arabia due to his Syrian ethnicity.[9]
Tribal-based
[edit]Intra-tribal
[edit]In the Arabian peninsula generally the tribe (qabila) refers not only to a blood relation but also to a social status. Tribal (qabili or asil) people assign themselves into inferior and superior tribes that assume purity in blood and root (asl).[10]
This form of discrimination has roots in the vicious tribal wars and conflicts which predated Saudi Arabia.
Matrimony between individuals of qabila and khadiri stock, and between individuals of superior and inferior tribes, is frowned upon. This is because qabili status itself depends on purity of paternal lineage. Children of mixed marriages would carry mixed blood which would reflect on the position of the tribe as a whole.[11]
Favoritism of one's own tribe to others in many matters, including those in which it is prohibited to do so such as in governmental affairs, is common.
Khadiri
[edit]In Najd region, all freeborn citizens who cannot claim tribal descent are unofficially called non-asil or Khadiri.[12] This group included many of the urban tradesmen, artisans, merchants, and scholars of pre-oil Arabia.
Historically, rule in Najd villages towns, and larger politics was regularly held by the tribal (asil) groups while Khadiri people generally were held to an inferior social status.[10]
Intermarrying with Khadiri can lead to an asil and resulting progeny losing their designation.[10]
Descendants of slaves (abid) are often considered Khadiri even if some have the name of tribes. This is because slaves used to take the name of the people they were serving. Use of the term abid is considered an insult.
Hejazi Hadar
[edit]Hejazi Hadar are Saudi citizens of non-tribal, non-Bedouin origins in the urban areas of Hejaz region, colloquially called Hadar (city-dwellers). These include multi-ethnic citizens from Medina and Taif in the Hejaz area, and from Jeddah, Mecca, and Yanbu in the Hejazi part of the Tihamah. The Hadar in these places are known by their distinctive dialect yet contrasting physical features.[13] Their diversity is largely due to their ancestors migration to Hejaz, cradle of Islam, from all over the world prior or in the early days of the Saudi reign.[14]
Saudi Bedouins call Saudis of non-Bedouin origins "Sea Refuse" (Tarsh Bahar),[15] a derogatory term largely used for Hejazi Hadar that dates back to the fall of the kingdom of Hejaz. "Pilgrims’ remains" (bagaya hujjaj) is another phrase used unflatteringly.
Hejazi Hadar, on the other hand, consider themselves more sophisticated and civilized, while the Bedouin population see themselves as racially pure.[12] Hejazi Hadar sometimes answer back by calling Bedouins Soroob, meaning backward or savage people. However, the term Badawi, singular form of Bedouin, is sometimes used on its own to disparagingly mean a provincial, naive, and unsophisticated person.
Hejazi Hadar, as a minority, face many forms of formal and informal discrimination. Employment discrimination is one of those where they are underrepresented in leadership and government positions and are not usually allowed into the military services, with exceptions. Social discrimination in marriages also exist on both sides.
Religious discrimination also exists. Though the majority of Hejazi Hadar are Sunni, they, unlike the majority of Bedouin, belong to a variety of Islamic schools of jurisprudence like Sufism. All those who don't consider themselves Wahhabis face discrimination for that as well.
Notable incidents
[edit]Saudi Arabia has long been against Iranians and Shias. It supported Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war.[16]
Following Hamza Kashgari's controversial messages, racist comments in reference to his Turkmen family background were made against him on Twitter as "[not being] enough of a 'pure' Saudi".[17]
In 2013, Saudi Arabia deported Omar Borkan Al Gala and two other men for no reasons, other than the fact that they looked good.[18]
Jamal Khashoggi was a prominent Hejazi Hadar of Turkish origin, who was later murdered in 2018.
Racism in media
[edit]Racism or Tribalism of any kind is prohibited in Saudi media. Violators are punished and may be banned from media platforms. Recently King Salman's nephew was banned from media after referring to an individual as "tarsh bahar" during a call to a sports program.[19]
References
[edit]- ^ Chamberlain, Gethin (13 January 2013). "Saudi Arabia's treatment of foreign workers under fire after beheading of Sri Lankan maid". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia: Treat Shia Equally". Human Rights Watch. 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
- ^ Elie Podeh (2011). The Politics of National Celebrations in the Arab Middle East (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–7. ISBN 9781107001084.
- ^ al-Tall, Abdullah. "The Jews in World History according to Saudi textbooks". The Danger of World Jewry. pp. 140–141. Archived from CMIP report: the original on 2007-09-28.
{{cite book}}: Check|chapter-url=value (help) - ^ Hadith and Islamic Culture Grade 10. 2001. pp. 103–104.
- ^ "2006 Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance" (PDF). Centre for Religious Freedom of Freedom House. 2006.
- ^ Human Rights Watch (14 July 2004). "'Bad Dreams:' Exploitation and Abuse of Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
- ^ Observer, Euromid. "Saudi Arabia: Abuse and mistreatment against foreign workers must stop". Euro-Mid. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
- ^ "Report: Saudi Government Told WWE to Remove Sami Zayn from Shows Due to His Ethnicity". June 2019.
- ^ a b c Haykel, Bernard; Hegghammer, Thomas; Lacroix, Stéphane (2015-01-19). Saudi Arabia in Transition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00629-4.
- ^ Stenslie, Stig (2012-08-21). Regime Stability in Saudi Arabia: The Challenge of Succession. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-51157-8.
- ^ a b Fahad, Abdulaziz (2002). The 'Imama Vs. the 'Iqal: Hadari-Bedouin Conflict and the Formation of the Saudi State. European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies.
- ^ Omar, Margaret K. (1975). Saudi Arabic, Urban Hijazi Dialect: Basic Course. Washington, DC: Foreign Service (Dept. of State). Foreign Service Inst.
- ^ Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2013-03-15). A Most Masculine State: Gender, Politics and Religion in Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-61900-4.
- ^ Yamani, Mai (2009-08-21). Cradle of Islam: The Hijaz and the Quest for an Arabian Identity. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85771-167-0.
- ^ "The Odd Couple | the Majalla Magazine". www.majalla.com. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ Abbas, Faisal J. (February 13, 2012). "Once you tweet, you can't retreat". Gulf News. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ Lau, Andree (January 16, 2015). "Omar Borkan Al Gala, 'Deported' For Being Too Handsome, Reveals Truth". huffpost.com. HuffPost. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
- ^ "How KSA fights scourge of racism". Arab News. 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
