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Swift J1644+57

Coordinates: Sky map 16h 44m 49.97s, +57° 34′ 59.7″
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GRB 110328A
Swift J1644+57 imaged by Hubble Space Telescope.
Event typeGamma-ray burst Edit this on Wikidata
Durationyears
ConstellationDraco Edit this on Wikidata
Right ascension16h 44m 49.97s
Declination+57° 34′ 59.7″[1]
Distance3,800,000,000 ly (1.2×109 pc)
Total energy output5×1048 ergs (assuming beamed emission)
Other designationsGRB 110328A, Swift J164449.3+573451, 2MAXI J1645+576
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[edit on Wikidata]

Swift J164449.3+573451, initially referred to as GRB 110328A, and sometimes abbreviated to Sw J1644+57, was a tidal disruption event (TDE), the destruction of a star by a supermassive black hole. It was first detected by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission on March 28, 2011.[2] The event occurred in the center of a small galaxy[which?] in the Draco constellation, about 3.8 billion light-years away. It was the first confirmed jetted tidal disruption event and is the most luminous and energetic TDE recorded.[3]

Relativistic jet

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Swift J1644+57 occurred when a star wandered too close to the central supermassive black hole in the galaxy, and was gravitationally torn apart, forming an accretion disk from stellar material.[2][4][5][6] When this occurred, an astrophysical jet was launched with material traveling at relativistic speeds, near the speed of light. The beam of radiation from one of these jets pointed directly toward Earth, enhancing the apparent brightness.

Swift J1644+57 was observed by many telescopes across the electromagnetic spectrum. γ- and X-rays were detected due to jet plasma physics from the relativistic jet, with repetitive dimming and softening of the X-rays due to precession within the warped disk.[7] The jets drive shocks into the surrounding interstellar medium, resulting in a radio to infrared afterglow. Observed linear polarization of the infrared radiation was consistent with synchrotron emission from the afterglow shock.[8]

Continuous monitoring at radio and X-ray wavelengths indicated that after roughly 600 days (1.5 years), the relativistic jet shut off.[9] This time likely corresponds with when the mass accretion from the stellar debris passed under the Eddington rate, at which point the jet was no longer fueled.[10]

Since then, the outflow has become non-relativistic in speed,[11] and emission is consistent with that of a shock wave that continues to expand into the surrounding material. As of 2021, the event is no longer detectable in X-rays but is still radio bright, and it is anticipated radio emission from Swift J1644+57 will be observable for several decades as emission continues to slowly fade.[12]

Host galaxy and progenitor

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Detection of the relativistically expanding afterglow confirmed the identity of the host galaxy.[13] Optical emission lines imply that the host is not an active galactic nucleus (AGN), but a starburst galaxy of HII galaxy classification.[14] The supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy is estimated to be > 7 × 106 Msun.[15]

Timing considerations suggest that the tidally disrupted star was possibly a white dwarf and not a regular main sequence star.[16] When the relativistic jet turned off, given the mass of [clarification needed] astronomers calculated the amount of mass needed to fuel the jet for the Swift J1644+57 black hole as ~0.15 Msun, which is consistent with a solar mass star.[17]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "NASA Telescopes Join Forces to Observe Unprecedented Explosion". Chandra Press Release: 7. 2011. Bibcode:2011cxo..pres....7. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
  2. ^ a b Joshua S. Bloom; et al. (2011-03-30). "GRB 110328A / Swift J164449.3+573451: X-ray analysis and a mini-blazar analogy". GRB Coordinates Network. 11847: 1. Bibcode:2011GCN.11847....1B.
  3. ^ "GRB 110328A: Chandra Observes Extraordinary Event". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
  4. ^ Barres de Almeida; De Angelis (2011-04-13). "Enhanced emission from GRB 110328A could be evidence for tidal disruption of a star". arXiv:1104.2528 [astro-ph.HE].
  5. ^ Coco, Alejandro (2011-04-10). "The Most Intense Cosmic Explosion Ever Seen". Scienceray. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
  6. ^ Bloom, Joshua S.; Giannios, Dimitrios; Metzger, Brian D.; Cenko, S. Bradley; Perley, Daniel A.; Butler, Nathaniel R.; Tanvir, Nial R.; Levan, Andrew J.; O'Brien, Paul T.; Strubbe, Linda E.; De Colle, Fabio; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico; Lee, William H.; Nayakshin, Sergei; Quataert, Eliot; King, Andrew R.; Cucchiara, Antonino; Guillochon, James; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Fruchter, Andrew S.; Morgan, Adam N.; Van Der Horst, Alexander J. (2011). "A Possible Relativistic Jetted Outburst from a Massive Black Hole Fed by a Tidally Disrupted Star". Science. 333 (6039): 203–6. arXiv:1104.3257. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..203B. doi:10.1126/science.1207150. PMID 21680812. S2CID 31819412.
  7. ^ Saxton, C. J.; Soria, R.; Wu, K.; Kuin, N. P. M. (2012-01-25). "Long-term X-ray variability of Swift J1644+57". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 422 (2): 1625. arXiv:1201.5210. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.422.1625S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20739.x. S2CID 54882171.
  8. ^ Wiersema, K.; van der Horst, A. J.; Levan, A. J.; Tanvir, N. R.; Karjalainen, R.; Kamble, A.; Kouveliotou, C.; Metzger, B. D.; Russell, D. M.; Skillen, I.; Starling, R. L. C.; Wijers, R. A. M. J. (2011-12-13). "Polarimetry of the transient relativistic jet of GRB 110328 / Swift J164449.3+573451". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 421 (3): 1942–1948. arXiv:1112.3042. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.421.1942W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20379.x. S2CID 53402046.
  9. ^ Zauderer, B. A.; Berger, E.; Margutti, R.; Pooley, G. G.; Sari, R.; Soderberg, A. M.; Brunthaler, A.; Bietenholz, M. F. (8 April 2013). "Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. Ii. The Relativistic Jet Shuts off and a Transition to Forward Shock X-Ray/Radio Emission". The Astrophysical Journal. 767 (2): 152. arXiv:1212.1173. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767..152Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/152.
  10. ^ Zauderer, B. A.; Berger, E.; Margutti, R.; Pooley, G. G.; Sari, R.; Soderberg, A. M.; Brunthaler, A.; Bietenholz, M. F. (8 April 2013). "Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. Ii. The Relativistic Jet Shuts off and a Transition to Forward Shock X-Ray/Radio Emission". The Astrophysical Journal. 767 (2): 152. arXiv:1212.1173. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767..152Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/152.
  11. ^ Eftekhari, T.; Berger, E.; Zauderer, B. A.; Margutti, R.; Alexander, K. D. (20 February 2018). "Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. III. Late-time Jet Energetics and a Deviation from Equipartition". The Astrophysical Journal. 854 (2): 86. arXiv:1710.07289. Bibcode:2018ApJ...854...86E. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8e0.
  12. ^ Cendes, Y.; Eftekhari, T.; Berger, E.; Polisensky, E. (1 February 2021). "Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. IV. Continued Fading and Non-relativistic Expansion". The Astrophysical Journal. 908 (2): 125. arXiv:2011.00074. Bibcode:2021ApJ...908..125C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd323.
  13. ^ Zauderer, B. A.; Berger, E.; Soderberg, A. M.; Loeb, A.; Narayan, R.; Frail, D. A.; Petitpas, G. R.; Brunthaler, A.; Chornock, R.; Carpenter, J. M.; Pooley, G. G.; Mooley, K.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Margutti, R.; Fox, D. B.; Nakar, E.; Patel, N. A.; Volgenau, N. H.; Culverhouse, T. L.; Bietenholz, M. F.; Rupen, M. P.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Readhead, A. C. S.; Richards, J.; Shepherd, M.; Storm, S.; Hull, C. L. H. (2011). "Birth of a relativistic outflow in the unusual γ-ray transient Swift J164449.3+573451". Nature. 476 (7361): 425–428. arXiv:1106.3568. Bibcode:2011Natur.476..425Z. doi:10.1038/nature10366. PMID 21866155. S2CID 205226085.
  14. ^ Seifina, Elena; Titarchuk, Lev; Virgilli, Enrico (1 November 2017). "Swift J164449.3+573451 and Swift J2058.4+0516: Black hole mass estimates for tidal disruption event sources". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 607: A38. arXiv:1707.05898. Bibcode:2017A&A...607A..38S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730869.
  15. ^ Seifina, Elena; Titarchuk, Lev; Virgilli, Enrico (1 November 2017). "Swift J164449.3+573451 and Swift J2058.4+0516: Black hole mass estimates for tidal disruption event sources". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 607: A38. arXiv:1707.05898. Bibcode:2017A&A...607A..38S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730869.
  16. ^ Krolik J.; Piran T. (2011-04-13). "Swift J1644+57: A White Dwarf Tidally Disrupted by a 10^4 M_{odot} Black Hole?". The Astrophysical Journal. 743 (2): 134. arXiv:1106.0923. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743..134K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/134. S2CID 118446962.
  17. ^ Zauderer, B. A.; Berger, E.; Margutti, R.; Pooley, G. G.; Sari, R.; Soderberg, A. M.; Brunthaler, A.; Bietenholz, M. F. (8 April 2013). "Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. Ii. The Relativistic Jet Shuts off and a Transition to Forward Shock X-Ray/Radio Emission". The Astrophysical Journal. 767 (2): 152. arXiv:1212.1173. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767..152Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/152.


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