Temperature in Canada
Climate in Canada varies widely from region to region. In many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, winters are long, very cold, and feature frequent snow. Most of Canada has a continental climate, which features a large annual range of temperatures, cold winters, and warm summers. Daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −50 °C (−58 °F) with severe wind chills.[1] In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a more temperate climate, with a mild and rainy, cloudy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[2]
Much of Northern Canada is covered by ice and permafrost; however, the future of the permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of climate change in Canada.[3] Canada's annual average temperature over land has warmed by 1.7 °C (3.1 °F), with changes ranging from 1.1 to 2.3 °C (2.0 to 4.1 °F) in various regions, since 1948.[4] The rate of warming has been higher across the North and in the Prairies.[4] In the southern regions of Canada, air pollution from both Canada and the United States—caused by metal smelting, burning coal to power utilities, and vehicle emissions—has resulted in acid rain, which has severely impacted waterways, forest growth and agricultural productivity in Canada.[5]
Averages
[edit]The following tables show the average maximum and minimum temperatures of Canada of various cities across Canada, based on the climate period from 1981 to 2010 for the months of January and July (generally the lowest and highest average temperature months, but not in every case).
The two major Canadian cities that fall outside the continental climate schema are Vancouver and Victoria. Vancouver experiences an oceanic climate, bordering warm-summer mediterranean with a marked summer dry season. Victoria, BC is the only major Canadian city entirely in a warm-summer mediterranean climate. Of the eight largest Canadian cities, Ottawa, Montreal and Toronto have the warmest summers, Winnipeg the coldest winters, while Vancouver's winters are far milder than any other large city in Canada.
In mountainous regions such as British Columbia the variety of elevations creates micro-climates with average temperatures that can vary wildly within relatively small distances. A few small towns in southern BC outside of Vancouver, for example, have a humid continental climate (Dfb) with average winter temperatures and cold snaps comparable to other parts of the country.
Central Canada and northern Canada experiences subarctic and Arctic climates, much of them arid. Those areas are not heavily populated due to the severe climate, where it drops below −20 °C (−4 °F) on most winter days and has a very brief summer season.
Some Mountain passes in southern BC also have a subarctic or subalpine climate, creating extremely dangerous driving conditions, as drivers may be unaware of wintry road conditions when they come from nearby areas like Vancouver and Kamloops that are much warmer.[6]
The table can be reordered by clicking on the box in each column. Places in italics are provincial capitals, bold is the national capital.
| Community | Weather station | Location | Elevation | January (Avg. high °C (°F)) |
January (Avg. low °C (°F)) |
July (Avg. high °C (°F)) |
July (Avg. low °C (°F)) |
Annual (Avg. high °C (°F)) |
Annual (Avg. low °C (°F)) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alberton, PE[7] | 46°51′00″N 064°01′00″W / 46.85000°N 64.01667°W | 3 m (9.8 ft) | −3.9 (25.0) | −12.5 (9.5) | 23.2 (73.8) | 14.1 (57.4) | 9.6 (49.3) | 1.3 (34.3) | |
| Baker Lake, NU[8] | YBK | 64°17′56″N 096°04′40″W / 64.29889°N 96.07778°W | 18.6 m (61 ft) | −27.7 (−17.9) | −34.8 (−30.6) | 17.0 (62.6) | 6.1 (43.0) | −7.3 (18.9) | −15.2 (4.6) |
| Baie-Comeau, QC[9] | YBC | 49°08′00″N 068°12′00″W / 49.13333°N 68.20000°W | 22 m (72 ft) | −8.7 (16.3) | −19.9 (−3.8) | 20.9 (69.6) | 10.3 (50.5) | 6.6 (43.9) | −3.3 (26.1) |
| Calgary, AB[10] | YYC | 51°06′50″N 114°01′13″W / 51.11389°N 114.02028°W | 1,084 m (3,556 ft) | −0.9 (30.4) | −13.2 (8.2) | 23.2 (73.8) | 9.8 (49.6) | 10.8 (51.4) | −1.9 (28.6) |
| Charlottetown, PE[11] | YYG | 46°17′19″N 063°07′43″W / 46.28861°N 63.12861°W | 49 m (161 ft) | −3.4 (25.9) | −12.1 (10.2) | 23.3 (73.9) | 14.1 (57.4) | 9.9 (49.8) | 1.3 (34.3) |
| Churchill, MB[12] | YYQ | 58°44′21″N 094°03′59″W / 58.73917°N 94.06639°W | 29 m (95 ft) | −21.9 (−7.4) | −30.1 (−22.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 7.3 (45.1) | −2.3 (27.9) | −10.7 (12.7) |
| Corner Brook, NL[13] | 48°57′00″N 057°57′00″W / 48.95000°N 57.95000°W | 5 m (16 ft) | −2.7 (27.1) | −9.6 (14.7) | 22.0 (71.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 9.0 (48.2) | 1.3 (34.3) | |
| Dawson City, YT[14] | YDA | 64°02′35″N 139°07′40″W / 64.04306°N 139.12778°W | 370 m (1,210 ft) | −21.8 (−7.2) | −30.1 (−22.2) | 23.1 (73.6) | 8.2 (46.8) | 2.1 (35.8) | −10.3 (13.5) |
| Edmonton, AB[15] | YXD | 53°34′24″N 113°31′06″W / 53.57333°N 113.51833°W | 671 m (2,201 ft) | −6.0 (21.2) | −14.8 (5.4) | 23.1 (73.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 9.3 (48.7) | −1.0 (30.2) |
| Edmundston, NB[16] | 47°20′47″N 068°11′16″W / 47.34639°N 68.18778°W | 163 m (535 ft) | −7.1 (19.2) | −18.5 (−1.3) | 24.7 (76.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | 9.5 (49.1) | −2.3 (27.9) | |
| Fort Nelson, BC[17] | YYE | 58°50′11″N 122°35′50″W / 58.83639°N 122.59722°W | 382 m (1,253 ft) | −16.1 (3.0) | −24.6 (−12.3) | 23.2 (73.8) | 10.9 (51.6) | 5.2 (41.4) | −6.0 (21.2) |
| Fredericton, NB[18] | YFC | 45°52′20″N 066°31′40″W / 45.87222°N 66.52778°W | 21 m (69 ft) | −3.8 (25.2) | −15.0 (5.0) | 25.5 (77.9) | 13.0 (55.4) | 11.4 (52.5) | −0.2 (31.6) |
| Halifax, NS[19] | YHZ | 44°52′48″N 063°30′00″W / 44.88000°N 63.50000°W | 145 m (476 ft) | −1.3 (29.7) | −10.4 (13.3) | 23.8 (74.8) | 13.7 (56.7) | 11.3 (52.3) | 1.9 (35.4) |
| High Level, AB[20] | YOJ | 58°37′17″N 117°09′53″W / 58.62139°N 117.16472°W | 338 m (1,109 ft) | −15.0 (5.0) | −25.8 (−14.4) | 23.0 (73.4) | 9.9 (49.8) | 5.2 (41.4) | −7.2 (19.0) |
| Inuvik, NT[21] | YEV | 68°18′15″N 133°28′58″W / 68.30417°N 133.48278°W | 68 m (223 ft) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −31.0 (−23.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 8.6 (47.5) | −3.5 (25.7) | −12.9 (8.8) |
| Iqaluit, NU[22] | YFB | 63°45′00″N 068°33′00″W / 63.75000°N 68.55000°W | 34 m (112 ft) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −30.9 (−23.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 4.1 (39.4) | −5.6 (21.9) | −13.1 (8.4) |
| Kamloops, BC[23] | YKA | 50°42′08″N 120°26′31″W / 50.70222°N 120.44194°W | 345.3 m (1,133 ft) | 0.4 (32.7) | −5.9 (21.4) | 28.9 (84.0) | 14.2 (57.6) | 14.8 (58.6) | 3.7 (38.7) |
| Kugluktuk, NU[24] | YCO | 67°49′00″N 115°08′38″W / 67.81667°N 115.14389°W | 23 m (75 ft) | −23.2 (−9.8) | −31.4 (−24.5) | 15.6 (60.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | −6.1 (21.0) | −14.4 (6.1) |
| La Ronge, SK[25] | YVC | 55°09′00″N 105°16′00″W / 55.15000°N 105.26667°W | 379 m (1,243 ft) | −13.4 (7.9) | −24.2 (−11.6) | 23.5 (74.3) | 11.5 (52.7) | 5.9 (42.6) | −5.5 (22.1) |
| Mayo, YT[26] | YMA | 63°37′00″N 135°52′00″W / 63.61667°N 135.86667°W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | −18.0 (−0.4) | −28.2 (−18.8) | 22.8 (73.0) | 9.4 (48.9) | 3.4 (38.1) | −8.2 (17.2) |
| Moncton, NB[27] | YQM | 46°06′19″N 064°41′02″W / 46.10528°N 64.68389°W | 71 m (233 ft) | −3.7 (25.3) | −14.0 (6.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 12.9 (55.2) | 10.7 (51.3) | 0.1 (32.2) |
| Montreal, QC[28] | YUL | 45°28′00″N 073°45′00″W / 45.46667°N 73.75000°W | 36 m (118 ft) | −5.3 (22.5) | −14.0 (6.8) | 26.3 (79.3) | 16.1 (61.0) | 11.5 (52.7) | 2.0 (35.6) |
| Nain, NL[29] | YDP | 56°33′00″N 061°41′00″W / 56.55000°N 61.68333°W | 6 m (20 ft) | −13.5 (7.7) | −21.6 (−6.9) | 14.9 (58.8) | 5.3 (41.5) | 1.7 (35.1) | −6.6 (20.1) |
| Norman Wells, NT[30] | YVQ | 65°16′57″N 126°48′01″W / 65.28250°N 126.80028°W | 73 m (240 ft) | −22.2 (−8.0) | −29.9 (−21.8) | 22.5 (72.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | −0.4 (31.3) | −9.9 (14.2) |
| Ottawa, ON[31] | YOW | 45°19′21″N 075°40′09″W / 45.32250°N 75.66917°W | 114 m (374 ft) | −5.8 (21.6) | −14.8 (5.4) | 26.5 (79.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 11.3 (52.3) | 1.4 (34.5) |
| Princeton, BC[32] | CYDC | 49°28′05″N 120°30′41″W / 49.46806°N 120.51139°W | 700 m (2,300 ft) | −1.4 (29.5) | −8.6 (16.5) | 26.3 (79.3) | 9.5 (49.1) | 12.9 (55.2) | 0.2 (32.4) |
| Quebec City, QC[33] | YQB | 46°48′00″N 071°23′00″W / 46.80000°N 71.38333°W | 74 m (243 ft) | −7.9 (17.8) | −17.7 (0.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 13.5 (56.3) | 9.2 (48.6) | −0.8 (30.6) |
| Regina, SK[34] | YQR | 50°26′00″N 104°40′00″W / 50.43333°N 104.66667°W | 578 m (1,896 ft) | −9.3 (15.3) | −20.1 (−4.2) | 25.8 (78.4) | 11.9 (53.4) | 9.3 (48.7) | −3.2 (26.2) |
| Resolute, NU[35] | YRB | 74°43′01″N 094°58′10″W / 74.71694°N 94.96944°W | 68 m (223 ft) | −28.6 (−19.5) | −35.3 (−31.5) | 7.3 (45.1) | 1.7 (35.1) | −12.7 (9.1) | −18.6 (−1.5) |
| Saskatoon, SK[36] | YXE | 52°10′00″N 106°43′00″W / 52.16667°N 106.71667°W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | −10.1 (13.8) | −20.7 (−5.3) | 25.3 (77.5) | 11.6 (52.9) | 8.6 (47.5) | −3.5 (25.7) |
| St. John's, NL[37] | YYT | 47°37′20″N 052°44′34″W / 47.62222°N 52.74278°W | 141 m (463 ft) | −0.8 (30.6) | −8.2 (17.2) | 20.7 (69.3) | 10.9 (51.6) | 9.0 (48.2) | 1.0 (33.8) |
| Summerside, PE[38] | YSU | 46°26′20″N 063°49′54″W / 46.43889°N 63.83167°W | 20 m (66 ft) | −3.2 (26.2) | −12.1 (10.2) | 23.8 (74.8) | 14.6 (58.3) | 9.9 (49.8) | 1.6 (34.9) |
| Sydney, NS[39] | YQY | 46°10′00″N 060°02′53″W / 46.16667°N 60.04806°W | 62 m (203 ft) | −1.1 (30.0) | −9.6 (14.7) | 23.1 (73.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 10.3 (50.5) | 1.4 (34.5) |
| Thompson, MB[40] | YTH | 55°48′12″N 097°51′45″W / 55.80333°N 97.86250°W | 224 m (735 ft) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −29.3 (−20.7) | 23.1 (73.6) | 9.1 (48.4) | 3.4 (38.1) | −9.1 (15.6) |
| Timmins, ON[41] | YTS | 48°34′11″N 081°22′36″W / 48.56972°N 81.37667°W | 295 m (968 ft) | −10.6 (12.9) | −23.0 (−9.4) | 24.2 (75.6) | 10.7 (51.3) | 7.9 (46.2) | −4.3 (24.3) |
| Toronto, ON[42] | YYZ | 43°40′38″N 079°37′50″W / 43.67722°N 79.63056°W | 173 m (568 ft) | −1.5 (29.3) | −9.4 (15.1) | 27.1 (80.8) | 15.8 (60.4) | 13.0 (55.4) | 3.3 (37.9) |
| Vancouver, BC[43] | YVR | 49°11′42″N 123°10′55″W / 49.19500°N 123.18194°W | 4 m (13 ft) | 6.9 (44.4) | 1.4 (34.5) | 22.2 (72.0) | 13.7 (56.7) | 13.9 (57.0) | 6.8 (44.2) |
| Victoria, BC[44] | YYJ | 48°38′50″N 123°25′33″W / 48.64722°N 123.42583°W | 20 m (66 ft) | 7.6 (45.7) | 1.5 (34.7) | 22.4 (72.3) | 11.3 (52.3) | 14.4 (57.9) | 5.6 (42.1) |
| Whitehorse, YT[45] | YXY | 60°42′34″N 135°04′08″W / 60.70944°N 135.06889°W | 706 m (2,316 ft) | −11.0 (12.2) | −19.2 (−2.6) | 20.6 (69.1) | 8.0 (46.4) | 5.1 (41.2) | −5.2 (22.6) |
| Windsor, ON[46] | YQG | 42°16′32″N 82°57′20″W / 42.27556°N 82.95556°W | 190 m (620 ft) | −0.3 (31.5) | −7.3 (18.9) | 28.1 (82.6) | 17.9 (64.2) | 14.4 (57.9) | 5.4 (41.7) |
| Winnipeg, MB[47] | YWG | 49°55′00″N 097°14′00″W / 49.91667°N 97.23333°W | 239 m (784 ft) | −11.3 (11.7) | −21.4 (−6.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 13.5 (56.3) | 8.7 (47.7) | −2.7 (27.1) |
| Yarmouth, NS[48] | YQI | 43°49′51″N 066°05′19″W / 43.83083°N 66.08861°W | 43 m (141 ft) | 0.8 (33.4) | −6.9 (19.6) | 20.9 (69.6) | 12.7 (54.9) | 11.1 (52.0) | 3.2 (37.8) |
| Yellowknife, NT[49] | YZF | 62°27′46″N 114°26′25″W / 62.46278°N 114.44028°W | 206 m (676 ft) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −29.5 (−21.1) | 21.3 (70.3) | 12.6 (54.7) | 0.0 (32.0) | −8.6 (16.5) |
Heat, cold and frost averages
[edit]| Location | Region | Days >30° | Days >20° | Frosts | Max temp <0° | Days <-10° | Days
<-20° |
First frost | Last frost | Frost-free |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baker Lake | NU | 0.21 | 13.1 | 270.5 | 225.5 | 206.3 | 158.2 | Aug 30 | Jun 25 | 65 days |
| Brandon | MB | 15.9 | 109.8 | 202.3 | 110.0 | 108.6 | 52.6 | Sep 14 | May 24 | 112 days |
| Calgary | AB | 5.1 | 87.2 | 194.4 | 59.3 | 71.3 | 21.7 | Sep 16 | May 21 | 117 days |
| Charlottetown | PE | 0.9 | 79.3 | 160.2 | 72.6 | 54.6 | 6.5 | Oct 17 | May 16 | 153 days |
| Churchill | MB | 1.1 | 28.0 | 247.5 | 193.7 | 171.0 | 117.2 | Sep 15 | Jun 19 | 87 days |
| Corner Brook | NL | 0.7 | 58.5 | 159.3 | 79.0 | 43.0 | 3.4 | Oct 13 | May 19 | 146 days |
| Dawson Creek | BC | 2.6 | 62.1 | 243.7 | 156.9 | 162.4 | 104.1 | Aug 13 | Jun 3 | 70 days |
| Edmonton | AB | 4.0 | 88.4 | 179.7 | 82.6 | 75.3 | 24.6 | Sep 22 | May 9 | 135 days |
| Fort Frances | ON | 6.9 | 100.4 | 195.4 | 106.6 | 90.8 | 44.2 | Sep 17 | May 27 | 108 days |
| Fort McMurray | AB | 5.9 | 84.2 | 212.1 | 115.8 | 119.5 | 57.5 | Sep 6 | May 30 | 97 days |
| Fort Nelson | BC | 3.3 | 78.1 | 214.2 | 133.6 | 139.1 | 79.8 | Sep 11 | May 16 | 117 days |
| Fort Simpson | NT | 4.2 | 73.8 | 224.3 | 159.3 | 157.3 | 101.1 | Sep 1 | May 26 | 97 days |
| Fredericton | NB | 9.0 | 104.4 | 172.9 | 69.1 | 72.6 | 20.0 | Sep 25 | May 17 | 130 days |
| Halifax (city) | NS | 1.0 | 78.2 | 131.0 | 47.0 | 29.8 | 0.8 | Oct 31 | May 1 | 182 days |
| Hamilton | ON | 18.5 | 119.8 | 129.0 | 48.6 | 32.6 | 2.5 | Oct 16 | Apr 21 | 177 days |
| High Level | AB | 2.7 | 76.5 | 224.8 | 136.3 | 138.9 | 79.9 | Sep 1 | Jun 1 | 91 days |
| Iqaluit | NU | 0.0 | 2.1 | 265.8 | 212.2 | 182.4 | 130.6 | Sep 3 | Jun 20 | 74 days |
| Kamloops | BC | 32.8 | 132.0 | 119.2 | 34.5 | 19.9 | 3.4 | Oct 10 | Apr 24 | 169 days |
| Kuujjuaq | QC | 0.3 | 21.7 | 244.0 | 177.1 | 155.6 | 104.5 | Sep 9 | Jun 18 | 82 days |
| Labrador City | NL | 0.4 | 33.1 | 232.8 | 155.3 | 144.5 | 90.6 | Sep 14 | Jun 9 | 95 days |
| Liverpool | NS | 3.3 | 102.7 | 146.8 | 42.0 | 34.6 | 3.6 | Oct 5 | May 15 | 142 days |
| Medicine Hat | AB | 26.5 | 120.4 | 174.6 | 58.4 | 64.4 | 22.8 | Sep 25 | May 13 | 134 days |
| Moose Jaw | SK | 21.7 | 115.1 | 188.7 | 86.7 | 87.7 | 37.7 | Sep 17 | May 17 | 121 days |
| Moncton | NB | 6.8 | 99.1 | 166.9 | 70.0 | 58.9 | 14.0 | Oct 2 | May 23 | 131 days |
| Montreal | QC | 9.3 | 117.1 | 147.7 | 74.0 | 62.9 | 14.3 | Oct 12 | Apr 29 | 165 days |
| Moosonee | ON | 6.1 | 66.3 | 224.9 | 129.1 | 125.6 | 78.4 | Aug 25 | Jun 26 | 58 days |
| Nain | NL | 0.5 | 16.4 | 230.1 | 148.1 | 126.7 | 62.4 | Sep 24 | Jun 18 | 96 days |
| Nanaimo | BC | 6.7 | 96.9 | 71.5 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 0.0 | Oct 26 | Apr 14 | 194 days |
| Osoyoos (west) | BC | 36.0 | 142.4 | 105.5 | 25.3 | 10.7 | 0.3 | Oct 9 | Apr 22 | 169 days |
| Ottawa | ON | 13.0 | 116.4 | 154.9 | 77.5 | 67.9 | 16.3 | Oct 7 | Apr 30 | 157 days |
| Princeton | BC | 24.2 | 107.6 | 177.8 | 50.6 | 33.6 | 6.4 | Sep 17 | May 23 | 116 Days |
| Quebec City | QC | 5.1 | 94.1 | 170.7 | 94.9 | 84.8 | 31.1 | Oct 4 | May 11 | 145 days |
| Regina | SK | 16.2 | 108.1 | 201.2 | 103.0 | 102.3 | 43.1 | Sep 12 | May 20 | 115 days |
| Saguenay | QC | 7.7 | 86.8 | 189.7 | 104.9 | 99.2 | 46.6 | Sep 23 | May 22 | 123 days |
| Saint John | NB | 0.9 | 74.3 | 167.2 | 60.7 | 65.7 | 14.1 | Oct 2 | May 16 | 138 days |
| Saskatoon | SK | 13.1 | 103.1 | 200.4 | 108.0 | 105.6 | 47.1 | Sep 15 | May 21 | 117 days |
| St. John's | NL | 0.1 | 52.6 | 166.6 | 65.9 | 34.9 | 0.6 | Oct 17 | May 30 | 139 days |
| Sydney | NS | 2.3 | 74.9 | 160.8 | 60.0 | 43.2 | 2.7 | Oct 17 | May 21 | 149 days |
| Thompson | MB | 3.8 | 66.9 | 238.6 | 152.5 | 150.0 | 100.0 | Aug 27 | Jun 14 | 74 days |
| Toronto | ON | 11.5 | 117.2 | 100.8 | 45.9 | 21.9 | 1.2 | Nov 3 | Apr 13 | 203 days |
| Toronto Airport | ON | 15.8 | 122.3 | 136.5 | 52.8 | 38.9 | 3.9 | Oct 16 | Apr 30 | 168 days |
| Vancouver | BC | 0.3 | 76.5 | 40.9 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 0.0 | Nov 10 | Mar 18 | 237 days |
| Victoria | BC | 2.1 | 78.9 | 46.0 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | Nov 5 | Apr 7 | 211 days |
| Windsor | ON | 23.5 | 138.9 | 116.3 | 44.3 | 24.1 | 1.2 | Oct 30 | Apr 17 | 195 days |
| Winnipeg | MB | 13.3 | 109.7 | 193.7 | 113.0 | 102.2 | 50.1 | Sep 22 | May 23 | 121 days |
| Whitehorse | YT | 0.9 | 41.5 | 221.3 | 118.7 | 106.4 | 48.7 | Aug 25 | Jun 5 | 80 days |
| Yarmouth | NS | 0.0 | 56.7 | 126.1 | 36.0 | 21.7 | 0.1 | Oct 21 | Apr 27 | 176 days |
| Yellowknife | NT | 0.4 | 42.8 | 224.5 | 175.2 | 160.9 | 105.2 | Sep 18 | May 25 | 115 days |
Extremes
[edit]| Climate data for Canada | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
42.2 (108.0) |
49.6 (121.3) |
45.0 (113.0) |
43.3 (110.0) |
40.0 (104.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
29.4 (85.0) |
25.0 (77.0) |
49.6 (121.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −61.2 (−78.2) |
−63.0 (−81.4) |
−54.7 (−66.5) |
−48.9 (−56.0) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
−31.7 (−25.1) |
−41.7 (−43.1) |
−52.8 (−63.0) |
−61.7 (−79.1) |
−63.0 (−81.4) |
| [citation needed] | |||||||||||||
Extreme highs
[edit] |
| Month | Temperature | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | 21.1 °C (70.0 °F) | January 30, 2024 | Maple Creek, Saskatchewan |
| February | 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) | February 27, 1992 | Fort Macleod, Alberta |
| March | 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) | March 23, 1911 | Medicine Hat, Alberta |
| April | 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) | April 21, 1980 | Emerson, Manitoba |
| May | 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) | May 30, 1934 | Morden, Manitoba |
| June | 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) | June 29, 2021 | Lytton, British Columbia |
| July | 45 °C (113.0 °F) | July 5, 1937 | Midale and Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan |
| August | 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) | August 6, 1949 and August 5, 1961 | Rosetown and Maple Creek, Saskatchewan |
| September | 40 °C (104.0 °F) | September 8, 1906 | Morden, Manitoba |
| October | 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) | October 6, 1889 | Medicine Hat, Alberta |
| November | 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) | November 4, 1916 | Jenner, Alberta |
| December | 25 °C (77.0 °F) | December 8, 1903 | Fort Macleod, Alberta |
Extreme lows
[edit] |
| Month | Temperature | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | −61.2 °C (−78.2 °F) | January 11, 1911 | Fort Vermilion, Alberta |
| February | −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) | February 3, 1947 | Snag, Yukon |
| March | −54.7 °C (−66.5 °F) | March 4, 2017 | Mould Bay, Northwest Territories |
| April | −48.9 °C (−56.0 °F) | April 8, 1964 | Eureka, Nunavut |
| May | −35 °C (−31 °F) | May 13, 1935 | Cambridge Bay, Nunavut |
| June | −16.7 °C (1.9 °F) | June 5, 1974 | Resolute, Nunavut |
| July | −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) | July 8, 1981 | Lake Louise, Alberta |
| August | −16.7 °C (1.9 °F) | August 26, 2000 | Resolute, Nunavut |
| September | −31.7 °C (−25.1 °F) | September 25, 1961 | Eureka, Nunavut |
| October | −41.7 °C (−43.1 °F) | October 29, 1953 | Eureka, Nunavut |
| November | −52.8 °C (−63.0 °F) | November 27, 1948 | Snag, Yukon |
| December | −61.7 °C (−79.1 °F) | December 31, 1910 | Fort Good Hope, Northwest Territories |
- Highest recorded June 29, 2021 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) Lytton, British Columbia.[51]
- Lowest recorded February 3, 1947 −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) Snag, Yukon.[52]
The table can be reordered by clicking on the box in each column. Places in italics are provincial capital, bold is the national capital.
| Community | Weather station | Location | Elevation | January (Record high °C (°F)) |
January (Record low °C (°F)) |
July (Record high °C (°F)) |
July (Record low °C (°F)) |
Annual (Extreme high °C (°F)) |
Annual (Extreme low °C (°F)) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alberton, PE[7] | 46°51′00″N 064°01′00″W / 46.85000°N 64.01667°W | 3 m (9.8 ft) | 13.2 (55.8) | −31.7 (−25.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | 33.3 (91.9) | −33.0 (−27.4) | |
| Alert, NU[53][54] | YLT | 82°30′05″N 62°20′20″W / 82.50139°N 62.33889°W | 30.5 m (100 ft) | 0.0 (32.0) | −50.0 (−58.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | −6.3 (20.7) | 20.0 (68.0) | −50.0 (−58.0) |
| Baker Lake, NU | YBK | 64°17′56″N 096°04′40″W / 64.29889°N 96.07778°W | 18.6 m (61 ft) | −1.7 (28.9) | −50.6 (−59.1) | 33.6 (92.5) | −1.7 (28.9) | 33.6 (92.5) | −50.6 (−59.1) |
| Baie-Comeau, QC[9] | YBC | 49°08′00″N 068°12′00″W / 49.13333°N 68.20000°W | 22 m (72 ft) | 11.4 (52.5) | −47.2 (−53.0) | 32.8 (91.0) | 0.6 (33.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | −47.2 (−53.0) |
| Calgary, AB[10] | YYC | 51°06′50″N 114°01′13″W / 51.11389°N 114.02028°W | 1,084 m (3,556 ft) | 17.6 (63.7) | −44.4 (−47.9) | 36.1 (97.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | 36.5 (97.7) | −45.0 (−49.0) |
| Charlottetown, PE[11] | YYG | 46°17′19″N 063°07′43″W / 46.28861°N 63.12861°W | 49 m (161 ft) | 15.1 (59.2) | −30.5 (−22.9) | 33.9 (93.0) | 3.3 (37.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | −30.5 (−22.9) |
| Churchill, MB[12][54] | YYQ | 58°44′21″N 094°03′59″W / 58.73917°N 94.06639°W | 29 m (95 ft) | 1.7 (35.1) | −45.0 (−49.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 1.1 (34.0) | 36.9 (98.4) | −45.4 (−49.7) |
| Corner Brook, NL[13] | 48°57′00″N 057°57′00″W / 48.95000°N 57.95000°W | 5 m (16 ft) | 16.5 (61.7) | −31.7 (−25.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | 1.1 (34.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −31.7 (−25.1) | |
| Dawson City, YT[14] | YDA | 64°02′35″N 139°07′40″W / 64.04306°N 139.12778°W | 370 m (1,210 ft) | 9.7 (49.5) | −53.8 (−64.8) | 33.5 (92.3) | −2.0 (28.4) | 34.7 (94.5) | −55.8 (−68.4) |
| Edmonton, AB[15][54] | YXD | 53°34′24″N 113°31′06″W / 53.57333°N 113.51833°W | 671 m (2,201 ft) | 13.8 (56.8) | −49.4 (−56.9) | 36.7 (98.1) | −1.7 (28.9) | 37.2 (99.0) | −49.4 (−56.9) |
| Edmundston, NB[16] | 47°20′47″N 068°11′16″W / 47.34639°N 68.18778°W | 163 m (535 ft) | 13.0 (55.4) | −41.0 (−41.8) | 36.0 (96.8) | 2.0 (35.6) | 36.0 (96.8) | −41.0 (−41.8) | |
| Fort Nelson, BC[17] | YYE | 58°50′11″N 122°35′50″W / 58.83639°N 122.59722°W | 382 m (1,253 ft) | 10.7 (51.3) | −51.7 (−61.1) | 36.7 (98.1) | 1.1 (34.0) | 36.7 (98.1) | −51.7 (−61.1) |
| Fredericton, NB[18] | YFC | 45°52′20″N 066°31′40″W / 45.87222°N 66.52778°W | 21 m (69 ft) | 14.6 (58.3) | −35.6 (−32.1) | 36.7 (98.1) | 1.7 (35.1) | 37.2 (99.0) | −37.2 (−35.0) |
| Halifax, NS[19] | YHZ | 44°52′48″N 063°30′00″W / 44.88000°N 63.50000°W | 145 m (476 ft) | 14.8 (58.6) | −28.5 (−19.3) | 33.9 (93.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −28.5 (−19.3) |
| High Level, AB[20] | YOJ | 58°37′17″N 117°09′53″W / 58.62139°N 117.16472°W | 338 m (1,109 ft) | 11.3 (52.3) | −50.6 (−59.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | −0.2 (31.6) | 35.2 (95.4) | −50.6 (−59.1) |
| Inuvik, NT[21] | YEV | 68°18′15″N 133°28′58″W / 68.30417°N 133.48278°W | 68 m (223 ft) | 5.4 (41.7) | −54.4 (−65.9) | 32.8 (91.0) | −3.3 (26.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | −56.7 (−70.1) |
| Iqaluit, NU[22] | YFB | 63°45′00″N 068°33′00″W / 63.75000°N 68.55000°W | 34 m (112 ft) | 3.9 (39.0) | −45.0 (−49.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | −2.8 (27.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | −45.6 (−50.1) |
| Kugluktuk, NU[24] | YCO | 67°49′00″N 115°08′38″W / 67.81667°N 115.14389°W | 23 m (75 ft) | 0.8 (33.4) | −47.3 (−53.1) | 34.9 (94.8) | −0.8 (30.6) | 34.9 (94.8) | −47.3 (−53.1) |
| La Ronge, SK[25] | YVC | 55°09′00″N 105°16′00″W / 55.15000°N 105.26667°W | 379 m (1,243 ft) | 12.5 (54.5) | −48.3 (−54.9) | 35.5 (95.9) | 1.1 (34.0) | 36.1 (97.0) | −48.3 (−54.9) |
| Mayo, YT[26] | YMA | 63°37′00″N 135°52′00″W / 63.61667°N 135.86667°W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | 10.1 (50.2) | −58.3 (−72.9) | 35.6 (96.1) | −2.8 (27.0) | 36.1 (97.0) | −62.2 (−80.0) |
| Moncton, NB[27] | YQM | 46°06′19″N 064°41′02″W / 46.10528°N 64.68389°W | 71 m (233 ft) | 16.1 (61.0) | −32.2 (−26.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | 1.2 (34.2) | 37.2 (99.0) | −32.2 (−26.0) |
| Montreal, QC[28] | YUL | 45°28′00″N 073°45′00″W / 45.46667°N 73.75000°W | 36 m (118 ft) | 13.9 (57.0) | −37.8 (−36.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 37.6 (99.7) | −37.8 (−36.0) |
| Nain, NL[29] | YDP | 56°33′00″N 061°41′00″W / 56.55000°N 61.68333°W | 6 m (20 ft) | 10.5 (50.9) | −39.4 (−38.9) | 33.3 (91.9) | −2.8 (27.0) | 33.3 (91.9) | −41.5 (−42.7) |
| Norman Wells, NT[30] | YVQ | 65°16′57″N 126°48′01″W / 65.28250°N 126.80028°W | 73 m (240 ft) | 12.4 (54.3) | −52.2 (−62.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −1.1 (30.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | −54.4 (−65.9) |
| Ottawa, ON[31] | YOW | 45°19′21″N 075°40′09″W / 45.32250°N 75.66917°W | 114 m (374 ft) | 12.9 (55.2) | −35.6 (−32.1) | 36.7 (98.1) | 5.0 (41.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | −36.1 (−33.0) |
| Princeton, BC[32] | CYDC | 49°28′05″N 120°30′41″W / 49.46806°N 120.51139°W | 700 m (2,300 ft) | 13.3 (55.9) | −41.1 (−42.0) | 41.7 (107.1) | 0.0 (32.0) | 41.7 (107.1) | −42.8 (−45.0) |
| Quebec City, QC[33] | YQB | 46°48′00″N 071°23′00″W / 46.80000°N 71.38333°W | 74 m (243 ft) | 10.0 (50.0) | −35.4 (−31.7) | 35.6 (96.1) | 3.9 (39.0) | 35.6 (96.1) | −36.1 (−33.0) |
| Regina, SK[34] | YQR | 50°26′00″N 104°40′00″W / 50.43333°N 104.66667°W | 578 m (1,896 ft) | 10.4 (50.7) | −50.0 (−58.0) | 43.3 (109.9) | −2.2 (28.0) | 43.3 (109.9) | −50.0 (−58.0) |
| Resolute, NU[35] | YRB | 74°43′01″N 094°58′10″W / 74.71694°N 94.96944°W | 68 m (223 ft) | −0.8 (30.6) | −52.2 (−62.0) | 18.5 (65.3) | −3.1 (26.4) | 18.5 (65.3) | −52.2 (−62.0) |
| Saskatoon, SK[36] | YXE | 52°10′00″N 106°43′00″W / 52.16667°N 106.71667°W | 504 m (1,654 ft) | 10.0 (50.0) | −48.9 (−56.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | −3.3 (26.1) | 40.6 (105.1) | −50.0 (−58.0) |
| St. John's, NL[37] | YYT | 47°37′20″N 052°44′34″W / 47.62222°N 52.74278°W | 141 m (463 ft) | 15.7 (60.3) | −23.3 (−9.9) | 31.5 (88.7) | −1.1 (30.0) | 31.5 (88.7) | −23.8 (−10.8) |
| Summerside, PE[38] | YSU | 46°26′20″N 063°49′54″W / 46.43889°N 63.83167°W | 20 m (66 ft) | 12.1 (53.8) | −29.9 (−21.8) | 33.3 (91.9) | 6.7 (44.1) | 33.3 (91.9) | −29.9 (−21.8) |
| Sydney, NS[39] | YQY | 46°10′00″N 060°02′53″W / 46.16667°N 60.04806°W | 62 m (203 ft) | 16.9 (62.4) | −26.2 (−15.2) | 33.9 (93.0) | 2.2 (36.0) | 35.5 (95.9) | −27.3 (−17.1) |
| Thompson, MB[40] | YTH | 55°48′12″N 097°51′45″W / 55.80333°N 97.86250°W | 224 m (735 ft) | 8.1 (46.6) | −48.9 (−56.0) | 35.9 (96.6) | −1.1 (30.0) | 37.4 (99.3) | −48.9 (−56.0) |
| Timmins, ON[41] | YTS | 48°34′11″N 081°22′36″W / 48.56972°N 81.37667°W | 295 m (968 ft) | 7.6 (45.7) | −44.2 (−47.6) | 38.9 (102.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | 38.9 (102.0) | −45.6 (−50.1) |
| Toronto, ON[42] | YYZ | 43°40′38″N 079°37′50″W / 43.67722°N 79.63056°W | 173 m (568 ft) | 17.6 (63.7) | −31.3 (−24.3) | 37.6 (99.7) | 3.9 (39.0) | 38.3 (100.9) | −31.3 (−24.3) |
| Vancouver, BC[43] | YVR | 49°11′42″N 123°10′55″W / 49.19500°N 123.18194°W | 4 m (13 ft) | 15.3 (59.5) | −17.8 (0.0) | 34.4 (93.9) | 6.7 (44.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | −17.8 (0.0) |
| Victoria, BC[44] | YYJ | 48°38′50″N 123°25′33″W / 48.64722°N 123.42583°W | 20 m (66 ft) | 16.1 (61.0) | −15.6 (3.9) | 36.3 (97.3) | 4.1 (39.4) | 36.3 (97.3) | −15.6 (3.9) |
| Whitehorse, YT[45] | YXY | 60°42′34″N 135°04′08″W / 60.70944°N 135.06889°W | 706 m (2,316 ft) | 9.0 (48.2) | −52.2 (−62.0) | 32.8 (91.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | 34.4 (93.9) | −52.2 (−62.0) |
| Windsor, ON[46] | YQG | 42°16′32″N 82°57′20″W / 42.27556°N 82.95556°W | 190 m (620 ft) | 17.8 (64.0) | −29.1 (−20.4) | 38.3 (100.9) | 5.6 (42.1) | 40.2 (104.4) | −29.1 (−20.4) |
| Winnipeg, MB[47] | YWG | 49°55′00″N 097°14′00″W / 49.91667°N 97.23333°W | 239 m (784 ft) | 7.8 (46.0) | −42.2 (−44.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | 1.1 (34.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | −45.0 (−49.0) |
| Yarmouth, NS[48] | YQI | 43°49′51″N 066°05′19″W / 43.83083°N 66.08861°W | 43 m (141 ft) | 14.0 (57.2) | −21.3 (−6.3) | 30.0 (86.0) | 5.8 (42.4) | 30.3 (86.5) | −23.6 (−10.5) |
| Yellowknife, NT[49] | YZF | 62°27′46″N 114°26′25″W / 62.46278°N 114.44028°W | 206 m (676 ft) | 3.4 (38.1) | −51.2 (−60.2) | 32.5 (90.5) | 0.6 (33.1) | 32.5 (90.5) | −51.2 (−60.2) |
Climate change
[edit]
Climate change is greatly impacting Canada's environment and landscapes. Extreme weather has become more frequent and severe because of the continued release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The number of climate change–related events, such as the 2021 British Columbia Floods and an increasing number of forest fires, has become an increasing concern over time.[56] Canada's annual average temperature over land warmed by 1.7 degrees Celsius between 1948 and 2016. The rate of warming is highest in Canada's north, the Prairies, and northern British Columbia. The country's precipitation has increased in recent years and wildfires expanded from seasonal events to year-round threats.
As of 2022[update] Canada was the world's 11th highest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2)[57][58] and as of 2021 the 7th highest emitter of greenhouse gases.[59] Canada has a long history of producing industrial emissions going back to the late 19th century. In 2022 transport, oil and gas extraction, and fugitive emissions together emitted 82% of the country's total emissions.[60] From 1990 to 2022, GHG emissions from conventional oil production increased by 24%, those from multi-stage fracturing techniques increased by 56%, and emissions from oil sands production increased by 467%.[61]
Canada committed to reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030 under the Paris Agreement. In July 2021, Canada enhanced the Paris Agreement plans with a new goal of reducing emissions by 40–45% below 2005 levels by 2030,[62] enacting the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act.[60] In 2019, the House of Commons voted to declare a national climate emergency in Canada. Several climate change mitigation policies have been implemented in the country, such as carbon pricing, emissions trading and climate change funding programs.Maps
[edit]Weather Stations locations in Canada.
Alberton
YLT
YBC
YBK
YYC
YYG
YYQ
Corner Brook
YDA
YXD
YES
YYE
YFC
YHZ
YOJ
YEV
YFB
YCO
YVC
YMA
YQM
YUL
YDP
YVQ
YOW
YQB
YQG
YQR
YRB
YXE
YYT
YSU
YQY
YTH
YTS
YYZ
YVR
YYJ
YXY
YWG
YQI
YZF
YKA
Weather Stations
Notes
[edit]- Bailey, William G; Oke, T.R.; Rouse, Wayne R (1997). The surface climates of Canada. McGill−Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-1672-7.
- Bernstein, Steven (2008), A globally integrated climate policy for Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-9878-8
- Coward, Harold G; Weaver, Andrew John (2007), Hard choices: climate change in Canada, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, ISBN 978-0-88920-442-3
- French, Hugh M; Slaymaker, Olav (1993), Canada's Cold Environments, McGill−Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-0925-9
- Jaccard, Mark; Simpson, Jeffrey; Nic, Rivers (2008), Hot Air: Meeting Canada's Climate Change Challenge, Emblem/McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 9780771080975
- Smit, Barry; Wall, Shirley Ellen; Wandel, Johanna (2007), Farming in a changing climate: agricultural adaptation in Canada, UBC Press, ISBN 978-0-7748-1393-8
See also
[edit]
- List of extreme temperatures in Canada
- Weather extremes in Canada
- List of cities by average temperature
References
[edit]- ^ "Statistics, Regina SK". The Weather Network. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
- ^ "Regina International Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. September 25, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- ^ Bush, E; Lemmen, D.S. (2019). "Canada's Changing Climate Report" (PDF). Government of Canada. p. 84.
- ^ a b Zhang, X.; Flato, G.; Kirchmeier-Young, M.; et al. (2019). Bush, E.; Lemmen, D.S. (eds.). "Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Across Canada]; Chapter 4" (PDF). Canada's Changing Climate Report. Government of Canada. pp. 112–193.
- ^ Boyd, David R (2011). Unnatural Law: Rethinking Canadian Environmental Law and Policy. UBC Press. pp. 67–69. ISBN 978-0-7748-4063-7.
- ^ "What You Need to Know About Winter Weather on the "Coq"". TranBC. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
- ^ a b "Alberton". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ "1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals station data". Environment Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ a b "Baie-Comeau A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Calgary Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Charlottetown A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Churchill A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Corner Brook". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Dawson City A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Edmonton City Centre A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Edmundston". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Fort Nelson A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Fredericton A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Halifax Stanfield Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "High Level A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Inuvik A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Iqaluit A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ "Kamloops A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
- ^ a b "Kugluktuk A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "La Ronge A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Mayo A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Moncton A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Montreal/Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Nain A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Norman Wells A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "OttawaMacdonald-Cartier Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Princeton A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
- ^ a b "Quebec City/Jean Lesage Intl A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Regina Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Resolute CARS". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Saskatoon Diefenbaker Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "St. John's A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Summerside A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Sydney A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Thompson A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Timmins Victor Power A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Toronto Lester B. Pearson Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Vancouver Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Victoria Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Whitehorse A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Windsor A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
- ^ a b "Winnipeg Richardson Int'l A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Yarmouth A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ a b "Yellowknife A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ "National Climate Data and Information Archive". Environment Canada. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
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