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Tianyuan man

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Tianyuan man
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Tianyuan man and contemporary cultures c. 50,000~40,000

Tianyuan man (simplified Chinese: 田园洞人; traditional Chinese: 田園洞人; pinyin: Tiányuándòng Rén) are the remains of one of the earliest modern humans to inhabit East Asia. In 2007, researchers found 34 bone fragments belonging to a single individual at the Tianyuan Cave near Beijing, China.[1][2] Radiocarbon dating shows the bones to be between 42,000 and 39,000 years old, which may be slightly younger than the only other finds of bones of a similar age at the Niah Caves in Sarawak on the South-east Asian island of Borneo.

Subsistence

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Nothing is known directly about the material culture of this individual, since so far no artifacts or other cultural remains have been found at the site.[2] Isotope analysis suggests that a substantial part of his diet came from freshwater fish.[3]

Physical anthropology

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Morphology

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Tianyuan man is considered an early modern homo sapiens. He lacks several mandibular features common among western Eurasian late archaic humans, showing its divergence. Based on the rate of dental occlusal attrition, it is estimated he died in his 40s or 50s.[2] The observed derived modern human features and the high crural index of Tianyuan 1, suggest "some relatively recent ancestry among more equatorial populations".[4]

The Tianyuan-Zhoukoudian remains still retained more "southern" morphological features associated with the intial peopling of the South-Southeast and East Asia region, fitting with a proposed southern route origin for modern East Asian populations and subsequent adaptions in Northern East Asia during the Last Glacial Maximum (24–16kya).[5]

Archaeogenetics

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Phylogenetic position of the Tianyuan lineage among other East Eurasians.

The first DNA analysis of the Tianyuan remains (focussing on mtDNA and chromosome 21) was published in 2013 and revealed that Tianyuan man is related "to many present-day Asians and Native Americans" and had already diverged genetically from the ancestors of modern Europeans.[6] He belonged to mitochondrial DNA haplogroup B,[6] and paternal haplogroup K2b.[7]

A genome-wide analysis confirmed the close affinity of Tianyuan man to modern East Asian and Southeast Asian populations as well as other Basal Asians such as the Hoabinhians, Xingyi or Papuan lineages; it was also found that the Tianyuan lineage is not directly ancestral to modern populations, but rather represents a deeply diverged member of the East and Southeast Asian (ESEA) lineage, basal to all later populations of East and Southeast Asia.[8][9][10][11][12] The Tianyuan man was determined to be part of an Initial Upper Paleolithic wave (>45kya) "ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture" (Ancient East Eurasians), and sharing deep ancestry with other ancient specimens such as Bacho Kiro, Peștera cu Oase, the Ust'-Ishim man, as well as the ancestors of modern day Papuans (Australasians).[13] The lineage ancestral to the Tianyuan man (dubbed as the "ESEA" lineage) is inferred to have diverged from the Ancient East Eurasians, following a Southern Route dispersal, and subsequently diverged into the Hoabinhian lineage, the Tianyuan lineage, and a lineage ancestral to all modern East and Southeast Asians.[10]

The Tianyuan lineage can be modeled to have emerged by a Paleolithic admixture event between a primarily Onge-like source from Southeast Asia (c. 61%) and from a deeply diverged East Eurasian source associated with the IUP movements into Siberia (c. 39%), which were distantly related to the Bacho Kiro cave remains.[14][11][15][13] An earlier model estimated around 64% ancestry related to Eastern Asians and 36% ancestry represented by the deeply diverged Ust'-Ishim man, who represents an "early leaf on the East Eurasian tree", close to a trifurication between West and East Eurasians.[16][13]


Tianyuan man also exhibits a unique genetic affinity for GoyetQ116-1 from the Goyet Caves in Namur province, Belgium. GoyetQ116-1 shares more alleles with Tianyuan man than does any other sampled ancient individual from West Eurasia.[8] The GoyetQ116-1 specimen is inferred to have received 17-23% ancestry from an IUP-affilated population distantly related to that one which also contributed to the Tianyuan man.[17][14]

Ancestry related to the Tianyuan man is defined as Basal East Asian (BEA); ancestry related to Ancient East Asians (AEA); ancestry related to Ancient Northern East Asian (ANEA); ancestry related to Ancient Southern East Asian (ASEA); ancestry related to Ancient Guangxi population (Longlin/AGX).
The initial peopling of Sundaland and the Sahul was carried out by ancestors of modern Papuan New Guineans and Australian Aboriginal populations, followed by deep mainland Asian (Tianyuan- or Onge-related) ancestry, preceding later expansions from Mainland Southeast Asia and Southern China.[18]

The Tianyuan man displays high genetic affinities to a 33,000 year old specimen (AR33K) between the Amur region and modern day Mongolia, suggesting that Tianyuan-like ancestry was spread widely in Northeastern Asia during the Paleolithic period. This specific group is also known as "Tianyuan cluster". The Tianyuan cluster became largely to completely replaced by Ancient Northern East Asian ancestry during the Last Glacial Maximum (26–19kya), evident by the Amur19k remains, although the exact demographic happenings remain inconclusive. The Amur19k remains were found to be basal to later northern East Asian remains, and could already be distinguished from Ancient Southern East Asian remains.[19][20][12][11]

The Tianyuan-related cluster yet lacked the derived variant of the EDAR gene allele, which was observed among the Amur19k individal and succeding northern East Asian remains. The allele was also absent from other East Eurasian populations, such as Papuans or the Jōmon people of Japan.[11]

Contributions to later populations

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Ancient and modern East Asians can be modeled to derive most of their ancestry from an Onge-like source (76–79%) with geneflow from a Tianyuan-like source (21–24%). Since around 26 to 22kya, the Tianyuan cluster became replaced by East Asian-like ancestry.[15][21][11] East Asians are equally diverged from the Basal Asian Xingyi and Tianyuan lineages, indicating that these two populations represent a possible Paleolithic source for ancient East Asians. Although Hoabinhian/Onge-like groups are equally diverged from Xingyi and Tianyuan, they do not appear to display extra affinity to East Asians.[12]

A Tianyuan-like population contributed around 29-50% ancestry to the Ancient North Eurasians, with the remainder being made up by Early West Eurasian ancestry represented by the Kostenki-14 specimen. A c. 34,000 year old specimen from Northern Mongolia (Salkhit) derives approximately 75% ancestry from a Tianyuan-like population, with the remainder (25%) being derived from a Yana-like population. The Salkhit individual displayed a complex bi-directional relationship to the Ancient North Eurasians.[22][17][13]

Basal East Asian or "Deep Asian" ancestry represented by Tianyuan or Andamanese Onge contributed to the Peopling of Southeast Asia, following deeply diverged Australasian ancestry and preceding Mesolithic and Neolithic expansions of Ancient Southern East Asians associated with the spread of Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages.[18]

The Tianyuan man also shares more alleles with South American populations, such as the Surui and Karitiana in Brazil and Chane in northern Argentina and southern Bolivia, than with other indigenous Americans.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC News. 2 April 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  2. ^ a b c Shang, Hong (2007). "An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoukian, China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (16): 6573–8. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.6573S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702169104. PMC 1871827. PMID 17416672.
  3. ^ Hu, Y.; Shang, H.; Tong, H.; Nehlich, O.; Liu, W.; Zhao, C.; Yu, J.; Wang, C.; Trinkaus, E.; Richards, M. (2009). "Stable isotope dietary analysis of the Tianyuan 1 early modern human". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (27): 10971–10974. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610971H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904826106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2706269. PMID 19581579.
  4. ^ Shang, Hong; Tong, Haowen; Zhang, Shuangquan; Chen, Fuyou; Trinkaus, Erik (17 April 2007). "An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (16): 6573–6578. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.6573S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702169104. PMC 1871827. PMID 17416672. The high crural indices and tibial robusticity of Tianyuan 1 may well indicate some combination of equatorial ancestry and an emphasis on mobility (37, 38).
  5. ^ Matsumura, Hirofumi; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Higham, Charles; Zhang, Chi; Yamagata, Mariko; Nguyen, Lan Cuong; Li, Zhen; Fan, Xue-chun; Simanjuntak, Truman; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; He, Jia-ning; Chen, Chung-yu; Pan, Chien-kuo; He, Gang; Sun, Guo-ping (5 February 2019). "Craniometrics Reveal "Two Layers" of Prehistoric Human Dispersal in Eastern Eurasia". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 1451. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35426-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6363732. PMID 30723215. ...ancient people perhaps of the "first layer" with Australo-Papuan features moved into Siberia and subsequently adapted to the extremely cold climate during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) of 24– 16 kya.
  6. ^ a b Fu, Q.; Meyer, M.; Gao, X.; Stenzel, U.; Burbano, H.A.; Kelso, J.; Pääbo, S. (2013). "DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (6): 2223–2227. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.2223F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1221359110. PMC 3568306. PMID 23341637.
  7. ^ "Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data". reich.hms.harvard.edu. David Reich Lab. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  8. ^ a b Yang, Melinda A.; Gao, Xing; Theunert, Christoph; Tong, Haowen; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Slatkin, Montgomery; Meyer, Matthias; Pääbo, Svante; Kelso, Janet; Fu, Qiaomei (2017). "40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia". Current Biology. 27 (20): 3202–3208.e9. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3202Y. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.030. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 6592271. PMID 29033327.
  9. ^ Zhang, Ming; Fu, Qiaomei (2020). "Human evolutionary history in Eastern Eurasia using insights from ancient DNA". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 62: 78–84. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.009. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 32688244. S2CID 220671047.
  10. ^ a b Yang, Melinda A. (2022). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia". Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2 (1): 1–32. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005. ...the ESEA lineage differentiated into at least three distinct ancestries: Tianyuan ancestry which can be found 40,000-33,000 years ago in northern East Asia, ancestry found today across present-day populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Siberia, but whose origins are unknown, and Hòabìnhian ancestry found 8,000-4,000 years ago in Southeast Asia, but whose origins in the Upper Paleolithic are unknown.
  11. ^ a b c d e Bennett, E. Andrew; Liu, Yichen; Fu, Qiaomei (3 December 2024). "Reconstructing the Human Population History of East Asia through Ancient Genomics". Elements in Ancient East Asia. doi:10.1017/9781009246675. ISBN 978-1-009-24667-5. The Tianyuan genetic cluster disappears from the record, and not far from where AR33K lived near the Songua River, remains from a 19,000-year-old individual, AR19K, were identified instead to be more closely related to present-day East Asians. AR19K, who was also found without any archeological context, lived at the last years of the LGM when warming temperatures were beginning to return to what was still a cold steppe environment of northern East Asia, yet it is currently unclear when the AR19K-related population first migrated to the area, or when Tianyuan ancestry vanished, and what role the severe climatic and environmental changes of the LGM played in this population replacement. Several statistical models show that AR19K ancestry is basal to younger ancestries found throughout ancient coastal northern East Asia, and also that AR19K clusters more closely to ancient coastal northern East Asia populations than to ancient coastal southern East Asian ancestry (Mao et al. Reference Mao, Zhang and Qiao2021). This prominent genetic distinction between northern and southern East Asian populations had been observed earlier with younger samples (Yang et al. Reference Yang, Fan and Sun2020), but these results indicate that by 19,000 years ago this population structure was already in place.
  12. ^ a b c Wang, Tianyi; Yang, Melinda A.; Zhu, Zhonghua; Ma, Minmin; Shi, Han; Speidel, Leo; Min, Rui; Yuan, Haibing; Jiang, Zhilong; Hu, Changcheng; Li, Xiaorui; Zhao, Dongyue; Bai, Fan; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng (29 May 2025). "Prehistoric genomes from Yunnan reveal ancestry related to Tibetans and Austroasiatic speakers". Science. 388 (6750): eadq9792. doi:10.1126/science.adq9792. Tianyuan and AR33K form a clade with respect to all other Asians, indicating that they are sister groups carrying the same Basal Asian Ancestry, denoted Tianyuan ancestry (1). First, we find that ancient lowland northern and southern East Asians (nEA/sEA) shares genetic connections to both Tianyuan/AR33K and Xingyi_EN, i.e f4(Mbuti, Xingyi_EN; Tianyuan/AR33K, nEA/sEA)>0 (2.2<Z<5.6) and f4(Mbuti, Tianyuan/AR33K; Xingyi_EN, sEA/nEA)≥0 (0.5<Z<4.6, Data S2c). Comparing ancient northern and southern East Asians directly to Xingyi_EN and the Tianyuan/AR33K group shows that most ancient East Asians are similarly related to both, i.e. f4(Mbuti, nEA/sEA; Xingyi_EN, Tianyuan/AR33K)~0 (-2.9<Z<0.5, Data S2c), with the exception of AR14K (-3.5<Z<-1.7), Qihe3 (-3.8<Z<-3.5), and Tanshishan (-4.5<Z<-3.7) potentially indicating a slight connection between some ancient East Asians and Xingyi_EN. Overall, these patterns indicate that Xingyi_EN is not related to individuals carrying Tianyuan ancestry, and Xingyi_EN-related ancestry is as deeply diverged from ancient East Asians as populations carrying Tianyuan ancestry. The patterns may also suggest that the ancestor of ancient East Asians is a mixture of different ancestries related to both of these deeply diverged populations.
  13. ^ a b c d Vallini, Leonardo; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Bortolini, Eugenio; Benazzi, Stefano; Pievani, Telmo; Pagani, Luca (2022). "Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa". Genome Biology and Evolution. 14 (4). doi:10.1093/gbe/evac045. hdl:2318/1855565. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  14. ^ a b Hajdinjak, Mateja; Mafessoni, Fabrizio; Skov, Laurits; Vernot, Benjamin; Hübner, Alexander; Fu, Qiaomei; Essel, Elena; Nagel, Sarah; Nickel, Birgit; Richter, Julia; Moldovan, Oana Teodora; Constantin, Silviu; Endarova, Elena; Zahariev, Nikolay; Spasov, Rosen (7 April 2021). "Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry". Nature. 592 (7853): 253–257. Bibcode:2021Natur.592..253H. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8026394. PMID 33828320.
  15. ^ a b McColl, Hugh; Racimo, Fernando; Vinner, Lasse; Demeter, Fabrice; Gakuhari, Takashi; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; van Driem, George; Gram Wilken, Uffe; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; de la Fuente Castro, Constanza; Wasef, Sally; Shoocongdej, Rasmi; Souksavatdy, Viengkeo; Sayavongkhamdy, Thongsa; Saidin, Mohd Mokhtar (6 July 2018). "The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia". Science. 361 (6397): 88–92. Bibcode:2018Sci...361...88M. doi:10.1126/science.aat3628. hdl:10072/383365. PMID 29976827.
  16. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Bar-Oz, Guy; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Jakeli, Nino (21 September 2018), Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry, bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/423079, retrieved 12 May 2025 Supplementary Data: Table S3.2
  17. ^ a b Massilani, Diyendo; Skov, Laurits; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Gunchinsuren, Byambaa; Tseveendorj, Damdinsuren; Yi, Seonbok; Lee, Jungeun; Nagel, Sarah; Nickel, Birgit; Devièse, Thibaut; Higham, Tom; Meyer, Matthias; Kelso, Janet; Peter, Benjamin M.; Pääbo, Svante (30 October 2020). "Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians". Science. 370 (6516): 579–583. doi:10.1126/science.abc1166. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33122380.
  18. ^ a b Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Cox, Murray P.; Barker, Graeme; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Jacobs, Guy S. (1 November 2023). "Deep ancestry of Bornean hunter-gatherers supports long-term local ancestry dynamics". Cell Reports. 42 (11): 113346. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113346. ISSN 2211-1247. PMID 37917587.
  19. ^ Mao, Xiaowei; Zhang, Hucai; Qiao, Shiyu; Liu, Yichen; Chang, Fengqin; Xie, Ping; Zhang, Ming; Wang, Tianyi; Li, Mian; Cao, Peng; Yang, Ruowei; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Ping, Wanjing (June 2021). "The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene". Cell. 184 (12): 3256–3266.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.040. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 34048699.
  20. ^ Estes, Roberta (12 September 2020). "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches". DNAeXplained - Genetic Genealogy. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  21. ^ Mao, Xiaowei; Zhang, Hucai; Qiao, Shiyu; Liu, Yichen; Chang, Fengqin; Xie, Ping; Zhang, Ming; Wang, Tianyi; Li, Mian; Cao, Peng; Yang, Ruowei; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Ping, Wanjing (10 June 2021). "The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene". Cell. 184 (12): 3256–3266.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.040. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 34048699.
  22. ^ Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giampoudakis, Konstantinos; Nogués-Bravo, David (5 June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature. 570 (7760): 182–188. Bibcode:2019Natur.570..182S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 7617447. PMID 31168093.
  23. ^ Yang, Melinda A.; Gao, Xing; Theunert, Christoph; et al. (2017). "40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia". Current Biology. 27 (20): 3202–3208. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3202Y. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.030. PMC 6592271.
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