Jump to content

Uvira

Coordinates: 3°24′S 29°09′E / 3.400°S 29.150°E / -3.400; 29.150
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Uvira (disambiguation).
Uvira
Ville d'Uvira
Uvira is located in Democratic Republic of the Congo
Uvira
Uvira
Coordinates: 3°22′12″S 29°08′24″E / 3.37000°S 29.14000°E / -3.37000; 29.14000
Country Democratic Republic of the Congo
ProvinceSouth Kivu
CommunesKalundu, Mulongwe, Kagando
Government
 • MayorKiza Muhato[1][2]
Area
 • Urban
74 km2 (29 sq mi)
Elevation
746 m (2,448 ft)
Population
 (2024 estimate)[3]
 • Urban
726,000
 • Urban density9,800/km2 (25,000/sq mi)

Uvira is a city strategically located in the South Kivu Province of the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[4][5][6] Covering approximately 16 square kilometers[4][5] and with an estimated population of 726,000 as of 2024,[7] it borders Bafuliru Chiefdom and Ruzizi Plain Chiefdom to the north, Bavira Chiefdom to the south, and Lake Tanganyika and the Ruzizi River to the east.[8] These rivers form natural boundaries between the DRC and Burundi.[8] Located in the Ruzizi Plain at a low altitude, the city lies between Burundi's Congo-Nile ridge and the Mitumba mountains.[8]

It is the economic and transportation hub of the Uvira Territory and is also home to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Uvira, a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Bukavu.[9] Uvira is distinguished by a robust trade network, fishing industry, and cultural heritage.[10][11][12][13]

Uvira has been significantly impacted by long-term conflict and frequent population displacements, which have affected the city and surrounding regions for nearly four decades.[14][15]

Geography

[edit]

Uvira is located at the northernmost tip of Lake Tanganyika. To the north are Kavimvira's hot springs and the Nyangara marshlands; to the south lies the Ruzizi River, forming a natural border with the Kalungwe groupement of the Bavira Chiefdom.[16] Lake Tanganyika and Burundi border it to the east, while the Mitumba mountains rise to the west.[16] Kalundu, a lake port located at the southern end of the city, serves as a connection point for boats heading to Kalemie in Tanganyika Province, Kigoma in Tanzania, Pulungu in Zambia, and Bujumbura. Located approximately 120 km from Bukavu (South Kivu's capital), Uvira is accessible by road from Bukavu and Bujumbura and is 60 km from Fizi Territory.[17] Lake Tanganyika supports thriving fishing and transportation industries.[13][18][19]

Hydrology

[edit]
Ruzizi River

Uvira is characterized by the presence of several rivers and is rich in streams. The city is dominated by Lake Tanganyika, which borders it from the northeast and southeast. From the west, Uvira is crossed by various rivers, namely the Kamberulu River, Ruzizi River, Kakungwe River, Kibinda River, Kamanyola River, Kalimabenge River, Mulongwe River, and Kanvinvira River. The presence of Lake Tanganyika significantly influences the climate and weather patterns in the region, as large bodies of water have an impact on local temperatures and precipitation.[20]

Geology and climate

[edit]
Mulongwe River
Lake Tanganyika in Uvira

Uvira lies geologically within the Ruzizi Plain, an integral part of the East African Rift's western branch, specifically within the Albertine Rift, a sub-region of the Great Rift Valley.[21] This tectonically active region is characterized by a staircase-like formation of horsts and graben, along with faulting and volcanic activity.[21] Uvira's geological substratum is composed of ancient Precambrian rock formations, such as gneisses, quartzites, and granites, as well as more recent Quaternary alluvial deposits.[21] These formations have produced a diverse array of soil types, from clay-rich soils in hilly areas to sandy alluvium in the valley floor.[22]

The city experiences a tropical climate with a clear division between wet and dry seasons. The wet season in Uvira typically occurs from January to mid-May and from mid-September to December, and a dry season spanning from June to September.[20] Temperature variations align with the seasons and elevation, with lower temperatures in the high plateau (15° to 25°C) and moderate temperatures (20° to 30°C) in the Ruzizi Plain during the dry season.[20]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Uvira's administrative framework is rooted in its historical development since 1911, molded by its strategic role.[8] On 17 October 1900, the Congo Free State—under the rule of King Leopold II of Belgium—established a war council in Uvira to facilitate the conquest and administration of the Kivu region.[8] Uvira's pivotal location at the northern entry to Kivu allowed for monitoring German East Africa positions in neighboring Ruanda-Urundi and Tanganyika.[8] In 1908, King Leopold II ceded the Congo Free State to Belgium, transitioning the territory into what would become the Belgian Congo.[8]

Uvira in February 2023

A central administrative shift occurred on 11 September 1911, when a ministerial decree formally annexed Kivu to the Stanleyville District (later part of the Orientale Province of the Belgian Congo) and designating Uvira as the district headquarters.[8] This administrative body included three sectors—Tanganyika, Edward, and Rutshuru—with Uvira, Beni, and Rutshuru serving as the sector capitals.[8] In 1914, however, Kivu's capital was transferred from Uvira to Rutshuru.[8] Uvira's administrative structure was further refined in 1928 with the establishment of Uvira Territory, organized into three chiefdoms: Bafuliru, Bavira, and Barundi.[8] Ordinance-Law No. 21/91, issued on 25 February 1938, defined Uvira Territory's boundaries and administrative structure, which included three chiefdoms (Bafuliiru, Bavira, and the Ruzizi Plain), three urban centers (Uvira, Kiliba, and Sange), and three administrative posts (Makobola, Luvungi, and Mulenge).[8] This administrative configuration remained unaltered by Order No. 67-221, issued on 3 May 1967.[8]

In recognition of its growing population and economic significance, a 2013 Prime Ministerial decree granted city status to Uvira.[8][23] Leading up to the 2018 general elections, the government reaffirmed this designation.[24][25][26] On 27 December 2018, President Joseph Kabila formalized Uvira's city status through a presidential decree,[27] which was further strengthened by Decree No. 13/029 on 13 June 2019.[28] This decree conferred city and municipal status to various agglomerations in South Kivu, making Uvira the province's second city after Bukavu.[28] Kiza Muhato, a noted civil society figure, was appointed as mayor, with Kiki Kifara Kapenda serving as the deputy mayor.[27]

The city consists of three communes:[27][29]

  • Kalundu
  • Mulongwe
  • Kagando

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]
The migratory dispersions undertaken by the Bavira prior to their eventual settlement in the Uvira Territory.

Uvira has a long and intricate history influenced by the convergence of different ethnic groups over time. According to early accounts by Alfred Moeller de Laddersous, the region's initial inhabitants were Bazoba, a community of fishermen along Lake Tanganyika's shores.[30][17] The region was subsequently occupied by the Banyalenge (or Benelenge), immigrants who derived their name from their chief, Lenge, who likely migrated from Maniema around the 17th century.[17] Over time, the Banyalenge became known as the Bavira and emerged as the ruling clan of the ethnic group.[17][31] The name "Bavira" is derived from "Kivira", meaning "oil palm" in the local language, a reference to the palm-rich landscape that led neighboring communities to associate the people with the "land of oil palms".[17]

Following the Vira settlement, the Bahamba clan of the Fuliiru people arrived in the region, establishing themselves north of the Bavira, partly within Bavira territory. Notably, the Bahamba clan had their own paramount leader who operated independently from the Bavira paramount. Gradually, the Bahamba clan expanded their paramountcy, occupying considerable localities along the north-western coastline of the Ruzizi Plain, stretching from Uvira to Luvungi. The expansion led to the establishment of the Bahamba dynasty, which governed the various parts of the region. Inter-marriage between the Bavira and Bafuliiru clans occurred, which further intertwined their cultures and forged social connections.[32][33]

Later history

[edit]

European explorers

[edit]
Uvira fortress entrance, Belgian Congo, 1910s

Throughout the 19th century, several European explorers carried out expeditions to Uvira. In 1857–1858, Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke embarked on a mission that brought them to Lake Tanganyika, while in 1871, Henry Morton Stanley joined David Livingstone at Ujiji, a town situated in the Kigoma-Ujiji District of the Kigoma Region, where they explored the mouth of the Ruzizi River. However, it was in 1898 that Lieutenant Chargeois established a post in Uvira opposite the one the Germans had established in Bujumbura, a year earlier in 1897. He was immediately joined by Catholic missionaries, notably the Reverend Father Victor Roelens.[17][34][35][36]

Barundi and Banyarwanda immigration

[edit]

The region experienced an influx of Barundi and Banyarwanda immigrants In the latter half of the 19th century. The Barundi immigrants were predominantly Tutsis, accompanied by a smaller number of Hutus who were harbored in Ruzizi Plain by Bafuliiru. They were later dispersed to various localities in Uvira.[37] Conversely, the majority of Banyarwanda immigrants were mostly Tutsi herders who were accommodated by Fuliiru chief in Mulenge and Upper Sange, incrementally establishing their presence.[38][39] During the Rwandan Revolution and the Rwandan genocide, a significant number of refugees settled in various regions of Uvira.[40][41][42][43]

Arab-Swahili slave trade

[edit]
See also: Congo Arab war

Between the 1850s and 1890s, Burundi's shoreline served as an entrepôt for the slave traffic coming from the eastern part of the Congo Free State. Arab-Swahili merchants, who were majorly warlords involved in the Indian Ocean slave trade, procured slaves from the area for the purpose of trading. They operated mainly in the eastern Congo Free State, notably in areas like Uvira, Katanga, Nyangwe, Kasaï, Kabinda, Kirundu, and Baraka.[44][45][46]

Three men of Dugumbé ben Habib raiding the market of Nyangwe, July 15th, 1871

Father Van der Burgt noted in his Dictionary that in 1897–8, there were a few discreet slave dealers in Uzige (in the region of Usumbura), Bangwana (Islamized people from Unyamwezi or the Congo basin), Basumbwa, Bavira (from the country of Uvira), and Bayangayanga (peddlers from the southern part of Burundi, specialized in the trade of salt and iron).[17] He added that a boy was worth two to four fundo or strings of beads, while a girl was worth twice as much (a fundo was valued at 0.30F at that time).[47][17] In Uvira, Arab-Swahili traders established commercial networks and often collaborated with local intermediaries to capture, enslave, and transport people. The native population also engaged in trade, exchanging slaves, ivory, iron objects, bark clothing, palm oil, bananas, grain, and cassava, which led to the development of a significant commercial center that traded products from all the interlacustrine kingdoms and chiefdoms.[17][45]


According to Richard Francis Burton:

"The Uvira trade is important, the place is very busy because of the abundance and the low price of food: it is a large warehouse of slaves, ivory, clothing of bark and iron objects of the northern region of the lake, and in the travel season, it is rare that a day passes without several canoes coming there to fetch goods and food. Rice is not grown there, but sorghum and maize are bought there".[17]

Following the Congo-Arab War, the slave trade began to decline. While the war did not entirely eradicate the slave trade, it significantly contributed to its decline. The conflict disrupted the existing networks and operations of Arab-Swahili slave traders, making it considerably more challenging for them to continue their slave-trading activities as before. Furthermore, with the arrival of the Force Publique, the Belgian colonial forces in the region, there was an increase in scrutiny and intervention against the slave trade. Motivated by their own economic interests and responding to international pressure, the Belgian colonial authorities actively sought to suppress the slave trade and implemented various anti-slavery measures advocated by abolitionists.[48][49][50][51]

Conflict and insecurity

[edit]

Uvira has been afflicted by armed groups, militia groups, inter-communal tensions, and clashes for over three decades, resulting in violence, population displacement, and human rights abuses.[52][53][54] During the First and Second Congo Wars, the region served as a major battleground for various armed groups, national armies, and militias, including the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), Forces Armées Burundaises (FAB), Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), Rally for Congolese Democracy-Goma (RCD-Goma), and various Mai-Mai militias. Uvira and nearby areas experienced violence and loss of civilian lives during these wars. On 18 October 1996, AFDL/RPA units reportedly killed at least 88 civilians in Kiliba, located just thirteen kilometers north of Uvira. On the same day, AFDL/RPA units were responsible for the deaths of at least 51 civilians in Bwegera, with the Red Cross organizing mass burials for the victims.[55]

The capture of Uvira on 25 October 1996 saw renewed atrocities committed by AFDL/RPA/FAB units, including indiscriminate killings that resulted in the deaths of several hundred people, including Hutu refugees and Zairean civilians.[55] During the Second Congo War, ANC/RPA/FAB operatives killed dozens of civilians in Uvira on 6 August 1998. Hundreds of victims were killed during confrontations with the RCD-Goma when they attempted to seek shelter or escape from the combat zone. Others were executed after the fighting ended during search operations. Women were also subjected to rape by the soldiers during these operations.[55]

The official end of the war came in July 2003 with the signing of the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement on Transition in Kinshasa.[56][57] However, despite the formal end of the war, the region continues to face sporadic outbreaks of violence, often involving armed groups, militias, and inter-communal tensions. These ongoing conflicts have resulted in further violence, population displacement, and human rights abuses in Uvira and its surrounding areas.[52][58][59][60] In 2017, the CNPSC rebel group launched an attack on the city, which was repelled by the national army and MONUSCO forces.

Economy

[edit]

Subsistence agriculture

[edit]
Rice cultivation In the Ruzizi Plain

The Uvira's economy is bolstered by its primary sector, driven by extensive family-based subsistence agriculture.[61][31] The area yields a variety of crops, such as Irish potatoes, maize, beans, cowpeas, cabbage, and the newly introduced carrots, amaranths, onions, and spring onions. Staple crops include maize, Irish potatoes, and bush beans, while cowpeas are cultivated less frequently.[62] Potatoes and maize were said to have been introduced in 1985 by a local NGO, Groupe Milima.[62] Recently, onions were introduced to Kitembe by a pioneering farmer, and amaranths along with spring onions were brought into Kahololo by another farmer.[62] Uvira hosts Nabahya Food Institute, a key agricultural organization, along with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture's research station.[63][64]

Fishing and livestock

[edit]
Fishing boats along Lake Tanganyika in Uvira
Young fishermen in Mulongwe

Due to Uvira's close location to Lake Tanganyika—the world's second-deepest lake and a source of rich aquatic life—fish farming has developed as a primary economic activity, supporting around 1% of residents directly or indirectly.[11][12] This sector involves local communities, including the Vira, Fuliru, and Bembe, who cultivate various fish types such as tilapia, catfish, kapenta (referred to locally as ndakala or sambaza), protopterus (locally called njombo), Astatotilapia burtoni (or Kijoli), clarias (known as kambale), Tanganyika killifish, sleek lates (regionally called mukeke), Lake Tanganyika sprat, and Nile perch.[65][66][17] Fish farming contributes to food security, alleviating malnutrition, and improving the nutritional status of communities, particularly those living in rural areas or in nearby cities and towns such as Sange, Luvungi, and Kiliba. It also provides significant income-generating opportunities for farmers and entrepreneurs, who sell their fish products in notable markets such as Marché Maendeleo, Marché Kalimabenge, and Marché Mulongwe.[12][65]

Family-based livestock breeding is widespread in Uvira.[67][65] Common livestock includes cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs.[68][69] Poultry farming is also prevalent, with nearly every family in the city engaged in rearing chickens, turkeys, rabbits, guinea pigs, and other fowl.[65][69]

Craftsmanship

[edit]
A small art market in Uvira

The area is known for its rich cultural heritage and skilled Fuliiru and Vira artisans, who create a wide range of handcrafted products. These artisans specialize in woodworking, pottery, basket weaving, metalwork, and textile production.[5]

Transport

[edit]

The city benefits from its close geographical location, which enables it to engage in internal and external trade with Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Rwanda, the city of Bukavu, Kalemie, and the Fizi Territory. Itinerant trade, commuting, and freight forwarding are primarily conducted by the local population. The main public markets include Kalundu, Maendeleo, Kalimabenge, Soko Congolese "Zairians", Kasenga, Kanvimvira, and Kilomoni.[65]

The primary communication channels that facilitate traffic with the outside world are:

  • The lake route ensures the transportation of people and goods on Lake Tanganyika, connecting neighboring and foreign countries such as Burundi, Tanzania, and Zambia. This route is serviced by boats and ships.[65]
  • The land route connects Uvira-Bukavu, and another section links Uvira to Bujumbura. There is also a route connecting Uvira to Kalemie via the Fizi Territory.[65]

Demographics

[edit]

Uvira is home to a diverse population consisting of native ethnic groups of Bantu origin, including Vira, Fuliiru, Bembe, Zoba, Lega, Shi, Nyindu, Luba and Bangubangu.[5] The city also hosts a significant expatriate community from countries including Burundi, Rwanda, Zambia, Tanzania, Belgium, France, Sweden, China, and India.[5] Among the native groups, the Vira, who speak Kivira, predominantly occupy the Bavira Chiefdom from Makobola to Kawizi. The Fuliiru predominantly inhabit the mountainous terrains along the Uvira-Bukavu road corridor and represent the majority in the northern regions, whereas the Bembe predominantly reside in the southern sectors of Uvira, encompassing the Kakungwe, Kimanga, and Kalundu.[5]

Before receiving city status, Uvira consisted of 14 neighborhoods (quartiers), with Kakombe having the highest population density. It had a workforce of 24,407 residents, accounting for 12.5% of the city's total population. Mulongwe and Kibondwe neighborhoods had the second and third-highest populations, with 20,531 and 3,687 inhabitants, respectively.[5]

The 2014 civil status statistics for Uvira's neighborhoods (quartiers) prior to its designation as a city:[70][5][31]

Neighborhoods (quartiers) Population
1. Kabindula 14,306
2. Kakombe 24,174
3. Kalundu 23,549
4. Kasenga 19,449
5. Kavimvira 19,549
6. Kibondwe 4,947
7. Kilibula 9,320
8. Kimanga 13,656
9. Mulongwe 22,998
10. Nyamianda 11,230
11. Rombe I 20,832
12. Rombe II 16,046
13. Rugenge 6,185
14. Songo 19,118

The preponderance of Uvira's residents are nationals, with a workforce tallying 194,669 people, equating to 99.8% of the populace.[5] Foreign nationals constitute just 0.2%, with most of them residing in Kilibula, which accommodates 26.7% of the expatriate demographic. Burundians form the largest foreign contingent, comprising 55.2%, followed by Rwandans at approximately 37.5%.[5] In Mulongwe, the workforce shows near gender parity, with approximately 98,390 women and 96,696 men. As of 2009, the city's population was estimated at 171,409, including 484 foreign residents.[5]

Culture

[edit]

Sport

[edit]
Stade de l'Unité d'Uvira

Uvira is a prominent sporting hub in the region, boasting two basketball courts and several football fields. It is home to the city's biggest and most popular stadium, Stade de l'Unité d'Uvira, as well as Stade Epanza. These stadiums serve as gathering places for sports enthusiasts, political election campaigns, public speaking, football matches, athletics competitions, and various sporting events. Despite having these facilities, Uvira is home to only three women's football teams.[5]

In addition to its sporting infrastructure, Uvira offers various recreational venues, such as performance halls like Baraza la Parokya and the chapel school, as well as the grand hall of the Mulongwe parish. Moreover, the city is dotted with bars, clubs, dancing clubs, cabarets, and bistros. Uvira's coastal areas, especially Saga I and Saga II beaches, are also a hit among visitors.[5][71]

Media

[edit]

The city served as a vital crossroads for diverse media outlets, providing the local population with essential news, information, and entertainment in Swahili, Lingala, and French.[5]

Some of the city's prominent media outlets includes:

  • Vodacom: Vodacom is a major telecommunications company in the region, providing mobile and internet services. While not a media outlet in the traditional sense, it plays a crucial role in enabling communication and access to digital content for residents in Uvira.
  • Zain: Zain offers mobile and internet services in the area. Similar to Vodacom, it plays a vital role in facilitating communication and connectivity for individuals and businesses.
  • Orange RDC (formerly Congo Chine Télécoms; CCT): CCT provides mobile services and connectivity to the local population.
  • U-Com: U-Com offers various communication services, including mobile and internet, in Uvira and surrounding areas.
  • Télécel: Télécel is a mobile network operator that provides cellular services to residents of Uvira. It enables communication and access to mobile data services.

The city is also enriched by the presence of several local media outlets:

  • Pylon (antenna) of Tigo: The Pylon is probably a broadcasting infrastructure that facilitates the transmission of Tigo's telecommunications services, including voice and data, in the region.
  • RTNC station of Uvira: RTNC (Radiotélévision nationale congolaise) is the national public broadcaster in the DRC. The RTNC station in Uvira likely broadcasts news, cultural programs, and other content of national interest to the local community.
  • Radio Mitumba: Radio Mitumba is a local radio and television station in Uvira that provides news, entertainment, and cultural programming.
  • Radio Tuungane: Radio Tuungane is also local radio station in Uvira that serves as a platform for news, community discussions, and entertainment.
  • Radio Télévision Lukula: Radio Télévision Lukula is a local radio and television station that broadcasts a variety of content, including news, music, and cultural programming.
  • Radio Le Messager du Peuple: Radio Le Messager du Peuple is a local radio station in Uvira that focuses on news, community information, and religious programming.

Education

[edit]

The education system in Uvira, like many parts of the Uvira Territory, faces numerous challenges, including a shortage of qualified teachers, limited resources, overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate funding. Despite these obstacles, the community places great value on education, and students and families strive to maximize the available educational opportunities. Non-governmental organizations and international partners also collaborate to support and enhance the education sector in Uvira and other regions in the country.[72][73][74][75]

Uvira boasts a range of educational institutions, encompassing nursery schools, primary schools, secondary schools, and vocational training centers:[76][77]

  • Université Evangélique en Afrique (UEA)
  • Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural d'Uvira (ISDR-UVIRA)
  • Institut Supérieur de Technique Médical (ISTM-UVIRA)
  • Institut Supérieur de Commerce (ISC-Uvira)
  • Institut Supérieur des Technologies et de Commerce (ISTEC)

Health facilities

[edit]

Health facilities in the region includes:

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Chubaka, Bishikwabo (1987). "Aux origines de la ville d'Uvira selon les exporateurs et les pionniers de la colonisation belge au Zaire (1840-1914)". Civilisations. 37 (1): 83–126. JSTOR 41968746.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sud-Kivu/Uvira: le maire de la ville d'Uvira invite la communauté locale à dénoncer les messages d'incitation à la haine". Acp.cd (in French). 22 June 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  2. ^ "Uvira: le maire Kiza Muhato place la sécurité et la voirie parmi ses priorités d'action". Radio Okapi (in French). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  3. ^ PopulationStat.com
  4. ^ a b Kigogo, Passy Walumbuka (2009). "Analyse d'impact qu'ont les médias de proximité sur l'éducation des jeunes en cité d'Uvira" (in French). Uvira, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural d'Uvira. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Nyembo, Théodore Bahimba (2011). "Mission des institutions d'enseignement supérieur et universitaire et les attentes de la population en cité d'Uvira, RDC" [Mission of higher education and university institutions and the expectations of the population in the city of Uvira, DRC] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Catholique de Bukavu. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  6. ^ "Uvira: le maire Kiza Muhato place la sécurité et la voirie parmi ses priorités d'action" [Uvira: Mayor Kiza Muhato places safety and roads among his priorities for action]. Radio Okapi (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  7. ^ "Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo Population". Populationstat.com. 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ruhebuza, Honoré Mapenzi (September 2021). "Le déclassement social dans les communes urbaines de Mulongwe et Kalundu, ville d'Uvira en République Démocratique du Congo" [Social downgrading in the urban communes of Mulongwe and Kalundu, city of Uvira in the Democratic Republic of Congo] (in French). Bujumbura, Burundi: University of Burundi. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  9. ^ "Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu" (PDF). repositories.lib.utexas.edu (in French). Austin, Texas. 2004. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  10. ^ Bafunyembaka, Bacishoga. "Etat de Lieu de La Culture de Haricot Dans Trois Territoires de Fizi, Mwenga et Uvira" [Status of bean cultivation in three territories of Fizi, Mwenga and Uvira] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Catholique de Bukavu. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  11. ^ a b "Papers Presented at the Symposium on Biology, Stock Assessment and Exploitation of Small Pelagic Fish Species in the African Great Lakes Region". Fao.org. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  12. ^ a b c Christian, Amisi Manala; Gabriel, Mukabo Okito; Assani, Kwibe; Papy, Lubunga Dunia (January 2020). "Commercialization of Fish and their Consumption Rate by the Population of Uvira, South Kivu, DR CONGO" (PDF). International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. pp. 1–11 (1147–1157). Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  13. ^ a b Christian, Amisi Manala; Okito, Gabriel Mukabo; Papy, Lubunga Dunia; Assani, Kwibe (January 2020). "Commercialization of Fish and their Consumption Rate by the Population of Uvira, South Kivu, DR Congo" (PDF). International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  14. ^ Gallandat, Karin; Hutchins, Chloe; Malembaka, Espoir Bwenge; Jeandron, Aurélie; Saidi, Jaime Mufitini; Rumedeka, Baron Bashige; Muhemeri, Jonas Bisimwa; Bompangue, Didier; Sewa, Geoffroy; Seon, Audrey; Durand, Pierre-Yves; Machuel, Damien; Cumming, Oliver (31 October 2024). "Process evaluation of an urban piped water supply infrastructure improvement programme in Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo". PLOS Water. 3 (10): e0000185. doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000185. ISSN 2767-3219.
  15. ^ "Uvira (Bwegera), sud Kivu : La Monusco appuie les communautés locales dans la lutte contre les violences communautaires - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb". Reliefweb.int. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  16. ^ a b Kigogo, Passy Walumbuka (2009). "Analyse d'impact qu'ont les médias de proximité sur l'éducation des jeunes en cité d'Uvira" [Analysis of the impact of local media on the education of young people in the city of Uvira] (in French). Uvira, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural d'Uvira. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sebakunzi, Ntibibuka (January 1998). "Le rôle du site dans l'extension de la cité d'Uvira" [The role of the site in the expansion of the city of Uvira]. Persée (in French). Lyon, France. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  18. ^ "Uvira: manifestation contre la fermeture de la pêche sur le Lac Tanganyika". Radio Okapi (in French). 11 May 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  19. ^ Mungubi, Josephine (19 May 2023). "Uvira et Fizi-RDC: la mesure portant la suspension de la pêche dans le lac Tanganyika légèrement piétinée". Lejournal.Africa (in French). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  20. ^ a b c Kabulimbo, Ange Mariamu (2010). "La problématique des accusations des viols et violences sexuelles en territoire d'Uvira. Cas de la cité d'Uvira" [The problem of accusations of rape and sexual violence in Uvira territory. Case of the city of Uvira] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural (ISDR-Bukavu). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  21. ^ a b c Nacishali Nteranya, Jean (1 February 2021). "Cartographie de l'érosion hydrique des sols et priorisation des mesures de conservation dans le territoire d'Uvira (République démocratique du Congo)". VertigO - la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement (in French) (3). doi:10.4000/vertigo.28888. ISSN 1492-8442.
  22. ^ Kabulimbo, Arc-Ange Mariamu (2010). "La problématique des accusations des viols et violences sexuelles en territoire d'Uvira. Cas de la cité d'Uvira" [The problem of accusations of rape and sexual violence in the territory of Uvira. Case of the city of Uvira]. Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR/Bukavu). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  23. ^ "Journal officiel de la République Démocratique du Congo" (PDF). Leganet.cd/ (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  24. ^ "Décentralisation: les autorités traditionnelles de la RDC en colère contre le Premier ministre" [Decentralization: the traditional authorities of the DRC angry with the Prime Minister] (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 25 July 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-25. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  25. ^ "Décret n° 18/020 du 30 mai 2018" (PDF). Journal officiel de la République Démocratique du Congo (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 1 July 2019. Col 13–14. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  26. ^ "Journal officiel de la République Démocratique du Congo" (PDF). Leganet.cd/ (in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  27. ^ a b c Furahisha, Jacques (2 February 2019). "Urbanisme: Uvira Désormais Une ville Confirmée" [Urban Planning: Uvira Now A Confirmed City]. Kis24.info (in French). Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  28. ^ a b Sabuni, Abel Mukunde (December 2022). "Analyse du conflit entre la Ville d'Uvira et le Pouvoir de la Chefferie Vira: Une Menace ou Opportunité sur la Vie Socioéconomique des Ménages d'Uvira" (PDF). Openlu.org (in French). p. 37. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  29. ^ Sabuni, Abel Mukunde (December 2022). "Analyse du conflit entre la Ville d'Uvira et le Pouvoir de la Chefferie Vira: Une Menace ou Opportunité sur la Vie Socioéconomique des Ménages d'Uvira" [Analysis of the conflict between the City of Uvira and the Power of the Vira Chiefdom: A Threat or Opportunity on the Socioeconomic Life of Uvira Households] (PDF). Openlu.org (in French). p. 37. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  30. ^ Moeller, Alfred (1936). Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantus de la province orientale du Congo Belge (PDF) (in French). Belgium: G. van Campenhout. p. 136.
  31. ^ a b c "Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP): Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu" (PDF). University of Texas Libraries (in French). Austin, Texas. 2004. pp. 14–16. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  32. ^ Chubaka, Bishikwabo (1987). "Aux Origines De La Ville D'uvira Selon Les Explorateurs Et Les Pionniers De La Colonisation Belge Au Zaire (1840-1914)". Civilisations. 37 (1): 83–126. ISSN 0009-8140. JSTOR 41968746.
  33. ^ Culture et société, Volume 4 (in French). Ministère de la Jeunesse, des Sports et de la Culture, Centre de Civilisation Burundaise. 1981. pp. 108–120.
  34. ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis (6 November 2016). Delphi Collected Works of Sir Richard Francis Burton (Illustrated). East Sussex, United Kingdom: Delphi Classics. ISBN 9781786560551.
  35. ^ Swayne, George Carless; Speke, John Hanning (1868). Lake Victoria: A Narrative of Explorations in Search of the Source of the Nile. Edinburgh, Scotland: W. Blackwood and Sons.
  36. ^ Stanley, Henry Morton (February 2002). How I Found Livingstone in Central Africa. Mineola, New York: Dover. pp. 420–430. ISBN 9780486419534.
  37. ^ Ansoms, A.; Marysse, S., eds. (March 23, 2011). Natural Resources and Local Livelihoods in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: A Political Economy Perspective. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 38. ISBN 9780230304994.
  38. ^ Depelchin, jacques (1974). From Pre-capitalism to Imperialism: A History of Social and Economic Formations in Eastern Zaire (Uvira Zone, C. 1800-1965). Stanford, California: Stanford University. pp. 80–90.
  39. ^ Pottier, Johan (September 26, 2002). "Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century". academic.oup.com. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  40. ^ Kapapi, John (28 March 2019). Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire: A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018). Bloomington, Indiana. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781796022896.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  41. ^ Namujimbo, Déo (August 2014). Je reviens de l'enfer: Reportage de guerre à l'est de la RD Congo - (août-septembre 1998) (in French). Paris, France: Éditions L'Harmattan. p. 14. ISBN 9782336353289.
  42. ^ Rever, Judi (18 February 2020). In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front. Toronto, Ontario: Random House of Canada. ISBN 9780345812100.
  43. ^ Binet, Laurence (18 May 2016). Rwandan Refugee Camps in Zaire and Tanzania 1994-1995. Paris, France: Médecins Sans Frontières.
  44. ^ Bennett, Norman Robert, ed. (1968). Leadership in Eastern Africa: Six Political Biographies. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston University Press. p. 154.
  45. ^ a b Burton, Sir Richard Francis (November 6, 2016). Delphi Collected Works of Sir Richard Francis Burton (Illustrated). East Sussex, United Kingdom: Delphi Classics. ISBN 9781786560551.
  46. ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1860). The Lake Regions of Central Africa: A Picture of Exploration · Volume 2. Manhattan, New York, NY: Harper & brothers. p. 340.
  47. ^ Depelchin, Jacques (1974). From Pre-capitalism to Imperialism: A History of Social and Economic Formations in Eastern Zaire. Stanford, California, United States: Stanford University. pp. 166–170.
  48. ^ Maludi, Hakim (20 March 2023). "RD Congo. Sur les traces du sultanat perdu" [DR Congo. On the trail of the lost sultanate]. Afrique XXI (in French). Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  49. ^ "L'héritage arabo-swahili dans l'est de la RD Congo". Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale - Tervuren - Belgique (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  50. ^ "La traite oubliée des négriers musulmans". www.lhistoire.fr (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  51. ^ Luffin, Xavier (2007). "Cinq actes de soumission en swahili en caractères arabes du Marungu (1884-1885)". Annales Aequatoria. 28: 169–199. ISSN 0254-4296. JSTOR 25836910.
  52. ^ a b "La guerre du Congo se rallume à Uvira, sur les rives du lac Tanganyika" [Congo War Reignites in Uvira, on the Shores of Lake Tanganyika]. Le Monde (in French). Paris, France. 7 November 2002. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  53. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | La Rébellion d'Août 1998 et les Groupes Touchés". Refworld. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  54. ^ "DR Congo: 1,900 Civilians Killed in Kivus Over 2 Years". Human Rights Watch. 2019-08-14. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  55. ^ a b c "Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – South Kivu". Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 UN Mapping Report. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  56. ^ "Global and Inclusive Agreement on Transition in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Pretoria Agreement)". Peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  57. ^ "Global and Inclusive Agreement on Transition in the DR Congo: Inter-Congolese Dialogue - Political negotiations on the peace process and on transition in the DRC - Democratic Republic of the Congo". Reliefweb.int. 16 December 2002. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  58. ^ "DRC: At least 1000 IDPs due to violence around Uvira". Crisis24.garda.com. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  59. ^ "DR Congo: Sexual violence - Opening of a legal clinic in Uvira - Democratic Republic of the Congo". Reliefweb.int. 26 February 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  60. ^ "Human rights in Democratic Republic of the Congo". Amnesty International. London, England, United Kingdom. 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  61. ^ Assani, Joseph Njonjo (2013). "Contribution des nouvelles technologies de soja au bien-etre des ménages agricoles cas de la plaine de Ruzizi" [Contribution of new soybean technologies to the well-being of agricultural households case of the Ruzizi Plain] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Catholique de Bukavu. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  62. ^ a b c Dieudonne, Katunga Musale M.; Muhigwa, J. B. (1 September 2014). "Assessing Post-Conflict Challenges and Opportunities of the Animal-Agriculture System in the Alpine Region of Uvira District in Sud-Kivu Province, D. R. Congo". Cgspace.cgiar.org. p. 4. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  63. ^ "Nabahya Food Institute". Nabahyafoodinstitute.org. Uvira, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  64. ^ Iragi, Gentil Kaboyi; Rusaati, Butoto Imani wa; Nfizi, Innocent Byamungu; Masumbuko, Cephas Ndabaga; Gendusa, Patience Arusi; Furaha, Astrid Matendo; Kang, Jun-Won (3 July 2021). "Ethnomedicinal study of plants used in the Uvira Territory (Democratic Republic of Congo)". Forest Science and Technology. 17 (3): 144–154. Bibcode:2021ForST..17..144I. doi:10.1080/21580103.2021.1963327. S2CID 237565603.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g Nyembo, Théodore Bahimba (2011). "Mission des institutions d'enseignement supérieur et universitaire et les attentes de la population en cité d'Uvira, RDC" [Mission of higher education and university institutions and the expectations of the population in the city of Uvira, DRC] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Catholique de Bukavu. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  66. ^ Christian, Amisi Manala; Okito, Gabriel Mukabo; Papy, Lubunga Dunia; Assani, Kwibe (January 2020). "Commercialization of Fish and their Consumption Rate by the Population of Uvira, South Kivu, DR CONGO" (PDF). ijisrt.com. United Kingdom: International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  67. ^ Zamukulu, Patient; Ayagirwe, Rodrigue; Ndeko, Adrien; Bagula, Espoir; Mondo, Jean; Ganza, Deckas; Musale, Dieudonné Katunga; Mushagalusa, Gustave Nachigera (30 September 2019). "Contraintes et opportunités de l'intégration agriculture-élevage à Mushinga dans l'Est de la RD Congo" (PDF). Elewa.org (in French). Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  68. ^ "Uvira: Les bêtes en divagation, un conflit permanant entre les éleveurs et les agriculteurs à Bwegera" [Uvira: Stray animals, a permanent conflict between breeders and farmers in Bwegera]. Mkulima.net (in French). 3 September 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  69. ^ a b Ruhebuza, Honoré Mapenzi (September 2021). "Le déclassement social dans les communes urbaines de Mulongwe et Kalundu, ville d'Uvira en République Démocratique du Congo" [Social downgrading in the urban communes of Mulongwe and Kalundu, city of Uvira in the Democratic Republic of Congo] (in French). Bujumbura, Burundi: University of Burundi. p. 22. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  70. ^ "Chapitre II. Approche Methodologique". Africmemoire.com. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  71. ^ E, Ngabo (31 May 2022). "UVIRA: L'organisation Women of Faith assiste les déplacés" [UVIRA: Women of Faith organization assists displaced people]. Kivu Times. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  72. ^ Nentobo, Ghislaine (March 2022). "Analyse de la Situation en Matiere d'Education Acceleree: Republique Democratique du Congo" (PDF). Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (in French). Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  73. ^ "Sud-Kivu: 6921 élèves participent aux épreuves hors session de l'Examen d'État à Uvira" [South Kivu: 6921 students participate in the out-of-session State Examination tests in Uvira]. ACP (in French). 9 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  74. ^ "Uvira: L'organisation Save the Children facilite l'atelier de présentation des résultats des recherches menées sur la qualité des environnements d'apprentissage et l'éducation dans le contexte de cires auprès des écoles bénéficiaires du projet BRICE en territoires d'Uvira et Fizi" [UVIRA: The Save the Children organization facilitates the workshop to present the results of research carried out on the quality of learning environments and education in the context of CIES with schools benefiting from the BRICE project in the territories of Uvira and Fizi]. Kivu Times. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  75. ^ "Uvira: pas de rentrée scolaire à la suite de la présence excessive des militaires à Bijombo" [Uvira: no return to school following excessive presence of soldiers in Bijombo]. Radio Okapi (in French). 6 September 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  76. ^ "Dr Mulamba Marc: Territoire D'Uvira RDC". Dr Mulamba Marc. 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  77. ^ Bahimba Nyembo, Théodore (2011). "Mission des institutions d'enseignement supérieur et universitaire et les attentes de la population en cité d'Uvira, RDC" (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Officielle de Bukavu. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  78. ^ "Centre de Sante Mentale D'Uvira". Idealist.org. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  79. ^ "Centre de Sante Mentale D'Uvira a Kawizi". Centre de Sante Mentale D'Uvira a Kawizi (in French). 22 January 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
[edit]

3°24′S 29°09′E / 3.400°S 29.150°E / -3.400; 29.150

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uvira&oldid=1255774323"