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2024 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary

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2024 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary
← 2020 January 23, 2024 2028 →
SC →
No delegates to the Democratic National Convention[a]
 
Candidate Joe Biden
(write-in) 		Dean Phillips
Home state Delaware Minnesota
Popular vote 79,100 24,377
Percentage 63.8% 19.7%
2024 New Hampshire Democratic presidential firehouse primary
← 2020 April 27, 2024 2028 →
← PA
PR →
24 delegates to the Democratic National Convention[b]
 
Candidate Joe Biden
Home state Delaware
Delegate count 25[4]
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The 2024 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary was held on January 23, 2024, as part of the Democratic Party primaries for the 2024 presidential election. The January New Hampshire primary was not sanctioned by the Democratic National Committee (DNC). The DNC-approved 2024 calendar placed the South Carolina primary first, but New Hampshire state law mandates them to hold the first primary in the country, and a "bipartisan group of state politicians", including the chairs of the Democratic and the Republican parties, announced that the state would preserve this status.[5] Thus, the DNC initially stripped all 33 of the state's delegates that would have been allocated to the Democratic National Convention.[1][6] The delegates will be allowed to be seated at the convention following the holding of a party-backed firehouse primary on April 27.

Although running for a second term, incumbent President Joe Biden declined to appear on the January New Hampshire ballot to comply with the DNC. His supporters nevertheless carried out a successful write-in campaign on his behalf that he did not endorse,[7] winning over 60% of the vote.[8][9] Philips also won a significant number of votes.

Controversies

[edit]

Scheduling

[edit]

Joe Biden sent a letter on December 1, 2022, to the "rule-making arm" of the Democratic National Committee (DNC), requesting that "diversity" should be emphasized in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries, upending New Hampshire's tradition of being the first primary state.[10] A December 2022 vote by the DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee the following day approved the change.[11]

On February 4, 2023, the DNC formally approved the new 2024 primary calendar, moving South Carolina to hold its race first on February 3, followed by Nevada and New Hampshire on February 6. One member of the Rules and Bylaws Committee who supported this new plan, Lee Saunders, further said it will give a better representation of the composition of the country.[12]

Members of the New Hampshire Democratic Party opposed the move, noted that moving their primary to comply with the new calendar would require changing New Hampshire state law mandating them to hold the first primary in the country.[13] This was unlikely to happen since the state's legislature is controlled by Republicans, who are "unwilling" to change it.[12] Republican New Hampshire governor Chris Sununu also criticized the DNC's plan as an "absolute joke ... It's just based on a personal preference of a candidate".[14]

The DNC originally gave New Hampshire until June to change their primary dates,[2] then extended this deadline to September. But Politico reported that "there was little reason to expect a friendly resolution",[15] since Republican New Hampshire Secretary of State David Scanlan has the sole power to set the state's presidential primary date, in accordance with the aforementioned New Hampshire law.[16] Scanlan announced the January 23 primary date on November 15, criticizing the DNC and stating that "using racial diversity as a cudgel and an attempt to rearrange the presidential nominating calendar is an ugly precedent".[17]

The DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee affirmed on January 6, 2024, that the primary is unsanctioned and non-binding, and is therefore "meaningless".[1][18] Republican New Hampshire Attorney General John Formella sent a "cease and desist" letter to the DNC in response, accusing the DNC of voter suppression. The New Hampshire Democratic Party again committed to voting in alignment with the state law mandating that its primary be held first.[19] The state party may still send their delegation to the Democratic National Convention anyway, hoping the DNC will reverse course similar to what happened in 2008 when Florida and Michigan held their primaries earlier than the calendar allowed; after initially ruling both states would be stripped of all their delegates, it was decided to only penalize half of their delegates.[20][21] DNC chair Jaime Harrison indicated on the night of the South Carolina primary that he would work towards seating the New Hampshire delegates, though the decision is ultimately in the hands of the Rules and Bylaws Committee of the DNC.[22]

The party ran a firehouse primary on April 27 to gain back their 24 delegates[3] in which 24 delegates voted[23] and Biden was the only candidate on the ballot. All delegates will be allowed to be seated at the national convention following a vote by the DNC's "rulemaking arm" on April 30.[24]

AI robocall

[edit]

NBC News reported on January 22, 2024, that the New Hampshire attorney general's office was investigating AI-generated robocalls seemingly from President Joe Biden, which encouraged voters to skip voting on the day of the primary.[25] Phillips was critical of the calls and called for more regulation in the AI sector.[26] Aaron Jacobs, a spokesman for the Biden write-in campaign, indicated that the matter was referred to the police.[27]

Paul Carpenter, a magician and hypnotist from Houston, Texas, who was visiting New Orleans at the time as a freelance AI consultant and marketing expert, reportedly provided crucial information to the government and FBI, leading to the conviction related to these robocalls. Carpenter cooperated with the Sisters of America and other authorities during the investigation, playing a key role in uncovering the responsible parties behind the AI-generated robocalls.[citation needed]

New Hampshire Attorney General John Formella announced on February 6, 2024, that the robocalls had been traced to Texas-based Life Corporation and Lingo Telecom, after an investigation by the Anti-Robocall Multistate Litigation Task Force, the Federal Communications Commission Enforcement Bureau, and other state and federal agencies.[28][29] Steve Kramer, a Democratic operative, was identified as the individual behind the calls[30] and was subsequently indicted.[citation needed] The FCC finalized a $6 million fine against Kramer for using deepfake AI technology and caller ID spoofing to impersonate President Biden.[citation needed] Kramer, who had been working as a consultant for the presidential campaign of Rep. Dean Phillips, D-Minn., has 30 days to pay the fine or face further legal action from the Department of Justice.[citation needed] In mid-March, the League of Women Voters and several New Hampshire voters filed a lawsuit against Kramer, Lingo Telecom, and Life Corporation.[31][32]

Candidates

[edit]

Official candidates on the ballot

[edit]

The following candidates officially filed by the end of the filing deadline on October 27, 2023.[33] In order to be listed on the ballot, candidates paid a $1,000 filing fee.[34]

Write-in campaigns

[edit]

In addition to the candidates who made the ballot, several candidates ran write-in campaigns.

Incumbent President Joe Biden announced his bid for a second term on April 25, 2023.[35] However, Biden's team indicated that he would not appear on the New Hampshire primary ballot if the state defied the DNC's calendar and scheduled its race before South Carolina's.[36] In October 2023, the manager for the Biden campaign, Julie Chávez Rodriguez, confirmed in a letter to the chair of the New Hampshire Democratic Party Raymond Buckley that Biden would not appear on the primary ballot in order to comply with the DNC's calendar.[37] Pro-Biden New Hampshire Democrats, including Kathy Sullivan (the former chairwoman of the state Democratic party) and former Representatives Paul Hodes and Carol Shea-Porter, launched a formal write-in campaign on October 30,[38] concluding that it would only hurt the Biden campaign if he lost the state's unsanctioned primary by default.[39]

In January 2024, voters promoting a ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war launched a write-in campaign for "ceasefire".[40] New Hampshire secretary of state David Scanlan has indicated that these "ceasefire" votes were tallied.[41] Ultimately, "Ceasefire" received 1,497 votes, or 1.28%.[42]

Cenk Uygur, who filed for the ballot but was disqualified due to not being a natural-born citizen, told supporters to write him in in an X post the day of the primary.[43][better source needed]

Despite not running in or campaigning in this primary, independent politicians Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Bernie Sanders each received notable numbers of write-in votes.[44] Additionally, several candidates running in the concurrently held Republican primaries received sizable numbers of write-ins in the Democratic primary. Nikki Haley received 4,695 write-in votes. Donald Trump received 2,055 write-in votes. In previous New Hampshire primaries, candidates of the opposite have received write-in votes from voters who missed the deadline to change their registration.[45]

Endorsements

[edit]
Main article: 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries § Endorsements
Joe Biden (write-in)

U.S. Senators

U.S. Representatives

Former

State executive officials

Former

State legislators

Former

Local officials

Former

Party officials

Dean Phillips

State legislators

Former

Newspapers

Marianne Williamson

State legislators

Former

Local officials

Party officials

Ceasefire (write-in)

State executive officials

Polling

[edit]
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[c] 		Margin
of error 		Joe Biden
(write-in) 		Robert F.
Kennedy Jr. 		Dean
Phillips 		Marianne
Williamson 		Other Undecided
Emerson College/WHDH[59] January 18–20, 2024 467 (LV) ± 4.5% 61% – 16% 5% 2% 16%
American Research Group[60] January 18–20, 2024 600 (LV) ± 4.0% 54% – 32% 3% 4% 7%
University of New Hampshire/CNN[61] January 16–19, 2024 775 (LV) 63% – 10% 9% 11% 6%
American Research Group[60] January 12–15, 2024 600 (LV) ± 4.0% 58% – 28% 3% 2% 9%
Emerson College/WHDH[62] January 8–10, 2024 590 (LV) ± 4.0% 49% – 16% 5% 3% 27%
University of New Hampshire/CNN[63] January 4–8, 2024 643 (LV) ± 3.9% 69% – 7% 6% 11% 7%
Suffolk University/USA Today[64] January 3–7, 2024 318 (LV) ± 3.1% 64% – 6% 2% 28%
American Research Group[60] December 27 – January 4, 2024 600 (LV) – 58% – 21% 5% 2% 14%
NHJournal/co-efficient[65] December 18–20, 2023 1,016 (LV) ± 3.1% 38% 1% (write-in) 7% 7% 8% 39%
American Research Group[60] December 14–20, 2023 600 (LV) ± 4.0% 51% – 17% 6% 3% 23%
Saint Anselm College Survey Center[66] December 18–19, 2023 ? (LV) ± 4.8% 50% – 10% 7% 4% 29%
University of New Hampshire/CNN[67] November 10–14, 2023 674 (LV) ± 3.5% 65% – 10% 9% 5% 10%
Emerson College/WHDH[68] November 10–13, 2023 917 (RV) ± 3.3% 27%[d] – 15% 10% 5% 44%
October 27, 2023 Phillips declares his candidacy
October 9, 2023 Kennedy withdraws from the primaries
University of New Hampshire/CNN[63] September 14–18, 2023 801 (LV) ± 3.2% 78% 9% – 6% 3% 4%
Emerson College[69] August 9–11, 2023 354 (LV) – 65% 12% – 4% 19%
University of New Hampshire[70] July 13–17, 2023 743 (LV) – 70% 10% – 4% 6% 10%
American Pulse Research & Polling[71] July 5–11, 2023 354 (LV) – 80% 11% – – – 9%
Saint Anselm College Survey Center[66] June 21–23, 2023 419 (RV) ± 3.0% 68% 9% – 8% – 16%

Hypothetical polling

[edit]
Hypothetical polling
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[c] 		Margin
of error 		Stacey
Abrams 		Joe
Biden 		Cory
Booker 		Pete
Buttigieg 		Hillary
Clinton 		Kamala
Harris 		Amy
Klobuchar 		Gavin
Newsom 		Alexandria
Ocasio-Cortez 		Bernie
Sanders 		Elizabeth
Warren 		Other Undecided
University of New Hampshire[72] Apr 13–17, 2023 700 (LV) – 1% 25% – 9% 1% 2% 4% 3% 4% 17% 8% 19%[e] 7%
Saint Anselm College[73] Mar 28–30, 2023 556 (RV) ± 4.1% – 34% – 18% 1% 4% – 4% – 11% – 29%[f] –
Emerson College[74] Mar 3–5, 2023 390 (LV) ± 4.9% – 29% – 14% – 11% 7% 1% – 17% 11% 6%[g] 4%
co/efficient[75] Jan 25–26, 2023 486 (LV) ± 4.45% – 37% – – – – – – – – – 46% 17%
– 25% – 16% – 5% – – 3% – – 15%[h] 36%
University of New Hampshire[76] Jan 19–23, 2023 346 (LV) ± 5.3% – 19% – 23% 0% 2% 5% 1% 6% 15% 18% 3% 4%
University of New Hampshire[77] Jul 21–25, 2022 430 (LV) ± 4.7% 3% 16% 2% 17% 3% 6% 9% 10% 5% 8% 10% 6%[i] 6%
University of New Hampshire[78] Apr 16–20, 2021 787 (A) – – 64% – – – – – – – – – 18%[j] 17%
Saint Anselm College[79] Mar 4–6, 2021 418 (LV) – – – – – – 45% – – – – – 26%[k] 30%

Results

[edit]

This is Biden's first primary victory in the state (though he has been on the ballot in the state's Democratic primary three other times).[20]

New Hampshire Democratic primary, January 23, 2024[80]
Candidate Votes Percentage
Joe Biden (incumbent; write-in) 79,100 63.8%
Dean Phillips 24,377 19.7%
Marianne Williamson 5,016 4.0%
Nikki Haley (write-in) (Republican) 4,760 3.8%
Donald Trump (write-in) (Republican) 2,079 1.7%
Derek Nadeau 1,616 1.3%
"Ceasefire" (write-in)[81] 1,512 1.2%
Vermin Supreme 912 0.7%
John Vail 685 0.6%
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (write-in) (Independent) 439 0.4%
Donald Picard 371 0.3%
Paperboy Prince 326 0.3%
Paul V. LaCava 176 0.1%
Jason Michael Palmer 142 0.1%
President R. Boddie 136 0.1%
Mark Stewart Greenstein 133 0.1%
Bernie Sanders (write-in) (Independent) 125 0.1%
Terrisa Bukovinac 101 <0.1%
Gabriel Cornejo 86 <0.1%
Stephen P. Lyons 80 <0.1%
Frankie Lozada 73 <0.1%
Tom Koos 71 <0.1%
Armando "Mando" Perez-Serrato 68 <0.1%
Star Locke 59 <0.1%
Raymond Michael Moroz 52 <0.1%
Eban Cambridge 47 <0.1%
Chris Christie (write-in) (Republican) 41 <0.1%
Richard Rist 37 <0.1%
Ron DeSantis (write-in) (Republican) 33 <0.1%
Vivek Ramaswamy (write-in) (Republican) 2 <0.1%
Other write-ins, reported as "scatter". 1,341 1.1%
Total: 123,996 100.00%

No delegates were awarded from the January New Hampshire primary.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ New Hampshire's delegates will not be awarded through this unofficial primary.[1] The early date violates the DNC-approved calendar, which confirmed South Carolina as the first primary state.[2]
  2. ^ New Hampshire's delegates were awarded via this party-sanctioned primary[3]
  3. ^ a b Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear
  4. ^ Biden was not initially prompted as an option.
  5. ^ Michelle Obama with 10%; Robert F. Kennedy and Gretchen Whitmer with 2% each; Raphael Warnock, Mariann Williamson, Jared Polis, J.B Pritzker, and Josh Shapiro with 1% each
  6. ^ Michelle Obama with 14%; Other with 7%; Gretchen Whitmer with 4%; Andrew Yang and Marianne Williamson with 2%.
  7. ^ Gretchen Whitmer with 4%
  8. ^ Michelle Obama with 15%
  9. ^ "Other" with 4%; Chris Murphy and Gretchen Whitmer with 1%; Jared Polis, J.B. Pritzker, and Gina Raimondo with 0%
  10. ^ 18% do not want Biden run in the 2024 presidential election
  11. ^ "If Joe Biden decides not to run for re-election, someone else" with 26%

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Kashinsky, Lisa (January 6, 2024). "DNC blasts NH Dems over 'meaningless' primary". Politico. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  2. ^ a b Vakil, Caroline (February 4, 2023). "DNC approves adjusted early presidential primary schedule". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  3. ^ a b Schneider, Elena (April 28, 2024). "New Hampshire Dems poised to regain delegates to national convention". Politico. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  4. ^ "New Hampshire Democratic and Republican primary election results | CNN Politics". CNN.
  5. ^ Enstrom, Kirk (November 15, 2023). "Here's when the New Hampshire 2024 primary will take place". WMUR. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
  6. ^ "New Hampshire Democratic Delegation 2024". The Green Papers. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  7. ^ Bottari, Steve (October 30, 2023). "Effort launches to get New Hampshire Democrats to write in Biden's name on primary ballot". WMUR. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  8. ^ "Biden wins the New Hampshire Democratic primary as a write-in candidate". NBC News. January 24, 2024. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
  9. ^ Vakil, Caroline; Muller, Julia (January 23, 2024). "5 takeaways from the New Hampshire primary". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
  10. ^ Miller, Zeke; Kinnard, Meg; Weissert, Will (December 1, 2022). "AP sources: Biden tells Dems he wants SC as 1st primary vote". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  11. ^ "DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee Adopts Biden Calendar Proposal". Frontloading HQ. December 2, 2022. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  12. ^ a b Chambers, Francesca (February 4, 2023). "Democrats approve 2024 primary calendar that demotes Iowa, boosts South Carolina". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  13. ^ Shepherd, Brittany (February 4, 2023). "Democrats approve new primary calendar for 2024". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  14. ^ O'Keefe, Ed; Novak, Analisa (February 3, 2023). "New Hampshire battles to retain first-in-the-nation presidential primary as DNC leaders meet to vote on possible changes". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  15. ^ Kashinsky, Lisa (June 16, 2023). "Democrats buy time in fight over New Hampshire primary". Politico. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
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  18. ^ Ramer, Holly (January 8, 2024). "New Hampshire attorney general suggests national Dems broke law by calling primary 'meaningless'". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
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  26. ^ Robertson, Nick (January 22, 2024). "Dean Phillips: Fake robocalls in NH highlight need for regulation". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
  27. ^ Samuels, Brett (January 22, 2024). "Biden write-in campaign condemns fake robocall in New Hampshire discouraging voting on Tuesday". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
  28. ^ Khalid, Amrita (February 6, 2024). "Two Texas companies were behind the AI Joe Biden robocalls". The Verge. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  29. ^ Kavanaugh, Kerry; Papadopoulos, Maria (February 6, 2024). "Texas-based group, Walter Monk were source of fake President Biden robocalls to NH voters, AG says". WFXT. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  30. ^ Seitz-Wald, Alex (February 25, 2024). "Democratic operative admits to commissioning fake Biden robocall that used AI". NBC News. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  31. ^ "New Federal Lawsuit Challenges Use of Artificial Intelligence in U.S. Elections to Undermine Voting Rights | Common Dreams". www.commondreams.org. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  32. ^ "The League of Women Voters is suing those involved in robocalls sent to New Hampshire voters". AP News. March 14, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  33. ^ "Source: New Hampshire Secretary of State" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
  34. ^ "Running for Office – President" (PDF). New Hampshire Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  35. ^ Miller, Zeke (April 25, 2023). "Biden announces 2024 reelection bid: 'Let's finish this job'". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
  36. ^ Thompson, Alex (June 15, 2023). "Biden could lose first two '24 contests to RFK Jr". Axios. Archived from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
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  40. ^ Alpert, Arnie (January 18, 2024). "Primary write-in campaign launched for 'Ceasefire,' instead of Biden's name". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  41. ^ Winger, Richard (January 23, 2024). "New Hampshire Secretary of State Will Count Write-ins in Presidential Primaries for "Ceasefire"". Ballot Access News. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
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  43. ^ Uygur, Cenk [@cenkuygur] (January 23, 2024). "If you live in New Hampshire, you get to make history today. You'll be the first people in US history to vote for a naturalized citizen for president. That gets us one step closer to equality. Also, I'm the better candidate.😁Write me in, coach. #writeinCenk #Cenk2024" (Tweet). Retrieved January 23, 2024 – via Twitter.
  44. ^ "2024 Democratic Presidential Primary Election Results". New Hampshire Secretary of State. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
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  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca "About". Write In Biden. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
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  51. ^ a b c "District Level Delegate Caucus Results" (PDF). New Hampshire Democratic Party. January 6, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  52. ^ Graham, Steven (October 31, 2023). "Former Biden NH Co-Chair Backs Phillips in FITN Primary". NH Journal. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  53. ^ Fortinsky, Sarah (January 23, 2024). "New Hampshire newspaper backs Phillips ahead of primary". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
  54. ^ Gokee, Amanda (October 3, 2023). "Why Maria Perez was the latest N.H. lawmaker to leave the Democratic party". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. Perez endorsed longshot candidate Marianne Williamson because she wanted a challenger to have the opportunity to be on the ballot.
  55. ^ Alexander, Dan (December 2, 2023). "Portsmouth House Member Resigns over Move out of Ward". Seacoast Current. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
  56. ^ Schinella, Tony (January 22, 2024). "'What A Bunch Of Malarky': NH Biden Write-in Effort Hit With Fake Call". Patch.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
  57. ^ "Marianne Williamson Gathers New Hampshire Endorsements". Marianne Williamson 2024. March 13, 2023. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
  58. ^ Corbett, Jessica (January 18, 2024). "NH Voters to Pressure Biden With 'Cease-Fire' Write-In on Primary Ballots". Common Dreams. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  59. ^ Emerson College/WHDH
  60. ^ a b c d American Research Group
  61. ^ University of New Hampshire/CNN
  62. ^ Emerson College/WHDH
  63. ^ a b University of New Hampshire/CNN
  64. ^ Suffolk University / USA Today
  65. ^ NHJournal/co-efficient
  66. ^ a b Saint Anselm College Survey Center
  67. ^ University of New Hampshire/CNN
  68. ^ Emerson College/WHDH
  69. ^ Emerson College
  70. ^ University of New Hampshire
  71. ^ American Pulse Research & Polling
  72. ^ University of New Hampshire
  73. ^ Saint Anselm College
  74. ^ Emerson College
  75. ^ co/efficient
  76. ^ University of New Hampshire
  77. ^ University of New Hampshire
  78. ^ University of New Hampshire
  79. ^ Saint Anselm College
  80. ^ "2024 Democratic Presidential Primary Election Results". NH SOS. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
  81. ^ Marrans, Daniel (January 22, 2024). "Pro-Palestine Activists Urge New Hampshire Voters To Write In 'Cease-Fire'". HuffPost.com. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
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