2025 in paleomammalogy
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This article records new taxa of fossil mammals of every kind that are scheduled to be described during the year 2025, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of mammals that are scheduled to occur in the year 2025.
Afrotherians
[edit]Proboscideans
[edit]Proboscidean research
[edit]- Dooley et al. (2025) reevaluate the affinities of mastodon fossil material from Oregon and Washington (United States), Alberta (Canada) and Hidalgo and Jalisco (Mexico), extending known geographical range of Mammut pacificus, and providing probable evidence of presence of both M. pacificus and M. americanum in close geographical proximity.[1]
- Evidence of diets of Palaeoloxodon naumanni and mammoths from the Pleistocene sites in Japan, including possible evidence of different foraging behaviors of the studied proboscideans in Hokkaido, is presented by Naito (2025).[2]
- A study on mammoth teeth from the Pleistocene strata in Alberta (Canada), providing evidence of presence of three morphotypes – including a morphotype intermediate between the woolly mammoth and the Columbian mammoth – is published by Barrón-Ortiz, Jass & Cammidge (2025).[3]
- A study on the dietary habits of Columbian mammoths from the Tultepec I and Tultpec II sites (Mexico), providing evidence of mixed C3/C4 diet for the majority of the studied specimens, is published by Rodríiguez-Franco et al. (2025).[4]
Sirenians
[edit]Sirenian research
[edit]- Ducrocq et al. (2025) report the discovery of fossil material (including a well-preserved and almost complete skull) of a specimen of Metaxytherium medium from the Miocene strata in France, and estimate body size of the studied specimen.[5]
Euarchontoglires
[edit]Primates
[edit]Primate research
[edit]- Evidence from the study of brain endocasts of extant and extinct mammals, indicative of cortical expansion in the areas of the brain involved in producing cognitive functions that began early on during the primate evolution, is presented by Melchionna et al. (2025), who argue that selection for complex cognition likely drove the evolution of primate brains.[6]
- Evidence from the study of the anatomy of manubria and sternebrae of extant and fossil simians, indicating that the anatomy of the sternum can provide information on the form of the thorax and the positional repertoire of the clavicles in fossil simians, is presented by Middleton, Alwell & Ward (2025).[7]
- A study on tooth wear and probable diets of Miocene and Pliocene Old World monkeys from the Turkana Basin (Kenya) is published by Fehringer et al. (2025).[8]
- Brasil et al. (2025) revise the species-level taxonomy of South African Parapapio, and argue that the available evidence does not support assignment of the studied fossil material to more than one species.[9]
- Pugh, Strain & Gilbert (2025) study the anatomy of teeth of Samburupithecus kiptalami and interpret it as a late-occurring African member of the family Oreopithecidae.[10]
- A study on the morphology and affinities of Kapi ramnagarensis is published by Gilbert et al. (2025), who interpret the studied primate as a stem-hylobatid.[11]
General paleoanthropology
[edit]- Lawrence, Hammond & Ward (2025) compare the orientation of the acetabulum in fossil hominins and extant primates, reporting evidence of humanlike condition in early Australopithecus.[12]
- Evidence from the study of nitrogen and carbonate carbon isotope composition of tooth enamel of Australopithecus from the Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa), interpreted as indicating that the studied specimens had a plant-based diet and did not regularly eat mammalian meat, is presented by Lüdecke et al. (2025).[13]
- Madupe et al. (2025) provide evidence of protein preservation in tooth enamel of the Australopithecus africanus specimen Sts 63 from Sterkfontein Member 4, and identify the studied individual as a male.[14]
- A study on the surface organization of the endocast of the Taung Child is published by Hurst et al. (2025).[15]
- Zanolli et al. (2025) study the anatomy and affinities of the Pleistocene hominin mandible SK 15 from Swartkrans Member 2, South Africa (the holotype of Telanthropus capensis), and interpret this specimen as belonging to a previously unrecognized species of Paranthropus, P. capensis.[16]
- A study on the morphology of the oval window in Paranthropus robustus, interpreted as spanning the ape-human spectrum, is published by Fernandez & Braga (2025).[17]
- Evidence from the study of paleosols from the hominin and archaeological sites from the Gona Paleoanthropological Project area (Ethiopia) ranging from the Oldowan to the Late Stone Age, interpreted as indicative of reliance of hominins on riverine ecosystem edge and gallery forest resources throughout their evolutionary history, is presented by Stinchcomb, Rogers & Semaw (2025).[18]
- Curran et al. (2025) describe cut-marked bones interpreted as evidence of presence of hominins at the Grăunceanu site (Romania) at least 1.95 milion years ago.[19]
- Pietrobelli et al. (2025) study the anatomy of fibular ends of Homo floresiensis, interpreted as indicative of presence of a versatile ankle joint consistent with a locomotor repertoire including obligate bipedalism as well as climbing.[20]
- Chapman et al. (2025) reconstruct the skeleton of the leg of Homo naledi, and interpret its anatomy as casting doubt on the capabilities of H. naledi for endurance running.[21]
- Mercader et al. (2025) present evidence indicating that Homo erectus occupying the Engaji Nanyori locality (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) one million years ago lived in extremely dry environment, and showed ability to adapt to such environment through the strategic use of water resources present in the studied area.[22]
- Evidence from the study of starch grains found on basalt tools from the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site (Israel), indicating that Middle Pleistocene hominins from the site processed diverse plants, is preserved by Ahituv et al. (2025).[23]
- Urciuoli et al. (2025) report evidence of reduction of morphological diversity of bony labyrinths in the Neanderthal lineage after the start of Marine Isotope Stage 5, interpreted as possibly related to a population bottleneck.[24]
- Schürch, Conard & Schmidt (2025) study the raw material sourcing of tools from the Gravettian and Magdalenian sites in Germany, and interpret their findings as indicating that territories of foraging groups that occupied the studied sites spanned across 300 km.[25]
- Marginedas et al. (2025) interpret evidence of manipulation of human remains from the Magdalenian site Maszycka Cave (Poland) as consistent with cannibalistic behavior.[26]
Rodents
[edit]Rodent research
[edit]- De Santi & Verzi (2025) revise the Pleistocene tuco-tuco species Ctenomys latidens, interpreting it as a distinct species and likely a senior synonym of C. dasseni and C. intermedius.[27]
Laurasiatherians
[edit]Artiodactyls
[edit]Cetaceans
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cedillo-Avila, González-Barba & Solis-Añorve |
A member of the family Eomysticetidae. The type species is C. convexus. |
|||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bisconti et al. |
A member of the family Physeteridae. The type species is E. damarcoi. |
Cetacean research
[edit]- Paul & Larramendi (2025) provide new estimates of body size of Perucetus colossus, interpreted as most likely to have body length of 15 to 16 m and body mass of 35 to 40 tonnes.[30]
- Redescription and a study on the affinities of Prosqualodon australis is published by Gaetán et al. (2025).[31]
- Hernández Cisneros & Velez-Juarbe (2025) describe the skeletal anatomy of Fucaia goedertorum, and interpret the studied cetacean as a raptorial feeder with high maneuverability.[32]
Other artiodactyls
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Pickford & Gawad |
An anthracothere. Genus includes new species A. grandis. |
|||||
|
Gen. et comb. nov |
In press |
Pickford & Gawad |
Miocene |
An anthracothere. Genus includes "Afromeryx" palustris Miller et al. (2014). |
||||
|
Gen. et comb. nov |
In press |
Pickford & Gawad |
Miocene |
An anthracothere. Genus includes "Brachyodus" mogharensis Pickford (1991). |
Other artiodactyl research
[edit]- Robson & Theodor (2025) reevaluate the anatomy and affinities of Bunomeryx, and consider its classification as purported early tylopod to be uncertain.[34]
- A study on the dental morphology and on the affinities of "Parachleuastochoerus" valentini is published by Alba et al. (2025), who interpret the studied species as distinct from Conohyus simorrensis and Versoporcus steinheimensis, and interpret the genus Parachleuastochoerus as likely polyphyletic.[35]
- Marra (2025) reports the discovery of fossil material of Bohlinia attica from the Miocene strata from Cessaniti (Italy), representing the westernmost record of the species reported to date.[36]
- Evidence from the study of tooth enamel of Pleistocene cervids and bovids from Southeast Asia, interpreted as indicative of dietary shifts of chitals, Eld's deers, bantengs and gaurs that were likely related to habitat shift from open environments to forests, as well as indicating that extant wild water buffaloes and sambar deers have more restricted diets and habitat compared to Pleistocene ones, is presented by Shaikh, Bocherens & Suraprasit (2025).[37]
- A study on tooth histology and growth of Procervulus ginsburgi is published by Cuccu et al. (2025).[38]
- Bouaziz et al. (2025) study the morphology of the anterior teeth of Indohyus indirae, and interpret the studied teeth as forming a grasping device used to capture preys, similar to teeth of stem cetaceans.[39]
Carnivorans
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ssp. nov |
Jiangzuo et al. |
Pleistocene |
A subspecies of the snow leopard. |
Carnivoran research
[edit]- Ruiz et al. (2025) compare the morphology of Speothos pacivorus and the extant bush dog, and support the classification of the two species as distinct.[41]
- A study on mitogenomes of specimens of Arctodus simus is published by Salis et al. (2025), who find no evidence of genetic differences compatible with the previously proposed subspecies, but report probable evidence of sexual dimorphism.[42]
- New fossil material of Lutra simplicidens is described from the Pleistocene strata from the Corton site (United Kingdom) and Żabia Cave (Poland) by Marciszak & Bower (2025).[43]
Chiropterans
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp. nov |
Salles et al. |
Quaternary |
A species of Rhinophylla. |
Perissodactyls
[edit]Perissodactyl research
[edit]- Pandolfi et al. (2025) describe new fossil material of Tapirus priscus from the Vallesian strata of the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Spain), providing new information on the anatomy of members of the species and extending its known chronostratigraphic range in Western Europe.[45]
- Purported tooth fragments of Brachypotherium sp. from the late Miocene strata in Japan is reinterpreted as fossil material of an indeterminate member of Aceratheriinae by Handa & Taru (2025).[46]
- A study on the ecology of Equus neogeus and Hippidion principale from the Argentine Pampas is published by Bellinzoni, Valenzuela & Prado (2025), who report evidence of greater dietary flexibility of E. neogeus and greater vulnerability of H. principale to environmental changes.[47]
Other laurasiatherians
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bastetodon[48] | Gen. et comb. nov | Al-Ashqar et al. | Oligocene | Jebel Qatrani Formation |  Egypt
|
A member of Hyaenodonta belonging to the family Hyainailouridae. The type species is "Pterodon" syrtos. | ||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Armella et al. |
Miocene (Burdigalian) |
A mesotheriid notoungulate. The type species is I. wayra. |
||||
| Sekhmetops[48] | Gen. et comb. nov | Al-Ashqar et al. | Oligocene | Jebel Qatrani Formation | Egypt
|
A member of Hyaenodonta belonging to the family Hyainailouridae. The type species is "Pterodon" africanus, genus also includes "P." phiomensis. |
Miscellaneous laurasiatherian research
[edit]- Mulcahy, Constenius & Beard (2025) report the first discovery of fossil material of a uintathere from the Kishenehn Formation (Montana, United States), representing the northernmost record of the group in North America reported to date.[50]
Xenarthrans
[edit]Cingulatans
[edit]Cingulatan research
[edit]- A study on the morphology of the osteoderms of Quaternary pampatheriids and a revision of their taxonomy is published by Ferreira et al. (2025)[51]
- Magoulick et al. (2025) determine that environmental conditions in Central America during the Plio-Pleistocene enabled dispersal of Glyptotherium from South America to North America, and possibly also its migration back to South America during the Rancholabrean.[52]
Pilosans
[edit]Pilosan research
[edit]- New megatherioid ground sloth specimen, possibly representing a new taxon, is described from the Miocene strata of the La Venta site (Colombia) by Miño-Boilini et al. (2025).[53]
- Evidence interpreted as indicating that megathere ground sloths had lower body temperatures than reported in other large terrestrial mammals, as well as indicative of varied fur coverage depending on the environment, is presented by Deak et al. (2025).[54]
Metatherians
[edit]| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Suarez et al. |
Miocene (Chasicoan) |
A member of Sparassodonta. The type species is D. pristina. |
Metatherian research
[edit]- Chornogubsky et al. (2025) study the body mass of members of the family Polydolopidae, providing evidence of increase of body size over time, but not evidence that Bergmann's rule applied to members of the group.[56]
- A study on tooth wear in extant and fossil kangaroos is published by Arman, Gully & Prideaux (2025), who interpret their findings as indicating that Pleistocene kangaroos had more generalist diets than indicated by the anatomy of their skull and teeth, and likely indicating that extinctions of Pleistocene kangaroos were not driven by climate and environmental changes.[57]
General mammalian research
[edit]- Evidence from the study of morphology, puncture performance and breakage resistance of saber teeth, interpreted as indicating that repeated evolution of saber teeth in mammalian carnivores is a result of selection for functionally optimal morphology, is presented by Pollock et al. (2025).[58]
- Ugarte, Nascimento & Pires (2025) study the distribution and completeness of the fossil record of Cenozoic mammals from South America, as well as its implications for the knowledge of the evolution of South American mammals.[59]
- Lihoreau et al. (2025) describe fossil material of Ypresian mammals from three new localities in the south of France, providing new information on the biochronology of early Paleogene European mammals.[60]
- Linchamps et al. (2025) study the composition of the assemblage of small mammals from the Pleistocene strata of the Lower Bank of Member 1 at the Swartkrans cave site (South Africa), and interpret the studied fossils as indicative of environment dominated by grassland and bushland habitats, with components of forest and woodland habitats.[61]
- Hu et al. (2025) report the discovery of new fossil material of Pleistocene mammals from the Dayakou pit (Chongqing, China), including first records of Ailuropoda melanoleuca wulingshanensis, Tapirus sinensis and Leptobos sp. in the Yanjinggou area, and providing new information on changes of mammal faunas from south China during the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition.[62]
- Gelabert et al. (2025) study sedimentary ancient DNA from the El Mirón Cave (Spain), reporting evidence of presence of 28 taxa (humans, 21 herbivores and 6 carnivores), evidence of longer survival of leopards and hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula than indicated by fossil record, and evidence of the presence of a stable human population in the region of the cave during and after the Last Glacial Maximum.[63]
- Faria et al. (2025) determine the age of teeth of extinct members of mammalian megafauna from Itapipoca and the Rio Miranda valley in the Brazilian Intertropical Region, and report evidence of survival of the studied mammals until the middle and late Holocene, including survival of Palaeolama major and Xenorhinotherium bahiense until approximately 3500 years Before Present.[64]
References
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- ^ Curran, S. C.; Drăgușin, V.; Pobiner, B.; Pante, M.; Hellstrom, J.; Woodhead, J.; Croitor, R.; Doboș, A.; Gogol, S. E.; Ersek, V.; Keevil, T. E.; Petculescu, A.; Popescu, A.; Robinson, C.; Werdelin, L.; Terhune, C. E. (2025). "Hominin presence in Eurasia by at least 1.95 million years ago". Nature Communications. 16 (1). 836. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56154-9. PMC 11747263. PMID 39833162.
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- ^ Mercader, J.; Akuku, P.; Boivin, N.; Camacho, A.; Carter, T.; Clarke, S.; Cueva Temprana, A.; Favreau, J.; Galloway, J.; Hernando, R.; Huang, H.; Hubbard, S.; Kaplan, J. O.; Larter, S.; Magohe, S.; Mohamed, A.; Mwambwiga, A.; Oladele, A.; Petraglia, M.; Roberts, P.; Saladié, P.; Shikoni, A.; Silva, R.; Soto, M.; Stricklin, D.; Mekonnen, D. Z.; Zhao, W.; Durkin, P. (2025). "Homo erectus adapted to steppe-desert climate extremes one million years ago". Communications Earth & Environment. 6. 1. doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01919-1. PMC 11738993.
- ^ Ahituv, H.; Henry, A. G.; Melamed, Y.; Goren-Inbar, N.; Bakels, C.; Shumilovskikh, L.; Cabanes, D.; Stone, J. R.; Rowe, W. F.; Alperson-Afil, N. (2025). "Starch-rich plant foods 780,000 y ago: Evidence from Acheulian percussive stone tools". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 122 (3). e2418661121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2418661121. PMC 11760500. PMID 39761385.
- ^ Urciuoli, A.; Martínez, I.; Quam, R.; Arsuaga, J. L.; Keeling, B. A.; Diez-Valero, J.; Conde-Valverde, M. (2025). "Semicircular canals shed light on bottleneck events in the evolution of the Neanderthal clade". Nature Communications. 16 (1). 972. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56155-8. PMC 11842635. PMID 39979299.
- ^ Schürch, B.; Conard, N. J.; Schmidt, P. (2025). "Examining Gravettian and Magdalenian mobility and technological organization with IR spectroscopy". Scientific Reports. 15 (1). 1897. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84302-6. PMC 11730608. PMID 39805857.
- ^ Marginedas, F.; Saladié, P.; Połtowicz-Bobak, M.; Terberger, T.; Bobak, D.; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. (2025). "New insights of cultural cannibalism amongst Magdalenian groups at Maszycka Cave, Poland". Scientific Reports. 15 (1). 2351. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86093-w. PMC 11802845.
- ^ De Santi, N. A.; Verzi, D. H. (2025). "The systematic status and evolutionary significance of the robust tuco-tuco Ctenomys latidens from the Pleistocene of central Argentina". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. doi:10.1080/08912963.2025.2464844.
- ^ Cedillo-Avila, C.; González-Barba, G.; Solis-Añorve, A. (2025). "First record of an Eomysticetidae from the Late Oligocene at the Pilon locality, San Gregorio Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico". Palaeontologia Electronica. 28 (1). 28.1.a1. doi:10.26879/1390.
- ^ Bisconti, M.; Daniello, R.; Stecca, R.; Carnevale, G. (2025). "A new Pliocene sperm whale from Vigliano D'Asti, Piedmont, Northwest Italy". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 131 (1): 139–175. doi:10.54103/2039-4942/22338.
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