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Lingayat Vani

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Lingayat Vani
JātiMarathi
ClassificationForward caste[1]
GuruJangam
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesHindi, Marathi, Kannada, Telugu[2]
CountryIndia,
RegionMaharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh
EthnicityIndian
Population8.5 to 10 Million in Maharashtra[3]
Heraldic titleAppa, Rao, Desai [4][5]
Related groupsVeerashaiva
Marathas

The Lingayat Vani community (marathi: लिंगायत वाणी) is an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who are native to Maharashtra in western India. They belong to Veershaiv sect of Hindu Shaivism and are also referred to as Veershaiv-Lingayat Vanik or Lingayat Balija or Vira Banajiga or Bir Vanigas. The name Vani is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Vanijya' which means trade.

The Vira Banajigas were a trading caste.

They rejected the custodial hold of Brahmins over Vedas and shastras but did not outright reject the Vedic knowledge. They worship all gods and believe them to be a form of Shiva only.[6][7] The 13th-century Telugu Virashaiva poet Palkuriki Somanatha, the author of the scripture of Lingayatism, for example asserted, "Virashaivism fully conformed to the Vedas and the shastras."[8][9]

Origin

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Starting in the thirteenth century, inscriptions referring to "Vira Balanjyas" (warrior merchants) started appearing in the Andhra country. The Vira Balanjyas represented long-distance trading networks that employed fighters to protect their warehouses and goods in transit.

These traders formed collectives called pekkandru and differentiated themselves from other collectives called nagaram, which probably represented Komati merchants. The pekkandru collectives also included members of other communities with status titles Reddy, Boya and Nayaka.[10][11][12]

The Five Hundred guild, known as Ayyavole in Kannada, Ayyavolu in Telugu, Aryarupa in Sanskrit operated in Southern India and Southeast Asia. They became more powerful under the Cholas.[13] They were protectors of the Veera-Banaju-Dharma, that is, law of the heroic or noble merchants. The Bull was their symbol which they displayed on their flag; and they had a reputation for being daring and enterprising.[14] A rock shaped like an axe on the Malaprabha river bank north of the Aihole village in karnataka is associated with the legend of Parashurama,[15] the sixth Vishnu avatar, who is said to have washed his axe here after killing abusive Kshatriyas who were exploiting their military powers, giving the land its red colour.[16][17] A 19th-century local tradition believed that rock footprints in the river were those of Parashurama.[15]

Varna Status

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The Vira Banajigas were a trading caste. Historians like Velcheru Narayana Rao and Sanjay Subrahmanyam noted that the emergence of this right-hand caste as trader-warrior-kings in the Nayaka period is a consequence of conditions of new wealth produced by collapsing two varnas, Kshatriya and Vaishya into one.[18][19][20]

After being placed in the shudra category in the 1881 census, Veershaivas demanded a higher caste status.[21] Lingayats persisted in their claims for decades,[22] and their persistence was strengthened by Lingayat presence within the government, and a growing level of literacy and employment in journalism and the judiciary. In 1926, the Bombay High Court ruled that "the Veerashaivas are not Shudras."[23]

Social Status

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Lingayat Vani belonged to the upper caste and therefore were strict vegetarians. Devout Lingayats do not consume meat of any kind including fish. The drinking of liquor is prohibited.[24]

Lingayat Wanis migrated to Maharashtra from North karnataka like the Lad-Shakhiya Wanis who migrated from chittorgarh, Rajasthan in 13th century.[25] Both Lingayat wani and Ladwani were excluded from the list of backward castes by the Maharashtra Government.[26] Both the communities have deep and historical, social and familial bonds.[citation needed]

In Maharashtra, The Veershaivas, the Gujjars and the Rajputs are three important communities. The Veershaiv Vanis who migrated from north Karnataka are found primarily in south Maharashtra and Marthwada while Gujjars and Rajputs who migrated from north India have settled in north Maharashtra districts. These communities were rich, used to keep weapons like sword, guns etc. and usually were local village heads. Next to Marathas, Lingayat Vanis were seen to be a dominating community in politics as well as local markets.[27][28]

Festivals and Gods

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They are religious people and worship all Hindu gods and goddesses, considering them forms of Shiva. Their chief family deities are Ambabai of Tuljapur, Banali and Danammái in Jat, Dhanai in the Konkan, Esai, Janai, and Jotiba of Kolhapur, Khandoba of Jejuri, Mahadev, Malikarjun near Vyankoba in Tirupati, Revansiddheshvar in Satara, Shakambari in Bádámi, Siddheshvar of Sholapur, Yallamma of Saundatti in Bijapur, Virbhadra of Mukhed in Nanded, to all which places they go on pilgrimage.[29]

Virabhadra
Other names
AffiliationShiva
AbodeMount Kailash
PlanetAngaraka (Mars)
Mantra
  • oṃ vīrabhadrāya namaḥ
  • oṃ vīrarudrāya namaḥ
  • oṃ śrī vīrabhadreśvarāya namaḥ
WeaponTrident, sword, arrow, discus, conch, spear, staff, thunderbolt, two varieties of shields, bow, noose, goad, axe, and club.
DayTuesday
Mount
TextsShiva Purana
Festivals
ConsortBhadrakali

Family Deities

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Their chief clan gotras are Nandi, Vir(or Veer or veerabhadra), vrishabh, skand and bhringi. They worship lord Virabhadra or narsimha as their kula devata and some have Bhadrakali, Bhavani mata or Satvai mata as their kul devi.[30]

Lingayat vanis from nanded worship virabhadra of Mukhed as their kul daivat and the priest is usually a lingayat vani only.[31] The worship is carried out by jangams and is the same as that of Brahmins except that they offer their gods neither red flowers nor kevda flower.[29]

Virashaivas believe to be originated from Shiva's Jats and therefore worship lord virabhadra as their ancestral god. They believe in having qualities of a Bhrahman, Kshatriya and vasihyas and neglect discrimination(same was the purpose of virabhadra to kill daksha).[32][33]

They carry Marathi surnames like Deshmukh, Devane, Kalyani, Desai, Gowda, Nandedkar, Eklare, Rao, Appa, Bagmare, Dongre, Falke, Naik, Umre, Nandkule etc.[34]

Many veerashaiva rulers had Lord Virabhadra as their family deity and special lunches used to be prepared.[35] Many of then warriors having heroic slogans of "Jai Veerbhadra", repeatedy hacking and pierching enemies.[36] Lingayat Vani marriages have a Gugul Ceremony in which special prayers are offered to Lord Ganesha and Lord Virbhadra. It is performed by the bride or bridegroom and their mothers.[citation needed]

They are widely distributed in the western Maharashtra(konkan, pune, kohlapur) and eastern Maharashtra-marathwada region(Parbhani, Nanded, Latur, Udgir, Yeotmal and ahmednagar) and the north karnataka region.

They speak marathi and some also speak kannada(north karanataka region).Lingayats traditionally believed themselves to be equal in status to Brahmins, and some orthodox Lingayats were so anti-Brahmin that they would not eat food cooked or handled by Brahmins.[37]

Veera gotra

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Jagadguru Shri Renukacharya, incarnating from the Somevara linga.

The veera gotra belongs to the gotrapurusha Renukacharya (also known as Revaṇārādhya or Revaṇasiddha) who was the teacher of the great sage Agastya of Pañcāvati.[38] This saint is said to have consecrated 30 million liṇgas at the behest of Ravana's brother, Vibhīṣaṇa, after Rāvaṇa's death. Renukacharya originated from the Sadyojata head of Lord Shiva. He takes avatar at the beginning of each yuga and establishes Veerashaivism. At the beginning of the present Kaliyuga, he took avatara from Someswara Linga at Kolanupaka (Kolipaka), Telangana.[39] Chalukya kings of Kalyan, were daily worshippers Lord Someshwara.[40]

The gotra of Veerabhadra is also shared by Jat community like the Lingayat Vani community. Virabhadra and Daksha|'s daughtergana's womb originated the Jats. Virabhadra had five sons and two grand sons named Pon Bhadra, Jakh Bhadra, Kalhan Bhadra, Brahma Bhadra, Ati Sur Bhadra, Dahi Bhadra and Anjana Jata Shankar. Seven major Jat gotras are named after these seven descendants of Vir Bhadra.[41]

History

[edit]

They were merchants, traders, agriculturists and Zamidars and some were also Jagirdars before the 19th century. They were given the titles of Desai, Appa, Rao, Deshmukh or Patil.[42]

Banajiga have been mentioned in several Vijayanagar documents as wealthy merchants who controlled powerful trading guilds . To secure their loyalty, the Vijayanagar kings made them Desais or "superintendents in the country".[citation needed]

Lingayat Vanis and Marwari Rajputs

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In the middle of 12th century, during the kingdom of kalyana, one of Basava's apostles, is said to have gone to Marwar kingdom of Rajputs, and brought back 196,000 Marwari converts and spread them all over the Panch Dravid country or Southern India. The names in common use among men are Baslingappa, Vishwanath rao, Gopalshet, Krishnappa, Malkarjun, Maruti, Rajaram, Ramshet, Shivappa, Shivlingappa, hanumant appa, and Vithoba; and among women, Bhagirthi, Chandrabhaga, Janki, Kashibai, Lakshmi, Rakhumai, and Vithai.[29]

Veershaivas and The Bhonsle Clan

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The Bhonsles had a special affection towards the Veerashaiva faith. Maloji Bhonsle, grandfather of Shivaji, was a devout shaivite and built multiple temples and one of them was a large 49 acre tank built for a lingayat matha of village Shingnapur in the satara district. Rajaram Bhonsle, son of shivaji, also made some grants for the temple in the name of lingayats living there.[43]

Karnataka's Deputy CM Govind Karjol claimed "Shivaji’s forefather Belliyappa was from Soratur in Gadag district in Karnataka. When there was drought in Gadag, Belliyappa left for Maharashtra. Shivaji was the fourth generation of the family". This shows even Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was ‘a Kannadiga' like the Lingayat vani community which migrated to Maharashtra from Karnataka centuries back.[44][45]

Lingayat Desais and The Marathas

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The founders of the family of the Lingayat Desais of Kittoor are said to have been two brothers of the name of Haraimullappa and Chickmullappa, merchants by profession, who resided at Sumpgaum.This suggests the Desais would have been equivalent to Lingayat Vanis in social manner. By some means or other the family seems to have risen to distinction under the Kings of Bijapur, from whom it received the title of "Sumsher Jung Bahadoor", together with the more substantial favours of sundry inams and offices in and about Kittoor.[46][47]

Bajirao Sarkar Peshwa remembered with gratitude the help and co-operation extended to them by Raja Mallasarja in defeating Tippu Sultan of Srirangapattana in 1781. Mallasarja showed extraordinary cleverness in escaping from the prison of Kapaladurga. Besides he was a very able administrator of his kingdom. In recognition of his valour, cleverness and ability Bajirao conferred the title of 'Pratap Rao' on Raja Mallasarja.[48]

Veershaiva Merchants of Vijaynagar Empire

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The Veershaivas likely were a part of the reason for the success of the Vijaynagar empire in territorial expansion and in withstanding the Deccan Sultanate wars. Many kings were veerashaiva in faith and belonged to the Karnataka and Lepakshi region.[49] They were an important part of the Vijayanagara Empire army.[50]

Virasaivas merchants turned warriors of the Vijayanagara empire defeated the Deccan Sultanates in the Lepakshi region (Karnataka-Maharashtra-Andhra Pradesh border region).

Virupanna and Viranna, two Veerashaiva merchants, both brothers who were Governors under the Vijayanagar Empire, built Veerbhadra temple in Lepakshi around the late 16th century. Virupanna chose this particular form of Siva to demonstrate the contempt the Veerashaiva community had for the caste-bound, rigid hierarchical order of society prevalent then. The shields, daggers and assorted weaponry of the figures sculpted all over the temple complex suggest also the militant aspirations of this community.[51]

After the collapse of the Vijayanagara empire, the Veershaiva Keladi/Ikkeri dynasty ruled coastal Karnataka.[52] They fought the Bijapur Sultans, and the Virasaiva leader SadasivaAppa Nayaka played a key role in leading the capture of Sultanate fortress such as at Kalaburagi. This success led to Nayaka being appointed as the governor of the coastal Karnataka Kanara region. This emerged as a Veerashaiva dynasty, called the Nayakas of Keladi.[53]

The Veerashaiva Theology

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In Veerashaiva theology the Panchacharas denote the five codes of conduct to be followed by the devotee. The Panchacharas include[6][7][54]

  • Sivāchāra– acknowledging Shiva as the supreme divine being and upholding the equality and well-being of all human beings.
  • Lingāchāra– Daily worship of the individual Ishtalinga icon, one to three times day. The wearing of Linga was not universal amongst the Shaivas before Basava; he however made wearing the Linga universal.
  • Sadāchāra– One should follow a vocation and lead strictly a moral righteous and virtuous life. If a community has to be self-sufficient, everyone, irrespective of social status and distinction should be prepared to contribute his share of work, manual or intellectual, as long as work is necessary for the maintenance and development of the community.
    • Kala beda (Do not steal)
    • Kola beda (Do not kill or hurt)
    • Husiya nudiyalu beda (Do not utter lies)
    • Thanna bannisabeda (Do not praise yourself, i.e. practice humility)
    • Idira haliyalu beda (Do not criticize others)
    • Muniya beda (Shun anger)
    • Anyarige asahya padabeda (Do not be intolerant towards others)
  • Bhrityāchāra– Compassion towards all creatures.
  • Ganāchāra– Defence of the weak and the community and its tenets. Use of Power but should be truthful and only if necessary.

Freedom Struggle

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Bhakti Movement

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Lingayatism is known for its unique practice of Ishtalinga worship, where adherents carry a personal linga in a silver box necklace, symbolizing a constant intimate relationship with Shiva. A radical feature of Lingayatism is its staunch opposition to the caste system and advocacy for social equality, challenging societal norms of the time.[55]

Hyderabad Liberation

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They were involved in the liberation of Hyderabad state from nizams and helped in the process internally. There were freedom fighters from latur, namely Bhimrao Mulkhede, Laxman tuljaram devane, datta raghoba Devane, who actively participated in the liberation struggle of Hyderabad.[56] Whereas in Nanded region, VishvanathRao appa, Hanmantappa Devane killed nizam saudagar(local headman appointed by nizams in every village) and looted local British banks creating more chaos for the nizams internally. The mundaragi camp headed by sivamurthy swami hiremath and chenappa wali succeeded in protecting victims of razakaars and also attacked razakars creating a necessary internal chaos and defeat of princely state of Hyderabad.[57][58]

Modern Period

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From 1918 to 1969, Lingayats were seen to dominate in the freedom struggle movement, and later in the Congress party. From 1956 to 1969, Congress had four chief ministers who were lingayats(S. Nijalingappa, BD Jatti, SR Kanthi and Veerendra Patil). After that its Hindutva ideology lead the community to support BJP extensively[59]

Hindu Veershaiv Lingayat Manch, Maharashtra

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Hindu Veershaiv Lingayat Manch, Maharashtra

A protest meeting was held on behalf of Hindu Veerashaiva Lingayat Manch, Pimpri Chinchwad city at Mahatma Basaveshwar Memorial, Bhakti Shakti Chowk, Nigdi to protest against the 24th session of the All India Veerashaiva Lingayat Mahasabha concluded at Davangere in the state of Karnataka in protest against the appeal that the word Hindu should not be written in the column of religion in the upcoming census.[60]

The debate over the religion of the Veerashaiva Lingayat community has now come to an end. Social activists are creating controversy over religion in such a way as to deliberately create a gap between Hinduism and Lingayat society. Mahatma Basaveshwar Putala Samiti President, Shri Narayan Bahirwade, appealed that everyone from the Lingayat community should register as Hindu in census. The community rejected the claims of politically funded organizations to divide the lingayat community for vote bank benefits.[citation needed]

Historical Rulers

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Notable People

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References

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  64. ^ "कांग्रेस को एक और झटका, मराठवाड़ा के बड़े चेहरे बसवराज पाटिल ने दिया इस्तीफा". News18 हिंदी (in Hindi). 2024-02-26. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  65. ^ Chatterjee, Soumya (2021-07-26). "Four Lingayat contenders in BJP's list to replace Yediyurappa as Karnataka CM". The News Minute. Retrieved 2024-07-22.

Sources

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