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Maria Einsmann

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Maria Einsmann (née Mayer, 4 January 1885 – 4 March 1959) was a German factory worker who lived using the name of her husband Joseph Einsmann (nicknamed "Seppel") from 1919 until her identity was discovered in 1931. She and her friend Helene Müller lived together from 1919 until Einsmann died in 1959. As Joseph, Einsmann found it easier to find work and had several jobs, including as a watchman and in a shoe polish factory. The deception was discovered when Einsmann had a work accident and the social security office investigated why there were two identical Joseph Einsmanns. At the subsequent trial, Einsmann and Müller were accused of fraud and falsification as Einsmann had declared to be the father of Müller's children and given a suspended sentence. The case was widely reported on in the press, with many articles expressing understanding and sympathy for the women. It was also adapted in literature by Anna Seghers and by Bertolt Brecht.

Early life

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Maria Mayer was born on 4 January 1885 in Bruchsal. In May 1912, she married Joseph Einsmann in Karlsruhe.[1] Their marriage was not happy and they separated during World War I while her husband was in the military.[1][2][3] The marriage officially ended in divorce in 1923;[1] Einsmann stated she only found out about the divorce in 1930.[3] During the war, she worked in an ammunition factory in Pforzheim, where she met her friend and long-time companion Helene Müller in 1916. Born on 6 December 1894 in Pforzheim as Helene Mettenberger, she had married a goldsmith named Emil Müller in 1914. The Müllers also separated during the war, with their divorce finalised in 1922.[1]

Life as a man

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In 1919, Einsmann and Müller came via Wiesbaden to Mainz in an attempt to find work, but most positions were given to men returning from the war.[2] Women were explicitly asked to leave their work for returning men.[1] In desperation, Einsmann put on one of her husband's suits that she had taken from their joint household, had her hair cut and went to the Arbeitsamt [de], the German public employment service. The suit pockets contained a social security card for Josef Einsmann, and she obtained employment in his name, first working at a French army vehicle depot.[2][3] Einsmann and Müller moved into a bedsit together, later sharing a flat.[3] Müller also obtained employment as a maid.[2] In the following years, Einsmann continued to live and work under the identity of Josef, changing employment several times including work as a watchman, doing earthworks, her original profession of ironer, until finally working in the Erdal [de] shoe polish factory of Werner & Mertz for several years.[2][3] Einsmann, who was called "Seppel" by colleagues and reportedly used snuff, was active in a trade union and sang in a Catholic church choir.[2][4] When Müller gave birth to a girl in 1921, Einsmann had the baby registered as legitimate child of Josef and Maria Einsmann. A second child was born in 1930; when Einsmann tried to register the baby in the same way as the first, the registry office noticed that Josef and Maria Einsmann were divorced. Einsmann then claimed to have fathered the child illegitimately with ex-wife Maria Mayer, under whose maiden name the child was then registered.[2][3] The tax office was also notified of the births to reduce the tax load of Einsmann, who bought life insurance benefitting the children.[4][3]

Discovery and trial

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Family photograph of Einsmann and Müller with the two daughters

In 1931, Einsmann had an accident at work that resulted in a crushed finger.[2] Einsmann's fake identity was not discovered during the hospital stay on a men's ward.[4] However, upon receiving the subsequent claim for temporary incapacity insurance for Josef Einsmann, the central social insurance office at the Reichsversicherungsamt [de] noticed that there were two social security cards with identical details for "Josef Einsmann" in use and investigated the case.[1] Upon questioning, Einsmann immediately confessed that she was a woman named Maria.[3] The discovery of a woman who had lived undetected as a man for twelve years caused a press sensation from August 1931 and the story was widely covered in both German and foreign newspapers, for example in France, the Netherlands, Estonia and the US.[2][5] Many of the reports expressed respect and understanding for Einsmann, who was considered to have worked hard to feed her family and to have only resorted to deception in an emergency situation.[6]

The two women were charged with falsifying documents and fraudulent change of the children's civil status.[2] In the time leading up to their trial, Einsmann sold photographs showing the family including the two women as a couple and also spoke at events in the local area.[6] The expert opinion of two psychologists was sought. One was Felix Abraham [de] from the Berlin Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (headed by Magnus Hirschfeld), the other the county medical officer Dr Wagner.[6][3] At the trial on 20 August 1932, Einsmann appeared in women's clothing and denied having a sexual relationship with Müller.[7][6] Einsmann's former husband was called as a witness but refused to testify.[3] There was a large difference between the expert reports: Dr Abraham claimed Einsmann had transvestism that compelled her to cross-dress and that she was not in control of her actions, while Dr Wagner declared the deception had happened motivated only by economic reasons to avert an emergency and that Einsmann was fully responsible for her actions.[3] The court followed Wagner's opinion. Both Einsmann and Müller were found guilty after a three-hour trial, but the sentences were lenient: Einsmann was sentenced to one month and Müller to four weeks of prison, with both sentences suspended.[6][2] The prosecution had asked for two months for Einsmann and a month and a week for Müller, while the defence had called for an acquittal.[3] The court explained the leniency by its respect for the two women's bravery in dealing with their life and similar sentiments were expressed in the press coverage.[3][2] Einsmann and Müller accepted the sentence.[6]

Later life

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Einsmann, now living as a woman and wearing women's clothes, continued to live with Müller in the same flat as before, with the two moving to a different flat in Mainz in 1945.[6] She also kept her position at Erdal.[2] Einsmann died in Mainz on 4 March 1959.[6] The death announcement in the name of Helene Müller, her daughters and their families referred to her as "our dear aunt Mrs Maria Einsmann".[8] According to her granddaughter Petra Erkens, Müller rarely spoke about Einsmann's time as a man and never revealed the identity of her children's father.[2] Erkens did not know whether Einsmann and Müller had a sexual relationship;[2] according to her there was never another "aunt" in Müller's life.[9] Müller died in Mainz on 7 November 1993, aged almost 99.[6]

Reception and legacy

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Street sign for Maria-Einsmann-Platz in Mainz

The story of how Einsmann was living as a man was used as literary inspiration. The Mainz-born author Anna Seghers used it as the basis of her 1940 story Der sogenannte Rendel (The so-called Rendel).[10][11] She also wrote a film script based on the story, Hier gibt's keine Katharina (There is no Katharina here), but the project was never realised.[12] The filmmaker Barbara Trottnow, also from Mainz, came across the story and Seghers' script in 1989.[2][12] After researching the connections with Einsmann and parallels to the life of Seghers, Trottnow made a film based on parts of the script, Katharina oder: Die Kunst, Arbeit zu finden (Katharina or: the art of finding work).[2][12] The film, shot in Mainz and the surrounding area, was finished in 1995 and broadcast by the ZDF in 1996.[12] The film is a docufiction that combines the story of Anna Seghers' life in exile, that of a Thuringian real single mother and the life of Maria Einsmann during the Great Depression with Seghers' fictional Katharina story.[13] In 2021, Trottnow also released a documentary about Einsmann, Frau Vater (Madam Father) that included Müller's granddaughter Erkens.[2][14]

Another contemporary literary adaptation is Bertolt Brecht's story Der Arbeitsplatz oder Im Schweiße Deines Angesichts sollst Du kein Brot essen (The Workplace or By the Sweat of Your Brow You Shall Eat No Bread).[15] It is possible that Brecht was inspired by Seghers and that they discussed the Einsmann case in April 1933 while exiled to Paris.[16] A variant version of the story was written by Brecht's collaborator Elisabeth Hauptmann but has been lost.[17][18]

In modern reception, Einsmann is sometimes discussed as a trans man.[19] The scholar of gender studies Katie Sutton reads Paul Weber's 1932 article in the lesbian magazine Die Freundin as the description of a "successful transgender man who has done his duty by his beloved wife and their children".[20]

In Mainz, the Mainz-Altstadt [de] district decided in 2014 to commemorate Einsmann by naming a square in the city after her. After a suitable space had been created, the Mainz city assembly voted in 2019 to name it Maria-Einsmann-Platz (Maria Einsmann square). The new square is not used as a postal address.[21] Petra Erkens commented on the choice to name the square only after Einsmann, noting that "Joseph Einsmann" could not have existed without Helene Müller.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Weickart 2020, p. 5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jürgs 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m MVZ 1932.
  4. ^ a b c P. 1931.
  5. ^ Weickart 2020, pp. 6–7.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Weickart 2020, p. 6.
  7. ^ Weber 1932.
  8. ^ Grau & Plötz 2016, p. 317.
  9. ^ Grau & Plötz 2016, p. 316.
  10. ^ Elsner 2020, p. 293.
  11. ^ Grau & Plötz 2016, p. 315.
  12. ^ a b c d Ohl 2020, p. 378.
  13. ^ Ohl 2020, pp. 378–379.
  14. ^ HDE 2021.
  15. ^ Mews 2002.
  16. ^ Mews 2002, p. 221.
  17. ^ Kebir 1997, p. 98.
  18. ^ Mews 2002, p. 223.
  19. ^ Schenk 2023.
  20. ^ Sutton 2011, pp. 113–115.
  21. ^ Weickart 2020, p. 7.

Sources

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