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United States presidential elections in Florida

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Presidential elections in Florida
Map of the United States with Florida highlighted
Number of elections43
Voted Democratic25
Voted Republican17
Voted Whig1
Voted other0
Voted for winning candidate31
Voted for losing candidate12
Elections in Florida
Federal government
Presidential elections
Presidential primaries
Democratic
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
Republican
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
U.S. Senate elections
U.S. House of Representatives elections
C.S. House of Representatives elections
State government
General elections
Gubernatorial elections
Attorney General elections
Chief Financial Officer elections
Agriculture Commissioner elections
Senate elections
House of Representatives elections
Ballot measures
Jacksonville
Mayoral elections
Sheriff elections
Miami
Mayoral elections
Miami-Dade County
Mayoral elections
Orlando
Mayoral elections
St. Petersburg
Mayoral elections
Tallahassee
Mayoral elections
Tampa
Mayoral elections
Other localities
Fort Lauderdale
Gainesville
Hialeah
Miami Beach
North Miami
Orange County
Pensacola
Government

Florida is a state in the South Atlantic region of the United States.[1] Since its admission to the Union in March 1845, it has participated in every United States presidential elections. Florida participated in the presidential election for the first time in 1848. In this election, the Whig Party won Florida's three electoral votes with 57.20% of the vote, the only time the Whig Party won in Florida.[2] In the realigning 1860 election, Florida was one of the ten slave states that did not provide ballot access to the Republican nominee, Abraham Lincoln.[3] In the 1860 presidential election, John C. Breckinridge emerged victorious in Florida, winning 62.23% of the vote.[4] Shortly after this election, Florida seceded from the Union and became a part of the Confederacy.[5] Due to the secession, Florida did not participate in the 1864 presidential election.[6] With the end of the Civil War, Florida rejoined the Union and participated in the 1868 presidential election. The 1868 election was the sole presidential contest in Florida not decided by popular vote, but instead by the state legislature.[7] Florida voted for the Republican nominee in all three presidential elections during the Reconstruction era.[8][9]

Shortly after the Reconstruction era, white Democrats regained control of the Florida legislature. In 1885, they created a new constitution, followed by statutes through 1889 that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites.[10][11] From the end of the Reconstruction era until the 1952 presidential election, the Republican Party only won Florida once, in the 1928 presidential election. According to historian Herbert J. Doherty, Republican victory in that election was mainly due to the fact that its Democratic opponent Al Smith was a Catholic and opposed to Prohibition, which caused many members of the Southern Baptist Convention to switch to the Republican Party.[12]

From 1948 to 1952, the emergence of the Pinellas Republican Party attracted a lot of voters.[13] Since the presidential election in 1952, the Democrats have won Florida in only five presidential elections: 1964, 1976, 1996, 2008, and 2012. In the 2000 presidential election, George W. Bush led Al Gore by less than 2,000 votes on election day, but as the recount proceeded, the gap between the two sides continued to narrow.[14] In Bush v. Gore, the Bush campaign filed a lawsuit against Gore in the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that the recounting of votes in certain counties violated the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The Supreme Court announced the halt of vote recounting.[15] After a lengthy judicial process, Bush eventually won Florida's electoral votes by a margin of only 537 votes out of almost six million cast (0.009%) and, as a result, became the president-elect.[16] However, the result sparked controversy.[17]

Florida was long a swing state, and furthermore, it had been seen as a bellwether in presidential elections since 1928 (only missed in 1960, 1992 and 2020).[18] However, with the Republican Party's performance in Florida far exceeding its national average in the 2022 midterm elections, many analysts believe that the state has transitioned from being a Republican-leaning swing state into a reliable red state, with Democratic-leaning trends in Hillsborough County, Orange County and Osceola County not being able to offset Republican gains in Miami-Dade County, Broward County, and Palm Beach County.[19][20]

Presidential elections

[edit]
Key for parties
  American Independent Party – (AI)
  Constitutional Union Party – (CU)
  Democratic Party – (D)
  Dixiecrat Party – (DI)
  Ecology Party – (E)
  Free Soil Party – (FS)
  Green Party – (G)
  Independent candidate – (I)
  Know Nothing Party – (KN)
  Liberal Republican Party – (LR)
  Libertarian Party – (LI)
  National Democratic Party – (ND)
  Populist Party – (PO)
  Progressive Party (1912) – (PR-1912)
  Progressive Party (1924) – (PR-1924)
  Prohibition Party – (PRO)
  Reform Party – (RE)
  Republican Party – (R)
  Socialist Party of America – (S)
  Southern Democratic Party – (SD)
  Whig Party – (W)
Note – A double dagger (‡) indicates the national winner.

1848 to 1856

[edit]
Presidential elections in Florida from 1848 to 1856
Year Winner Runner-up (nationally) Other candidate[a] EV Ref.
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes %
1848 Zachary Taylor (W)‡ 4,120 57.2% Lewis Cass (D) 3,083 42.8% Martin Van Buren (FS)
–[b]
–
 3
[21][22][23][24]
1852 Franklin Pierce (D)‡ 4,318 60.03% Winfield Scott (W) 2,875 39.97% John P. Hale (FS)
–[b]
–
 3
[25][26][27]
1856 James Buchanan (D)‡ 6,358 56.81% John C. Frémont (R)
–[b]
–
 Millard Fillmore (KN) 4,833 43.19% 3
[21][28][29][30]

1860 and 1864

[edit]

The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country.[31] The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War.[32]

1860 Presidential election in Florida
Year Winner Runner-up Runner-up Runner-up EV Ref.
Candidate Votes
(%) 		Candidate Votes
(%) 		Candidate Votes
(%) 		Candidate Votes
(%)
1860 John C. Breckinridge (SD) 8,277
(62.23%) 		John Bell (CU) 4,801
(36.1%) 		Stephen A. Douglas (D) 223
(1.68%) 		Abraham Lincoln (R)‡
–[b]
 4
[4][21][33][34]
1864
Election was not conducted in Florida as it seceded from the Union to join the Confederacy
[6][35]

1868 to present

[edit]
Presidential elections in Florida from 1864 to present
Year Winner Runner-up Other candidate[c] EV Ref.
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes %
1868
 Ulysses S. Grant (R)‡
–
–
 Horatio Seymour (D)
–
–
–
–
–
 3
[d][7]
1872
 Ulysses S. Grant (R)‡ 17,763 53.52% Horace Greeley (LR) 15,427 46.48%
–
–
–
 4
[36][8][37][38]
1876
 Rutherford B. Hayes (R)‡ 23,849 50.99% Samuel J. Tilden (D) 22,927 49.01%
–
–
–
 4
[39][9][37][40]
1880
 Winfield S. Hancock (D) 27,964 54.17% James A. Garfield (R)‡ 23,654 45.83%
–
–
–
 4
[41][42][37][43]
1884
 Grover Cleveland (D)‡ 31,769 52.96% James G. Blaine (R) 28,031 46.73% John St. John (PRO) 72 0.12% 4
[44][45][37][46]
1888
 Grover Cleveland (D) 39,557 59.48% Benjamin Harrison (R)‡ 26,529 39.89% Clinton Fisk (PRO) 414 0.62% 4
[47][48][37][49]
1892
 Grover Cleveland (D)‡ 30,153 85.01% James B. Weaver (PO) 4,843 13.65% John Bidwell (PRO) 475 1.34% 4
[50][51][37][52]
1896
 William Jennings Bryan (D) 32,756 70.46% William McKinley (R)‡ 11,298 24.3% John M. Palmer (ND) 1778 3.82% 4
[53][54][55]
1900
 William Jennings Bryan (D) 28,273 71.31% William McKinley (R)‡ 7,355 18.55% John G. Woolley (PRO) 2,244 5.66% 4
[56][57][58]
1904
 Alton B. Parker (D) 27,046 68.82% Theodore Roosevelt (R)‡ 8,314 21.15% Eugene V. Debs (S) 2,337 5.95% 5
[59][60][61]
1908
 William Jennings Bryan (D) 31,104 63.01% William Howard Taft (R)‡ 10,654 21.58% Eugene V. Debs (S) 3,747 7.59% 5
[62][63][64]
1912
 Woodrow Wilson (D)‡ 35,343 69.52% Eugene V. Debs (S) 4,806 9.45% Theodore Roosevelt (PR-1912) 4,555 8.96% 6
[65][66][67]
1916
 Woodrow Wilson (D)‡ 55,984 69.34% Charles Evans Hughes (R) 14,611 18.1% Allan L. Benson (S) 5,353 6.63% 6
[68][69][70]
1920
 James M. Cox (D) 90,515 62.13% Warren Harding (R)‡ 44,853 30.79% Eugene V. Debs (S) 5,189 3.56% 6
[71][72][73]
1924
 John W. Davis (D) 62,083 56.88% Calvin Coolidge (R)‡ 30,633 28.06% Robert M. La Follette (PR-1924) 8,625 7.9% 6
[74][75][76]
1928
 Herbert Hoover (R)‡ 144,168 56.83% Al Smith (D) 101,764 40.12% Norman Thomas (S) 4,036 1.59% 6
[77][78][79]
1932
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 206,307 74.49% Herbert Hoover (R) 69,170 24.98% Norman Thomas (S) 775 0.28% 7
[80][81][82]
1936
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 249,117 76.08% Alfred Landon (R) 78,248 23.9% Norman Thomas (S) 9 ≈0% 7
[83][84][85]
1940
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 359,334 73.99% Wendell Willkie (R) 126,158 25.98% Various candidates (Write-ins) 148 0.03% 7
[86][87][88]
1944
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 339,377 70.29% Thomas Dewey (R) 143,215 29.66% Various candidates (Write-ins) 211 0.04% 8
[89][90][91]
1948
 Harry Truman (D)‡ 281,988 48.82% Thomas Dewey (R) 194,280 33.63% Strom Thurmond (DI) 89,755 15.54% 8
[92][93][94]
1952
 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)‡ 544,036 54.99% Adlai Stevenson II (D) 444,950 44.97% Various candidates (Write-ins) 351 0.04% 10
[95][96][97]
1956
 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)‡ 643,849 57.19% Adlai Stevenson II (D) 480,371 42.67% Various candidates (Write-ins) 1,542 0.14% 10
[98][99][100]
1960
 Richard Nixon (R) 795,476 51.51% John F. Kennedy (D)‡ 748,700 48.49%
–
–
–
 10
[101][102][103]
1964
 Lyndon B. Johnson (D)‡ 948,540 51.14% Barry Goldwater (R) 905,941 48.84%
–
–
–
 14
[104][105][106]
1968
 Richard Nixon (R)‡ 886,804 40.53% Hubert Humphrey (D) 676,794 30.93% George Wallace (AI) 624,207 28.53% 14
[107][108][109]
1972
 Richard Nixon (R)‡ 1,857,759 71.91% George McGovern (D) 718,117 27.8% Various candidates (Write-ins) 7,407 0.29% 17
[110][111][112]
1976
 Jimmy Carter (D)‡ 1,636,000 51.93% Gerald Ford (R) 1,469,531 46.64% Eugene McCarthy (I) 23,643 0.75% 17
[113][114][115]
1980
 Ronald Reagan (R)‡ 2,046,951 55.52% Jimmy Carter (D) 1,419,475 38.5% John B. Anderson (I) 189,692 5.14% 17
[116][117][118]
1984
 Ronald Reagan (R)‡ 2,730,350 65.32% Walter Mondale (D) 1,448,816 34.66% David Bergland (LI) 754 0.02% 21
[119][120][121]
1988
 George H. W. Bush (R)‡ 2,618,885 60.87% Michael Dukakis (D) 1,656,701 38.51% Ron Paul (LI) 19,796 0.46% 21
[122][123][124]
1992
 George H. W. Bush (R) 2,173,310 40.89% Bill Clinton (D)‡ 2,072,698 39% Ross Perot (I) 1,053,067 19.82% 25
[125][126][127]
1996
 Bill Clinton (D)‡ 2,546,870 48.02% Bob Dole (R) 2,173,310 42.32% Ross Perot (RE) 483,870 9.12% 25
[128][129][130]
2000
 George W. Bush (R)‡ 2,912,790 48.85% Al Gore (D) 2,912,253 48.84% Ralph Nader (G) 97,488 1.63% 25
[131][132]
2004
 George W. Bush (R)‡ 3,964,522 52.1% John Kerry (D) 3,583,544 47.09% Ralph Nader (RE) 32,971 0.43% 27
[133][134]
2008
 Barack Obama (D)‡ 4,282,074 50.91% John McCain (R) 4,045,624 48.09% Ralph Nader (E) 28,128 0.33% 27
[135][136]
2012
 Barack Obama (D)‡ 4,237,756 50.01% Mitt Romney (R) 4,163,447 49.13% Gary Johnson (LI) 44,726 0.53% 29
[137][138]
2016
 Donald Trump[e] (R)‡ 4,617,886 49.02% Hillary Clinton (D) 4,504,975 47.82% Gary Johnson (LI) 207,043 2.2% 29
[139][140]
2020
 Donald Trump[e] (R) 5,668,731 51.22% Joe Biden (D)‡ 5,297,045 47.86% Jo Jorgensen (LI) 70,324 0.64% 29
[141][142][143]
2024
 Donald Trump (R) ‡ 6,103,000 56.09% Kamala Harris (D) 4,676,667 42.98% Jill Stein (G) 43,023 0.4% 30
[144][145]

Graph

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ For purposes of these lists, other national candidates are defined as those who won at least one electoral vote, or won at least ten percent of the vote in multiple states.
  2. ^ a b c d Not on ballot
  3. ^ For purposes of these lists, other candidates are defined as those who were in third place in Florida.
  4. ^ Due to the status of Reconstruction, no election was held; the three electoral votes were allocated by the Florida State Legislature to Grant.
  5. ^ a b Changed his home state from State of New York to Florida during his presidency.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The South". Encyclopedia Britannica. June 30, 2021. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  2. ^ "1848 Presidential General Election Results - Florida". U.S. Election Atlas. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  3. ^ Burlingame, Michael (October 4, 2016). "Abraham Lincoln: Campaign and Elections". Miller Center. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  4. ^ a b Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 764.
  5. ^ "Museum of Florida History". Museum of Florida History. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  6. ^ a b Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 765.
  7. ^ a b "The Returns". The Carson Daily Appeal. November 6, 1868. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  8. ^ a b Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 767.
  9. ^ a b Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 768.
  10. ^ Nancy A. Hewitt (2001). Southern Discomfort: Women's Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s–1920s. University of Illinois Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-252-02682-9. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  11. ^ Benson, Lee; et al. (1978). The History of American Electoral Behavior. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 210. JSTOR j.ctt13x10rd. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  12. ^ Doherty, Herbert J. (1947). "Florida and the Presidential Election of 1928". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 26 (2): 174–186. ISSN 0015-4113. JSTOR 30138645. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  13. ^ "A quick history of Florida's presidential politics, from Whigs to wigged out". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  14. ^ "CNN.com - Bush leads Gore by 327 votes in Florida recount, Associated Press reports - November 10, 2000". CNN. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  15. ^ Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 103 (2000)
  16. ^ "2000 Presidential General Election Results". Federal Election Commission. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  17. ^ Wolter, Kirk; et al. (February 1, 2003). "Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida". The American Statistician. 57 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1198/0003130031144. ISSN 0003-1305. S2CID 120778921. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  18. ^ "Florida is the true US presidential election bellwether state". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  19. ^ Friedersdorf, Conor (November 9, 2022). "Is Florida Still a Swing State?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  20. ^ Breuninger, Kevin. "Florida no longer looks like a swing state after DeSantis, Rubio lead big Republican wins". CNBC. Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  21. ^ a b c Burnham 1955, p. 252.
  22. ^ Leip, David. "1848 Presidential General Election Results - Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  23. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 761.
  24. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 90.
  25. ^ Leip, David. "1852 Presidential General Election Results - Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  26. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 762.
  27. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 91.
  28. ^ Leip, David. "1856 Presidential General Election Results - Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  29. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 763.
  30. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 92.
  31. ^ Egerton, Douglas (2010). Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election That Brought on the Civil War. Bloomsbury Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-59691-619-7.
  32. ^ Egerton, Douglas (2010). Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election That Brought on the Civil War. Bloomsbury Press. pp. 293–305. ISBN 978-1-59691-619-7.
  33. ^ Leip, David. "1860 Presidential General Election Results - Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  34. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 93.
  35. ^ "SECESSION OF FLORIDA". The New York Times. January 12, 1861. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  36. ^ Leip, David. "1872 Presidential General Election Results - Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Burnham 1955, p. 253.
  38. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 96.
  39. ^ Leip, David. "1876 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  40. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 97.
  41. ^ Leip, David. "1880 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  42. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 769.
  43. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 98.
  44. ^ Leip, David. "1884 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  45. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 770.
  46. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 99.
  47. ^ Leip, David. "1888 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  48. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 771.
  49. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 100.
  50. ^ Leip, David. "1892 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  51. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 772.
  52. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 101.
  53. ^ Leip, David. "1896 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  54. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 773.
  55. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 102.
  56. ^ Leip, David. "1900 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  57. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 774.
  58. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 103.
  59. ^ Leip, David. "1904 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  60. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 775.
  61. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 104.
  62. ^ Leip, David. "1908 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  63. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 776.
  64. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 105.
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  70. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 107.
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  73. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 108.
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  79. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 110.
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  82. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 111.
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  84. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 783.
  85. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 112.
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  87. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 784.
  88. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 113.
  89. ^ Leip, David. "1944 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  90. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 785.
  91. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 114.
  92. ^ Leip, David. "1948 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  93. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 786.
  94. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 115.
  95. ^ Leip, David. "1952 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  96. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 787.
  97. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 116.
  98. ^ Leip, David. "1956 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  99. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 788.
  100. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 117.
  101. ^ Leip, David. "1960 Presidential General Election Results – Florida". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  102. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 789.
  103. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 118.
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  105. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 790.
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Works cited

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