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List of diprotodonts

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Four diprotodont species
Clockwise from upper left: koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), mahogany glider (Petaurus gracilis), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) and Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus)

Diprotodontia is an order of Australian marsupial mammals. Members of this order are called diprotodonts. Diprotodontia is the largest order of marsupials and currently comprises 140 extant species, which are grouped into 39 genera. They are found in Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia, in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and savannas, though some species are found in deserts and rocky areas. They come in a wide array of sizes, ranging from the Tasmanian pygmy possum, at 5 cm (2 in) plus a 6 cm (2 in) tail, to the red kangaroo, at 160 cm (63 in) plus a 120 cm (47 in) tail.

Diprotodontia is subdivided into three suborders: Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes. Macropodiformes has 72 species in 3 families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodidae, and Potoroidae, and includes kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos. Phalangeriformes has 64 species in 6 families: Acrobatidae, Petauridae, Pseudocheiridae, Tarsipedidae, Burramyidae, and Phalangeridae, and includes cuscus and the brushtail, ringtail, and gliding possums. Vombatiformes has only four species in two families: Phascolarctidae, the koala, and Vombatidae, the wombats. The classification of species in the order is not fixed, with many recent proposals for changes made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, the present set of suborders was created beginning in 1997 by splitting the former suborder Phalangerida into Macropodiformes and Phalangeriformes, and further reorganizations have been proposed.[1]

In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began: the broad-faced potoroo, crescent nail-tail wallaby, desert bettong, desert rat-kangaroo, eastern hare-wallaby, Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, Nullarbor dwarf bettong, and toolache wallaby. Dozens of extinct, prehistoric Diprotodont species have also been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[2]

Conventions

[edit]

Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

[edit]
Diprotodontia[3][4]  

The order Diprotodontia consists of 140 extant species belonging to 39 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 39 genera can be grouped into 11 families; these families are grouped into the suborders Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes, and many are further grouped into named clades or subfamilies. In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae, including one extinct genus—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began.

Suborder Macropodiformes

  • Family Hypsiprymnodontidae (musky rat-kangaroo): 1 genus, 1 species
  • Family Macropodidae
    • Subfamily Macropodinae (kangaroos and wallabies) 12 genera, 66 species (4 extinct)
    • Subfamily Sthenurinae (banded hare-wallaby) 1 genera, 1 species
  • Family Potoroidae (bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos) 4 genera (1 extinct), 9 species (2 extinct)

Suborder Phalangeriformes

Suborder Vombatiformes

Diprotodonts

[edit]

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[5]

Suborder Macropodiformes

[edit]
Main article: List of macropodiformes

Hypsiprymnodontidae

[edit]
Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Hypsiprymnodon
(musky rat-kangaroo)

Brown rat-kangaroo

Ramsay, 1876

One species
 		Northeastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 20–35 cm (8–14 in) long, plus 6–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[6]

Habitats: Forest[7]

Diet: Insects, as well as worms, tuberous roots, and palm berries[6]

Macropodidae

[edit]
Subfamily Macropodinae – Gray, 1821 – twelve genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Dendrolagus
(tree-kangaroo)

Brown tree-kangaroo

Müller, 1840

Fourteen species
 		New Guinea and northeastern Australia Size range: 41 cm (16 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Doria's tree-kangaroo) to 81 cm (32 in) long plus 94 cm (37 in) tail (dingiso)[8]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[9]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, and fruit, as well as ferns, soft vines, cereals, grass, bark, nuts, insects, sap, bird eggs, and young birds[10]
Dorcopsis
(dorcopsis)

Gray and white dorcopsis

Schlegel & Müller, 1842

Four species
 		New Guinea Size range: 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (brown dorcopsis) to 100 cm (39 in) long plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (black dorcopsis)[11]

Habitats: Forest[12]

Diets: Leaves, roots, grass and fruit[13]
Dorcopsulus
(forest wallaby)

Stuffed brown wallaby

Matschie, 1916

Two species
 		New Guinea Size range: 31–46 cm (12–18 in) long, plus 22–41 cm (9–16 in) tail[14]

Habitats: Forest[15]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, buds, and stems[16]
Lagorchestes
(hare-wallaby)

Gray hare-wallaby

Gould, 1841

Four species
 		Australia Size range: 31 cm (12 in) long, plus 24 cm (9 in) tail (rufous hare-wallaby) to 49 cm (19 in) long plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (spectacled hare-wallaby)[17]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, forest, shrubland, and savanna[18]

Diets: Grass, forbs, herbs, seeds, fruit, sedges, and succulent shrubs[19]
Macropus
(grey kangaroo)

Two gray kangaroos

Shaw, 1790

Two species
 		Southern and eastern Australia Size range: 85–140 cm (33–55 in) long, plus 75–100 cm (30–39 in) tail[20]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, shrubland, and forest[21]

Diets: Grass, forbs, leaves, tree bark, and shrubs[22]
Notamacropus
(brush wallaby)

Gray wallaby

Dawson & Flannery, 1985

Eight species
 		Australia and southern New Guinea Size range: 40 cm (16 in) long, plus 33 cm (13 in) tail (several) to 105 cm (41 in) long plus 75 cm (30 in) tail (red-necked wallaby)[23]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, savanna, and forest[24]

Diets: Grass, ferns, herbs, shrubs, bushes, and roots, as well as leaves and fruit[25]
Osphranter

Red kangaroo

Shaw, 1790

Four species
 		Australia Size range: 73 cm (29 in) long, plus 64 cm (25 in) tail (black wallaroo) to 160 cm (63 in) long plus 120 cm (47 in) tail (red kangaroo)[26]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, forest, shrubland, and savanna[27]

Diets: Grass and shrubs[28]
Onychogalea
(nail-tail wallaby)

Brown wallaby

Gray, 1841

Three species
 		Scattered Australia Size range: 37 cm (15 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (crescent nail-tail wallaby) to 70 cm (28 in) long plus 73 cm (29 in) tail (bridled nail-tail wallaby)[29]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, shrubland, and forest[30]

Diets: Herbs, succulents, fruit, grass, forbs, and shrubs[31]
Petrogale
(rock-wallaby)

Brown rock-wallaby

Gray, 1837

Sixteen species
 		Australia Size range: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (monjon) to 70 cm (28 in) long plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (allied rock-wallaby)[32]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and savanna[33]

Diets: Grass and leaves, as well as shrubs, forbs, fungi, sedges, ferns, roots, bark, fruit, seeds and flowers[34]
Setonix
(quokka)

Brown quokka

Lesson, 1842

One species
 		Southwestern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 39–60 cm (15–24 in) long, plus 23–35 cm (9–14 in) tail[35]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands[36]

Diet: Succulents, shrubs, forbs, grasses and sedges, as well as seeds, berries, and fruit[37]
Thylogale
(pademelon)

Brown pademelon

Gray, 1837

Seven species
 		New Guinea, eastern Australia, and Tasmania Size range: 29–67 cm (11–26 in) long, plus 24–57 cm (9–22 in) tail (several)[38]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, shrubland, and forest[39]

Diets: Grass, leaves, shoots, seeds, and fruit, as well as grass, bark, fungi, and cicadas[40]
Wallabia
(swamp wallaby)

Gray wallaby

Trouessart, 1905

One species
 		Eastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 66–85 cm (26–33 in) long, plus 64–87 cm (25–34 in) tail[41]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[42]

Diet: Buds, ferns, leaves, shrubs, and grasses, as well as bark and shoots from needle-leaf trees[41]
Subfamily Sthenurinae – Glauert, 1826 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Lagostrophus
(banded hare-wallaby)

Brown wallaby

Thomas, 1887

One species
 		Western Australia
Map of range 		Size: 40–46 cm (16–18 in) long, plus 32–40 cm (13–16 in) tail[43]

Habitats: Shrubland[44]

Diet: Plants and fruit[43]

Potoroidae

[edit]
Not assigned to a named subfamily – four genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Aepyprymnus
(rufous rat-kangaroo)

Brown rat-kangaroo

Garrod, 1875

One species
 		Northeastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 37–52 cm (15–20 in) long, plus 35–40 cm (14–16 in) tail[45]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[46]

Diet: Grass, herbs, roots, tubers, and fungi, as well as carrion bones and larvae[45]
Bettongia
(bettong)

Gray bettong

Gray, 1837

Six species
 		Australia Size range: 27–44 cm (11–17 in) long, plus 26–35 cm (10–14 in) tail (northern bettong)[47]

Habitats: Desert, forest, shrubland, and savanna[48]

Diets: Leaves, seeds, fruits, nuts, tubers, bulbs, flowers, and fungi, as well as insects, resin, marine carrion, and small invertebrates[49]
Caloprymnus†
(desert rat-kangaroo)

Brown rat-kangaroo

Thomas, 1888

One species
 		Central Australia
Map of range 		Size: 25–29 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 29–38 cm (11–15 in) tail[50]

Habitats: Desert[51]

Diet: Leaves and stems, as well as insects[52]
Potorous
(potoroo)

Brown potoroo

Desmarest, 1804

Four species
 		Southwestern Australia, southeastern Australia, and Tasmania Size range: 24–42 cm (9–17 in) long, plus 19–33 cm (7–13 in) tail (several)[53]

Habitats: Shrubland, inland wetlands, and forest[54]

Diets: Fungi, insects, grass, roots, and other vegetation[55]

Suborder Phalangeriformes

[edit]
Main article: List of phalangeriformes

Superfamily Petauroidea

[edit]
Acrobatidae
[edit]
Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Acrobates
(feathertail glider)

Brown glider

Desmarest, 1818

One species
 		Eastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 7–8 cm (3 in) tail[56]

Habitats: Forest[57]

Diet: Honeydew and arthropods[56]
Distoechurus
(feather-tailed possum)

Drawing of brown gliders

Peters, 1874

One species
 		New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 6–12 cm (2–5 in) tail[58]

Habitats: Forest[59]

Diet: Nectar, pollen, insects, and soft fruit[58]
Petauridae
[edit]
Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Dactylopsila
(triok)

Black and white striped possum

Gray, 1858

Four species
 		New Guinea and northeastern Australia Size range: 17–32 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 16–40 cm (6–16 in) tail (several)[60]

Habitats: Forest[61]

Diets: Insects, fruit, and leaves[62]
Gymnobelideus
(Leadbeater's possum)

Brown possum

McCoy, 1867

One species
 		Southern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 15–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 14–18 cm (6–7 in) tail[63]

Habitats: Forest[64]

Diet: Insects, spiders, and sap[65]
Petaurus
(wrist-winged gliders)

Gray glider

Shaw, 1791

Six species
 		New Guinea and northern, eastern, and southern Australia Size range: 12–32 cm (5–13 in) long, plus 15–48 cm (6–19 in) tail (various)[66]

Habitats: Savanna and forest[67]

Diets: Nectar, pollen, sap, gum, seeds, insects, arachnids, and small vertebrates[68]
Pseudocheiridae
[edit]
Subfamily Hemibelideinae – Kirsch, Lapointe & Springer, 1997 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Hemibelideus
(lemuroid ringtail possum)

Drawing of brown possum

Collett, 1884

One species
 		Northeastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 30–38 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 30–35 cm (12–14 in) tail[69]

Habitats: Forest[70]

Diet: Leaves[69]
Petauroides
(southern greater glider)

Drawing of gray glider

Thomas, 1888

One species
 		Southeastern Australia Size: 30–48 cm (12–19 in) long, plus 45–55 cm (18–22 in) tail[71]

Habitats: Forest[72]

Diet: Eucalyptus leaves[71]
Subfamily Pseudocheirinae – Winge, 1893 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Petropseudes
(rock-haunting ringtail possum)

Brown possum

Thomas, 1923

One species
 		Northern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 33–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 20–27 cm (8–11 in) tail[73]

Habitats: Rocky areas[74]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, blossoms, and flowers, as well as termites[75]
Pseudocheirus
(ringtail possum)

Gray possum

Ogilby, 1837

Two species
 		Eastern, southern, and southwestern Australia Size range: 28–40 cm (11–16 in) long, plus 28–36 cm (11–14 in) tail (Western ringtail possum)[76]

Habitats: Savanna and forest[77]

Diets: Leaves, as well as flowers, buds, nectar, fruit, bark, and sap[78]
Pseudochirulus
(slender ringtail possum)

Gray possum

Matschie, 1915

Eight species
 		New Guinea and northeastern Australia Size range: 16 cm (6 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (several) to 40 cm (16 in) long plus 47 cm (19 in) tail (Herbert River ringtail possum)[79]

Habitats: Forest[80]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, ferns, pollen, fungus, moss, and lichens[81]
Subfamily Pseudochiropsinae – Kirsch, Lapointe & Springer, 1997 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Pseudochirops
(ringtail possum)

Brown possum

Matschie, 1915

Five species
 		New Guinea and northeastern Australia Size range: 28–41 cm (11–16 in) long, plus 25–38 cm (10–15 in) tail (several)[82]

Habitats: Grassland and forest[83]

Diets: Leaves as well as fruit[84]
Tarsipedidae
[edit]
Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Tarsipes
(honey possum)

Drawing of brown possums

Gervais & Verreaux, 1842

One species
 		Southwestern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 7–11 cm (3–4 in) tail[85]

Habitats: Shrubland[86]

Diet: Pollen and nectar[85]

Superfamily Phalangeroidea

[edit]
Burramyidae
[edit]
Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Burramys
(mountain pygmy possum)

Brown possum

Broom, 1895

One species
 		Southeastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 13–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[87]

Habitats: Shrubland[88]

Diet: Insects, spiders, seeds, and berries[89]
Cercartetus
(pygmy possum)

Brown possum

Gloger, 1841

Four species
 		New Guinea and northeastern and southern Australia Size range: 5 cm (2 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Tasmanian pygmy possum) to 11 cm (4 in) long plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (long-tailed pygmy possum)[90]

Habitats: Shrubland and forest[91]

Diets: Nectar, pollen, invertebrates, and small lizards[92]
Phalangeridae
[edit]
Subfamily Ailuropinae – Flannery, Archer & Maynes, 1987 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Ailurops
(bear cuscus)

Brown cuscus

Wagler, 1830

Two species
 		Sulawesi island and Salibabu Island in Indonesia Size range: 56–54 cm (22–21 in) long, plus 61–58 cm (24–23 in) tail (both species)[93]

Habitats: Forest[94]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, and fruit[95]
Subfamily Phalangerinae – Thomas, 1888 – five genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Phalanger

Brown cuscus

Storr, 1780

Thirteen species
 		New Guinea and nearby islands Size range: 32–60 cm (13–24 in) long, plus 24–61 cm (9–24 in) tail (all species)[96]

Habitats: Savanna and forest[97]

Diets: Leaves, seeds, fruit, buds, vines, flowers, insects, small vertebrates, and eggs[98]
Spilocuscus

Brown and white cuscus

Gray, 1861

Five species
 		New Guinea, nearby islands, and northeastern Australia Size range: 33–64 cm (13–25 in) long, plus 31–59 cm (12–23 in) tail (several)[99]

Habitats: Forest[100]

Diets: Leaves, coconuts, fruit, insects, and small vertebrates[101]
Strigocuscus
(dwarf cuscus)

Drawing of brown cuscus

Gray, 1861

Two species
 		Sulawesi and nearby islands in Indonesia Size range: 29–38 cm (11–15 in) long, plus 27–38 cm (11–15 in) tail (Sulawesi dwarf cuscus)[102]

Habitats: Forest[103]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, and leaves[104]
Trichosurus
(brushtail possum)

Borwn possums

Lesson, 1828

Four species
 		Scattered Australia Size range: 32–58 cm (13–23 in) long, plus 24–35 cm (9–14 in) tail (several)[105]

Habitats: Savanna and forest[106]

Diets: Leaves, shoots, fruit, flowers, fungi, lichen, buds, and insects, as well as bark[107]
Wyulda
(scaly-tailed possum)

Drawing of brown possum

Alexander, 1918

One species
 		Northwestern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 29–47 cm (11–19 in) long, plus 25–33 cm (10–13 in) tail[108]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and rocky areas[109]

Diet: Leaves[110]

Suborder Vombatiformes

[edit]
Main article: Vombatiformes

Phascolarctidae

[edit]
Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Phascolarctos
(koala)

Blainville, 1816

One species
 		Eastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 68–82 cm (27–32 in) long[111]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[112]

Diet: Eucalyptus leaves, as well as other leaves[113]

Vombatidae

[edit]
Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Lasiorhinus
(hairy-nosed wombat)

Gray wombat

Gray, 1863

Two species
 		Southern and eastern Australia Size range: 77 cm (30 in) long (southern hairy-nosed wombat) to 111 cm (44 in) long (northern hairy-nosed wombat)[114]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and grassland[115]

Diets: Grass and herbs[116]
Vombatus
(common wombat)

Saint-Hilaire, 1803

One species
 		Southern and southeastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 70–110 cm (28–43 in) long[117]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[118]

Diet: Leaves, grass, sedges, and moss, as well as shrubs, roots, tubers, and bark[117]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Eldridge, M. D. B.; Beck, R. M. D.; Croft, D. A.; Travouillon, K. J.; Fox, B. J. (2019). "An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)" (PDF). Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (3): 802–837. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz018.
  2. ^ "Fossilworks: Diprotodontia". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  3. ^ Meredith, R. W.; Westerman, M.; Springer, M. S. (2009). "A phylogeny and timescale for the living genera of kangaroos and kin (Macropodiformes : Marsupialia) based on nuclear DNA sequences". Australian Journal of Zoology. 56 (6): 395. doi:10.1071/ZO08044.
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  5. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 44–70
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  32. ^
    • Allied rock-wallaby, Black-flanked rock-wallaby, Brush-tailed rock-wallaby, Cape York rock-wallaby, Godman's rock-wallaby, Herbert's rock-wallaby, Mareeba rock-wallaby, Monjon, Mount Claro rock-wallaby, Proserpine rock-wallaby, Purple-necked rock-wallaby, Rothschild's rock-wallaby, Short-eared rock-wallaby, Unadorned rock-wallaby: Nowak 2018, pp. 333–334
    • Nabarlek: Nowak 2018, p. 331
    • Yellow-footed rock-wallaby: Steinle, Allison (2003). "Petrogale xanthopus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
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  36. ^ Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Setonix brachyurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T20165A166611530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T20165A166611530.en.
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  44. ^ Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Lagostrophus fasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11171A21955969. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T11171A21955969.en.
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  46. ^ Burnett, S.; Winter, J. (2016). "Aepyprymnus rufescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40558A21961456. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40558A21961456.en.
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Sources

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