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Brown orangutan
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelli)

Hominoidea is a superfamily of primates. Members of this superfamily are called hominoids or apes, and include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, bonobos, and humans. Hominoidea is one of the six major groups in the order Primates. The majority are found in forests in Southeastern Asia and Equatorial Africa, with the exception of humans, which have spread worldwide to every biome. They range in size from some gibbon species in the genus Nomascus, at 40 cm (16 in), to the eastern gorilla, at 196 cm (77 in), not including limbs. Hominoids primarily eat fruit, leaves, flowers, and insects, though humans are omnivorous. Most hominoids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 10 mature individuals to 47,000, in addition to over 8 billion humans. Nearly every species is categorized as endangered or critically endangered; aside from humans, the only exception is the eastern hoolock gibbon, classified as vulnerable.

The twenty-eight extant species of Hominoidea are divided into two families: Hominidae, containing five gorilla, chimpanzee, and human species divided into three genera in the subfamily Homininae, and three orangutan species in a single genus in the subfamily Ponginae; and Hylobatidae, containing twenty gibbon species divided into four genera. Dozens of extinct prehistoric hominoid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (10 species)
 EN Endangered (16 species)
 VU Vulnerable (1 species)
 NT Near threatened (0 species)
 LC Least concern (0 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (1 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the hominoid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

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World map
Distribution of hominid species
Map of southeastern Asia
Distribution of hylobatid species

The superfamily Hominoidea consists of two extant families: Hominidae and Hylobatidae. Hominidae is divided into two subfamilies: Homininae, containing five species divided between three genera, and Ponginae, containing three species in a single genus. Hylobatidae contains twenty species in four genera.

Family Hominidae

  • Subfamily Homininae
    • Genus Gorilla (gorillas): two species
    • Genus Homo (human): one species
    • Genus Pan (chimpanzees): two species
  • Subfamily Ponginae
    • Genus Pongo (orangutans): three species

Family Hylobatidae

  • Genus Hoolock (hoolock gibbons): three species
  • Genus Hylobates (dwarf gibbons): eight species
  • Genus Nomascus (crested gibbons): seven species
  • Genus Symphalangus (siamang): one species
Hominoidea[2]  

Hominoids

[edit]

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[3]

Family Hominidae

[edit]
Main article: Hominidae

Subfamily Homininae

[edit]
Main article: Homininae
Genus Gorilla – Geoffroy, 1852 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern gorilla

Black gorilla

G. beringei
Matschie, 1903

Two subspecies
 Central Africa
Map 		Size: 160–196 cm (63–77 in) long[4]

Habitat: Forest[5]

Diet: Roots, leaves, stems, and pith, as well as bark, wood, flowers, fruit, fungi, galls, invertebrates, and gorilla dung[6] 		 CR 


2,600 Population declining[5]

Western gorilla

Black gorilla

G. gorilla
(Savage, 1847)

Two subspecies
 Western Africa
Map 		Size: 130–185 cm (51–73 in) long[7]

Habitat: Forest[8]

Diet: Leaves, berries, ferns, and fibrous bark[9] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[8]

Genus Homo – Linnaeus, 1758 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Human

Two humans standing in grass

H. sapiens
Linnaeus, 1758 		Worldwide (population density shown)
Map of range 		Size: 140–210 cm (55–83 in) long, including legs[10]

Habitat: Varied

Diet: Omnivorous 		 NE 


8 billion Population increasing

Genus Pan – Oken, 1816 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bonobo

Black bonobo

P. paniscus
Schwarz, 1929 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 70–83 cm (28–33 in) long[11]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves, stems, shoots, pith, bark, flowers, truffles, fungus, and honey[12] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[12]

Chimpanzee

Black chimpanzee

P. troglodytes
(Blumenbach, 1775)

Four subspecies
 Central and western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long[13]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[14]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and resins, as well as insects, small vertebrates, and eggs[15] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[14]

Subfamily Ponginae

[edit]
Main article: Ponginae
Genus Pongo – Lacépède, 1799 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean orangutan

Reddish-brown orangutan

P. pygmaeus
(Linnaeus, 1760)

Three subspecies
  • P. p. morio (Northeast Bornean orangutan)
  • P. p. pygmaeus (Northwest Bornean orangutan)
  • P. p. wurmbii (Central Bornean orangutan)
Borneo
Map of range 		Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16]

Habitat: Forest[17]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, as well as insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, bark, and soil[18] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[17]

Sumatran orangutan

Brown orangutan

P. abelii
Lesson, 1827 		Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia
Map of range 		Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16]

Habitat: Forest[19]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and eggs[20] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[19]

Tapanuli orangutan

Brown orangutan

P. tapanuliensis
Nurcahyo, Meijaard, Nowak, Fredriksson, Groves, 2017 		South Tapanuli in Sumatra
List of hominoids is located in Sumatra
List of hominoids
 Size: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long[16][21]

Habitat: Forest[22]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[23] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[22]

Family Hylobatidae

[edit]
Main article: Hylobatidae
Genus Hoolock – Mootnick, Groves, 2005 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern hoolock gibbon

Black gibbon

H. leuconedys
(Groves, 1967) 		Southern Asia
Map of range 		Size: About 55 cm (22 in) long[24]

Habitat: Forest[25]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves and shoots[25] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[25]

Skywalker hoolock gibbon


H. tianxing
Fan, 2017 		Southern Asia
Map of range 		Size: About 81 cm (32 in) long[26]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as invertebrates, bird chicks, and flowers[27] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[27]

Western hoolock gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

H. hoolock
(Harlan, 1834) 		Southern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[28]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[29] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[29]

Genus Hylobates – Illiger, 1811 – eight species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Agile gibbon

Black gibbon

H. agilis
F. Cuvier, 1821 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[30]

Habitat: Forest[31]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, leaves, and insects[31] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[31]

Bornean white-bearded gibbon

Brown gibbon

H. albibarbis
Lyon, 1911 		Southern Borneo
Map of range 		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long[30][32]

Habitat: Forest[33]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, insects, and flowers[33] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[33]

Eastern grey gibbon

Brown gibbon

H. funereus
I. Geoffroy, 1850 		Northern Borneo (in yellow)
Map of range 		Size: 47–49 cm (19–19 in) long[34]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects[34] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[35]

Kloss's gibbon

Black gibbon

H. klossii
(Miller, 1903) 		Mentawai Islands, west of Sumatra
Map of range 		Size: 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long[36]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, eggs, small vertebrates, and insects[36] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[37]

Lar gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

H. lar
(Linnaeus, 1771)

Five subspecies
 Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long[30]

Habitat: Forest[38]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leafy plants, flowers, and insects[39] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[38]

Müller's gibbon

Black gibbon

H. muelleri
Martin, 1841 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 44–64 cm (17–25 in) long[40]

Habitat: Forest[41]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves[40] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[41]

Pileated gibbon

White gibbon and black gibbon

H. pileatus
(Gray, 1861) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–64 cm (18–25 in) long[42]

Habitat: Forest[43]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, shoots, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates[42] 		 EN 


47,000 Population declining[43]

Silvery gibbon

Gray gibbon

H. moloch
(Audebert, 1798) 		Island of Java in Indonesia
Map of range 		Size: 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long[44]

Habitat: Forest[45]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects[45] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[45]

Western grey gibbon


H. abbotti
Kloss, 1929 		Western Borneo
Map of range 		Size: 42–64 cm (17–25 in) long[44]

Habitat: Forest[46]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and insects[46] 		 EN 


30,000–45,000 Population declining[46]

Genus Nomascus – Miller, 1933 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Black crested gibbon


N. concolor
(Harlan, 1826)

Four subspecies
  • N. c. concolor (Tonkin black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. furvogaster (West Yunnan black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. jingdongensis (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
  • N. c. lu (Central Yunnan black crested gibbon)
Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 43–54 cm (17–21 in) long[47]

Habitat: Forest[48]

Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as buds, flowers, insects, eggs, and small vertebrates[47] 		 CR 


1,500 Population declining[48]

Eastern black crested gibbon


N. nasutus
(Künckel d'Herculais, 1884) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[50]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and buds, as well as animals, flowers, and plant parts[50] 		 CR 


45 Population declining[50]

Hainan black crested gibbon

Shadowed gibbon

N. hainanus
(Thomas, 1892) 		Island of Hainan in China
Map of range 		Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[51]

Diet: Fruit[51] 		 CR 


10 Population steady[51]

Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon


N. annamensis
Thinh, 2010 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long[49]

Habitat: Forest[52]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, and flowers, as well as small mammals and lizards[52] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[52]

Northern white-cheeked gibbon

Black gibbon

N. leucogenys
(Ogilby, 1840) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–63 cm (18–25 in) long[53]

Habitat: Forest[54]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and insects[53] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[54]

Southern white-cheeked gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

N. siki
(Delacour, 1951) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 47–64 cm (19–25 in) long[55]

Habitat: Forest[56]

Diet: Fruit[56] 		 CR 


600 Population declining[56]

Yellow-cheeked gibbon

Black gibbon and brown gibbon

N. gabriellae
(Thomas, 1909) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long[57]

Habitat: Forest[58]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers[58] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[58]

Genus Symphalangus – Gloger, 1841 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Siamang

Black siamang

S. syndactylus
(Raffles, 1821) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 71–90 cm (28–35 in) long[59]

Habitat: Forest[60]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects[60] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[60]

References

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Sources

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