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List of peramelemorphs

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brown bandicoot
Eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunni)
brown bilby
Greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis)

Peramelemorphia is an order of Australian marsupial mammals. Members of this order are called peramelemorphs and include bandicoots and bilbies. They are found in Australia and New Guinea, generally in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and savannas, though some species are found in inland wetlands and deserts. They range in size from the Arfak pygmy bandicoot, at 14 cm (6 in) plus a 11 cm (4 in) tail, to the giant bandicoot, at 56 cm (22 in) plus a 34 cm (13 in) tail. Peramelemorphs primarily eat insects and fruit, as well as other invertebrates and small vertebrates. Most peramelemorphs do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 1,000 to 100,000 mature individuals. The giant bandicoot, David's echymipera, and Seram bandicoot are endangered. The desert bandicoot, lesser bilby, and pig-footed bandicoot were driven to extinction in the mid-1900s.

The nineteen extant species of Peramelemorphia are divided into two families: Peramelidae, containing eighteen species divided between three genera in the subfamily Echymiperinae, two genera in the subfamily Peramelinae, and a single genus in the subfamily Peroryctinae; and Thylacomyidae, containing one extant species in a single genus. Additionally, Peramelemorphia includes the extinct family Chaeropodidae, containing a single species. Dozens of extinct, prehistoric Peramelemorphia species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (3 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (3 species)
 VU Vulnerable (6 species)
 NT Near threatened (0 species)
 LC Least concern (9 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (1 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the peramelemorph's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

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Peramelemorphia[2]  

The order Peramelemorphia consists of nineteen extant species in two extant families, Peramelidae and Thylacomyidae. Peramelidae is divided into three subfamilies: Echymiperinae, containing ten species in three genera; Peramelinae, containing six species in two genera; and Peroryctinae, containing a single species. Thylacomyidae consists of one extant species. Additionally, Peramelemorphia includes the extinct family Chaeropodidae, containing a single species. Three species have been driven to extinction in recent times, all in the mid-1900s: the desert bandicoot in Peramelinae, the lesser bilby in Thylacomyidae, and the pig-footed bandicoot in Chaeropodidae. Many of these species are further subdivided into subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species.

Family Chaeropodidae†

  • Genus Chaeropus† (pig-footed bandicoots): one species (one extinct)

Family Peramelidae

Family Thylacomyidae

  • Genus Macrotis (bilbies): two species (one extinct)

Peramelemorphs

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[3]

Chaeropodidae

[edit]
Main article: Chaeropodidae
Genus Chaeropus† – Ogilby, 1838 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Pig-footed bandicoot†

Brown bandicoot

C. ecaudatus[a]
(Ogilby, 1838) 		Central and western Australia
Map of range 		Size: 23–26 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[4]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[5]

Diet: Believed to be omnivorous[4] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[5]

Peramelidae

[edit]
Main article: Peramelidae

Subfamily Echymiperinae

[edit]
Main article: Echymiperinae
Genus Echymipera – Lesson, 1842 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Clara's echymipera


E. clara
Stein, 1932 		Northern New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 20–50 cm (8–20 in) long, plus 5–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Forest[7]

Diet: Omnivorous, primarily fruit[6] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[7]

Common echymipera


E. kalubu
(J. B. Fischer, 1829)

Four subspecies
  • E. k. cockerelli
  • E. k. kalubu
  • E. k. oriomo
  • E. k. philipi
New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 22–38 cm (9–15 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail[8]

Habitat: Inland wetlands and forest[9]

Diet: Invertebrates and fruit[8] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[9]

David's echymipera


E. davidi
Flannery, 1990 		Kiriwina island east of New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 20–50 cm (8–20 in) long, plus 5–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Forest[10]

Diet: Omnivorous[6] 		 EN 


Unknown Unknown[10]

Long-nosed echymipera


E. rufescens
(Peters, Doria, 1875)

Two subspecies
  • E. r. australis
  • E. r. rufescens
New Guinea and northeastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 20–50 cm (8–20 in) long, plus 5–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[12]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, invertebrates, fungi, and plants[11] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[12]

Menzies' echymipera


E. echinista
Menzies, 1990 		Southern New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 20–50 cm (8–20 in) long, plus 5–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Savanna and forest[13]

Diet: Omnivorous[6] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[13]

Genus Microperoryctes – Stein, 1932 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Arfak pygmy bandicoot


M. aplini
Helgen, Flannery, 2004 		Western New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 14–16 cm (6 in) long, plus 11–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[14]

Habitat: Forest[15]

Diet: Insects as well as fruit[16] 		 VU 


Unknown Unknown[15]

Mouse bandicoot


M. murina
Stein, 1932 		Western New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 10–11 cm (4 in) tail[17]

Habitat: Forest[18]

Diet: Insects as well as fruit[16] 		 VU 


Unknown Unknown[18]

Papuan bandicoot


M. papuensis
(Laurie, 1952) 		Eastern New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 17–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 13–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[17]

Habitat: Forest[19]

Diet: Insects as well as fruit[16] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[19]

Striped bandicoot

Drawing of brown bandicoot

M. longicauda
(Peters, Doria, 1876)

Three subspecies
  • M. l. dorsalis
  • M. l. longicauda
  • M. l. ornatus
New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 23–31 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 14–26 cm (6–10 in) tail[17]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[20]

Diet: Insects as well as fruit[16] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[20]

Genus Rhynchomeles – Thomas, 1920 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Seram bandicoot


R. prattorum
Thomas, 1920 		Seram Island west of New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 24–33 cm (9–13 in) long, plus 10–13 cm (4–5 in) tail[21]

Habitat: Forest[22]

Diet: Unknown[21] 		 EN 


Unknown Unknown[22]

Subfamily Peramelinae

[edit]
Main article: Peramelinae
Genus Isoodon – Desmarest, 1817 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Golden bandicoot

Brown bandicoot

I. auratus
(Ramsay, 1887)

Three subspecies
  • I. a. arnhemensis
  • I. a. auratus
  • I. a. barrowensis
Northwestern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 19–30 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail[23]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[24]

Diet: Insects and arachnids, as well as turtle eggs, small reptiles, and plant material[25] 		 VU 


30,000 Population declining[24]

Northern brown bandicoot

Brown bandicoot

I. macrourus
(Gould, 1842)

Two subspecies
  • I. m. macrourus
  • I. m. moresbyensis
Northern and eastern Australia and southern New Guinea (former in black)
Map of range 		Size: 30–47 cm (12–19 in) long, plus 8–22 cm (3–9 in) tail[26]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[27]

Diet: Insects, as well as lizards, birds, plant matter, and fungi[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[27]

Southern brown bandicoot

Brown bandicoot

I. obesulus
(Shaw, 1797)

Two subspecies
  • I. o. nauticus
  • I. o. obesulus
Southwestern and southeastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 28–36 cm (11–14 in) long, plus 9–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[29]

Diet: Plants, fungi, and invertebrates[30] 		 LC 


10,000–100,000 Population declining[29]

Genus Perameles – Geoffroy, 1803 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Desert bandicoot†

Brown bandicoot

P. eremiana
Spencer, 1897 		Central Australia Size: 20–43 cm (8–17 in) long, plus 7–17 cm (3–7 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[32]

Diet: Believed to be insects, as well as worms, snails, mice, lizards, and plants[31] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[32]

Eastern barred bandicoot

Brown bandicoot

P. gunnii
Gray, 1838 		Southern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 20–43 cm (8–17 in) long, plus 7–17 cm (3–7 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Grassland[33]

Diet: Insects and arachnids, as well as small vertebrates and plants[34] 		 VU 


10,000–100,000 Population declining[33]

Long-nosed bandicoot

Brown bandicoot

P. nasuta
Geoffroy, 1804 		Eastern Australia
Map of range 		Size: 20–43 cm (8–17 in) long, plus 7–17 cm (3–7 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[35]

Diet: Insects, arachnids, small vertebrates, plant roots, and fungi[36] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[35]

Western barred bandicoot

Brown bandicoot

P. bougainville
Quoy, Gaimard, 1824 		Scattered western and central Australia
Map of range 		Size: 20–43 cm (8–17 in) long, plus 7–17 cm (3–7 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[37]

Diet: Invertebrates, plants, roots, herbs, seeds, berries, and fungi, as well as small vertebrates[38] 		 VU 


1,000–5,000 Population steady[37]

Subfamily Peroryctinae

[edit]
Main article: Peroryctinae
Genus Peroryctes – Thomas, 1906 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Giant bandicoot


P. broadbenti
(Ramsay, 1879) 		Eastern New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 39–56 cm (15–22 in) long, plus 11–34 cm (4–13 in) tail[39]

Habitat: Forest[40]

Diet: Believed to be omnivorous[40] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[40]

Raffray's bandicoot

Drawing of bandicoot

P. raffrayana
(Milne-Edwards, 1878)

Two subspecies
  • P. r. raffrayana
  • P. r. rothschildi
New Guinea
Map of range 		Size: 17–39 cm (7–15 in) long, plus 11–23 cm (4–9 in) tail[39]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[41]

Diet: Insects, as well as other invertebrates, small vertebrates, and plants[42] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[41]

Thylacomyidae

[edit]
Main article: Thylacomyidae
Genus Macrotis – Reid, 1837 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Greater bilby

Gray bilby

M. lagotis
Reid, 1837 		Western and central Australia
Map of range 		Size: 29–55 cm (11–22 in) long, plus 20–29 cm (8–11 in) tail[43]

Habitat: Savanna and grassland[44]

Diet: Seeds, bulbs, invertebrates, fruit, fungi, and lizards, as well as eggs and small mammals[45] 		 VU 


9,000 Population declining[44]

Lesser bilby†

Brown bilby

M. leucura
Thomas, 1887 		Central Australia
Map of range 		Size: 20–27 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 12–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[43]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[46]

Diet: Insects, fruit, seeds, and fungi[47] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[46]

Notes

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  1. ^ Although it is not recognized as such by the IUCN, Chaeropus ecaudatus is sometimes split into the southern pig-footed bandicoot (C. ecaudatus) and northern pig-footed bandicoot (C. yirratji).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Peramelemorphia". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  2. ^ Meredith, R. W.; Westerman, M.; Springer, M. S. (2008). "A timescale and phylogeny for "Bandicoots" (Peramelemorphia: Marsupialia) based on the sequences for five nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.002. PMID 18328736.
  3. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 38–42
  4. ^ a b Nowak 2005, p. 124
  5. ^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Chaeropus ecaudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4322A21965168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4322A21965168.en.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Nowak 2005, p. 128
  7. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Salas, L.; Seri, L.; Dickman, C.; Helgen, K.; Aplin, K. (2016). "Echymipera clara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7015A21966942. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7015A21966942.en.
  8. ^ a b Tran, Nghi (2023). "Echymipera kalubu". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  9. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Echymipera kalubu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7018A21966845. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7018A21966845.en.
  10. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L. (2016). "Echymipera davidi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7017A21966774. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7017A21966774.en.
  11. ^ a b Hart, Myha (2012). "Echymipera rufescens". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  12. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; Winter, J.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Echymipera rufescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7019A21966655. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7019A21966655.en.
  13. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Echymipera echinista". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7016A21967022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7016A21967022.en.
  14. ^ Helgen, K. M.; Flannery, T. F. (2004). "A new species of bandicoot, Microperoryctes aplini, from western New Guinea". Journal of Zoology. 264: 117–124. doi:10.1017/S0952836904005667.
  15. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F. J.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L. (2019). "Microperoryctes aplini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136538A21965745. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136538A21965745.en.
  16. ^ a b c d Nowak 2018, p. 214
  17. ^ a b c Nowak 2005, p. 130
  18. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F. J.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2019). "Microperoryctes murina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T13389A21965585. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13389A21965585.en.
  19. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Microperoryctes papuensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13390A21965507. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13390A21965507.en.
  20. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F. J.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Microperoryctes longicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T84783217A21965649. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T84783217A21965649.en.
  21. ^ a b Nowak 2005, p. 129
  22. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Rhynchomeles prattorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19711A21967091. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19711A21967091.en.
  23. ^ Strahan, p. 173
  24. ^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Isoodon auratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10863A115100163. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T10863A21966258.en.
  25. ^ Norlin, Molly (2012). "Isoodon auratus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  26. ^ a b Szaura, Troy (2018). "Isoodon macrourus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  27. ^ a b Lunney, D.; Dickman, C.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Isoodon macrourus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40552A21966494. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40552A21966494.en.
  28. ^ Strahan, p. 176
  29. ^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Isoodon obesulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40553A115173603. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40553A21966368.en.
  30. ^ Blevins, Kasey (2022). "Isoodon obesulus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  31. ^ a b c d e Nowak 2005, p. 126
  32. ^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Perameles eremiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16570A21965953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16570A21965953.en.
  33. ^ a b Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A. A. (2016). "Perameles gunnii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16572A21966027. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16572A21966027.en.
  34. ^ Lancaster, Eric (2001). "Perameles gunnii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  35. ^ a b Lunney, D.; Dickman, C.; Menkhorst, P. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Perameles nasuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40554A115173969. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40554A21966169.en.
  36. ^ Adam, Ryan (2015). "Perameles nasuta". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  37. ^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Perameles bougainville". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16569A21965819. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16569A21965819.en.
  38. ^ Rochefort, Laura (2013). "Perameles bougainville". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  39. ^ a b Nowak 2018, p. 208
  40. ^ a b c Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Peroryctes broadbenti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16710A21965270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16710A21965270.en.
  41. ^ a b Leary, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Bonaccorso, F.; Helgen, K.; Seri, L.; Allison, A.; Aplin, K.; Dickman, C.; Salas, L. (2016). "Peroryctes raffrayana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16711A21965412. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16711A21965412.en.
  42. ^ Kennedy, Karen (2023). "Peroryctes raffrayana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  43. ^ a b Nowak 2005, p. 122
  44. ^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Macrotis lagotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12650A21967189. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12650A21967189.en.
  45. ^ Brown, Emily (2011). "Macrotis lagotis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  46. ^ a b Burbidge, A. A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Macrotis leucura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12651A21967376. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12651A21967376.en.
  47. ^ Singh, Angela (2001). "Macrotis leucura". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 5, 2023.

Sources

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