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Four viverrid species (clockwise from top left): the Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), the common genet (Genetta genetta), the binturong (Arctictis binturong), and the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)

Viverridae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, composed mainly of the civets and genets. A member of this family is called a viverrid. They are widespread primarily throughout Africa, India, and southeast Asia, and are found primarily in forests, shrublands, and grasslands, though some species can be found in savannas or wetlands. Most viverrids are 40 to 65 cm (16 to 26 in) long, plus a 35 to 60 cm (14 to 24 in) tail, though the West African oyan can be as small as 30 cm (12 in) plus a 35 cm (14 in) tail, and some binturongs can be up to 96 cm (38 in) plus a 89 cm (35 in) tail. Most species do not have population estimates, though three viverrids are classified as endangered, and one, the Malabar large-spotted civet, is classified as critically endangered with a population size of around 200. No viverrid species have been domesticated.

The thirty-three species of Viverridae are split into fourteen genera within four subfamilies: the three civet subfamilies Viverrinae, Hemigalinae, and Paradoxurinae, and the genet subfamily Genettinae. A fifth subfamily, Prionodontinae, was previously included in Viverridae, while the species in Genettinae were considered part of Viverrinae, but more recent genetic evidence resulted in the consensus to separate Prionodontinae into its own family and split out Genettinae into its own subfamily. Extinct species have also been placed into Viverrinae, as well as the extinct subfamily Lophocyoninae, though most extinct species have not been categorized into a subfamily. Nearly twenty extinct Viverridae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (1 species)
 EN Endangered (3 species)
 VU Vulnerable (6 species)
 NT Near threatened (3 species)
 LC Least concern (18 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (2 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the viverrid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

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The family Viverridae consists of 33 extant species belonging to 14 genera in 4 subfamilies and divided into dozens of extant subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species.

Viverridae  

Viverrids

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis. This includes the promotion of the Prionodontinae subfamily into its own family, and the moving of the Poiana and Genetta genera out of the Viverrinae subfamily into their own Genettinae subfamily. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as splitting the golden palm civet into three species or adding three additional species to Genetta, which are not included here.[1][2]

Subfamily Genettinae

[edit]
Main article: Genettinae
Genus Genetta – Cuvier, 1816 – fourteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Abyssinian genet

Drawing of brown and black viverrid

G. abyssinica
(Rüppell, 1836) 		Northeast Africa
Map of range 		Size: 40–43 cm (16–17 in) long, plus 38–41 cm (15–16 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[4]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, birds, and seeds, as well as insects and fruit[4][5] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[4]

Angolan genet

Brown and black viverrid climbing a tree

G. angolensis
Bocage, 1882 		Scattered south-central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 44–48 cm (17–19 in) long, plus 38–43 cm (15–17 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Savanna[6]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat insects, as well as fruit[6][5] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[6]

Aquatic genet

Drawing of two brown viverrids

G. piscivora
(Allen, 1919) 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 44–50 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 34–42 cm (13–17 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[7]

Diet: Primarily eats fish[7] 		 NT 


10,000 Population declining[7]

Bourlon's genet


G. bourloni
Gaubert, 2003 		West Africa
Map of range 		Size: 49–50 cm (19–20 in) long, plus 40–42 cm (16–17 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[8]

Diet: Unknown[8][5] 		 VU 


9,800 Population declining[8]

Cape genet

Brown and black viverrid

G. tigrina
(Schreber, 1776)

Two subspecies
  • G. t. methi
  • G. t. tigrina
South Africa Size: 42–58 cm (17–23 in) long, plus 38–46 cm (15–18 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[9]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats insects and small mammals[9][5] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[9]

Common genet

Brown and black viverrid

G. genetta
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Five subspecies
  • G. g. afra
  • G. g. dongolana
  • G. g. felina
  • G. g. genetta
  • G. g. senegalensis
Bands of north, central, and south Africa and parts of Arabian peninsula (green), introduced in southwest Europe (red), formerly introduced in Nile river area (black)
Map of range 		Size: 46–52 cm (18–20 in) long, plus 42–52 cm (17–20 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and rocky areas[10]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals, as well as birds, other small vertebrates, insects, and fruit[10] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[10]

Crested servaline genet

Drawing of brown and black viverrid

G. cristata
Hayman, 1940 		Northwest Africa
Map of range 		Size: 49–63 cm (19–25 in) long, plus 43 cm (17 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest[11]

Diet: Primarily eats insects, as well as small mammals, reptiles, and vegetables[11][5] 		 VU 


7,000 Population declining[11]

Giant forest genet

Drawing of brown and black viverrid

G. victoriae
Thomas, 1902 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 55–60 cm (22–24 in) long, plus 41–49 cm (16–19 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[12]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit, as well as rodents, birds, and insects[12][5] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[12]

Hausa genet

Brown and black viverrid

G. thierryi
Matschie, 1902 		West Africa
Map of range 		Size: 44–45 cm (17–18 in) long, plus 40–43 cm (16–17 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[13]

Diet: Unknown[13][5] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[13]

Johnston's genet


G. johnstoni
Pocock, 1908 		Northwest Africa
Map of range 		Size: 47–52 cm (19–20 in) long, plus 46–50 cm (18–20 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[14]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat insects[14][5] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[14]

King genet


G. poensis
Waterhouse, 1838 		Scattered parts of west Africa
Map of range 		Size: 42–68 cm (17–27 in) long, plus 35–47 cm (14–19 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest[15]

Diet: Unknown; believed to eat mammals and fruit[15] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[15]

Pardine genet

Gray and black viverrid

G. pardina
Geoffroy, 1832 		Northwest Africa
Map of range 		Size: 41–56 cm (16–22 in) long, plus 39–45 cm (15–18 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[16]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, as well as insects, fruit, birds, and other small mammals[16][5] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[16]

Rusty-spotted genet

Brown spotted viverrid

G. maculata
(Gray, 1830) 		Central and south Africa
Map of range 		Size: 41–53 cm (16–21 in) long, plus 39–54 cm (15–21 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[17]

Diet: Primarily eats invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, small birds, eggs, and small mammals, as well as fruit, seeds, and berries[17][5] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[17]

Servaline genet

Brown and black viverrid

G. servalina
Pucheran, 1855

Five subspecies
 Central africa
Map of range 		Size: 44–51 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 36–49 cm (14–19 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[18]

Diet: Primarily eats small mammals and insects, as well as snakes, birds, and fruit[18][5] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[18]

Genus Poiana – Gray, 1865 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Central African oyan

Stuffed brown and black viverrid

P. richardsonii
(Thomson, 1842)

Two subspecies
  • P. r. ochracea
  • P. r. richardsonii
Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 33–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 35–40 cm (14–16 in) tail[19]

Habitat: Forest[20]

Diet: Believed to eat small vertebrates and invertebrates[20][3] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[20]

West African oyan


P. leightoni
Pocock, 1908 		West Africa
Map of range 		Size: 30–38 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 35–40 cm (14–16 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest[21]

Diet: Believed to eat small vertebrates and invertebrates[21][3] 		 VU 


6,700-10,000 Population declining[21]

Subfamily Hemigalinae

[edit]
Main article: Hemigalinae
Genus Chrotogale – Thomas, 1912 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Owston's palm civet

Gray and black viverrid

C. owstoni
Thomas, 1912 		Southeast Asia around Vietnam
Map of range 		Size: 51–63 cm (20–25 in) long, plus 38–48 cm (15–19 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[23]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat earthworms and other invertebrates[23] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[23]

Genus Cynogale – Gray, 1837 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Otter civet

Stuffed brown and gray viverrid

C. bennettii
(Gray, 1837)

Two subspecies
  • C. b. bennettii
  • C. b. lowei
Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 57–68 cm (22–27 in) long, plus 12–21 cm (5–8 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[24]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, crabs, molluscs, small mammals, and birds[24] 		 EN 


2,500 Population declining[24]

Genus Diplogale – Thomas, 1912 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Hose's palm civet

Drawing of brown viverrid

D. hosei
Thomas, 1892 		Borneo in Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 47–54 cm (19–21 in) long, plus 29–34 cm (11–13 in) tail[25]

Habitat: Forest[26]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat small fish, shrimp, crabs, and frogs as well as insects[26] 		 VU 


9,500 Population declining[26]

Genus Hemigalus – Jourdan, 1837 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Banded palm civet

Gray and black banded viverrid

H. derbyanus
(Gray, 1837)

Four subspecies
  • H. d. boiei
  • H. d. derbyanus
  • H. d. minor
  • H. d. sipora
Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–56 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 25–36 cm (10–14 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Primarily eats insects[27] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[27]

Subfamily Paradoxurinae

[edit]
Main article: Paradoxurinae
Genus Arctictis – Temminck, 1824 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Binturong

Dark gray viverrid

A. binturong
(Raffles, 1821)

Six subspecies
  • A. b. albifrons
  • A. b. binturong
  • A. b. kerkhoveni
  • A. b. menglaensis
  • A. b. penicillatus
  • A. b. whitei (Palawan binturong)
Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 61–96 cm (24–38 in) long, plus 56–89 cm (22–35 in) tail[28]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit[29] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[29]

Genus Arctogalidia – Merriam, 1897 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Small-toothed palm civet

Dark gray viverrid

A. trivirgata
(Gray, 1832)

Fourteen subspecies
  • A. t. bancana
  • A. t. fusca
  • A. t. inornata
  • A. t. leucotis
  • A. t. macra
  • A. t. major
  • A. t. millsi
  • A. t. minor
  • A. t. simplex
  • A. t. stigmaticus
  • A. t. sumatrana
  • A. t. tingia
  • A. t. trilineata
  • A. t. trivirgata
Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 44–60 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 48–66 cm (19–26 in) tail[30]

Habitat: Forest[31]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit[31] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[31]

Genus Macrogalidia – Schwarz, 1910 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Sulawesi palm civet

Drawing of brown viverrids

M. musschenbroekii
(Schlegel, 1877) 		Sulawesi island in Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 65–72 cm (26–28 in) long, plus 44–54 cm (17–21 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[32]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents and palm fruit, as well as other small mammals, birds, fruit, and grass[32] 		 VU 


9,000 Population declining[32]

Genus Paguma – Gray, 1831 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Masked palm civet

Gray viverrid

P. larvata
(H. Smith, 1827)

Sixteen subspecies
  • P. l. chichingensis
  • P. l. grayi
  • P. l. hainana
  • P. l. intrudens
  • P. l. janetta
  • P. l. jourdanii
  • P. l. lanigera
  • P. l. larvata
  • P. l. leucomystax
  • P. l. neglecta
  • P. l. nigriceps
  • P. l. ogilbyi
  • P. l. robusta
  • P. l. taivana
  • P. l. tytlerii
  • P. l. wroughtoni
East and southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 50–76 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 50–64 cm (20–25 in) tail[33]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[34]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit[34] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[34]

Genus Paradoxurus – F. Cuvier, 1821 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Asian palm civet

Gray viverrid

P. hermaphroditus
(Pallas, 1777)

30 subspecies
  • P. h. balicus
  • P. h. bondar
  • P. h. canescens
  • P. h. canus
  • P. h. cochinensis
  • P. h. dongfangensis
  • P. h. enganus
  • P. h. exitus
  • P. h. hermaphroditus
  • P. h. javanica
  • P. h. kangeanus
  • P. h. laotum
  • P. h. lignicolor
  • P. h. milleri
  • P. h. minor
  • P. h. musanga
  • P. h. nictitans
  • P. h. pallasii
  • P. h. pallens
  • P. h. parvus
  • P. h. philippinensis
  • P. h. pugnax
  • P. h. pulcher
  • P. h. sacer
  • P. h. scindiae
  • P. h. senex
  • P. h. setosus
  • P. h. simplex
  • P. h. sumbanus
  • P. h. vellerosus
South and southeast Asia (green), introduced (red)
Map of range 		Size: 47–57 cm (19–22 in) long, plus 47–56 cm (19–22 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[36]

Diet: Primarily eats rats and fruit, as well as insects and molluscs[36] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[36]

Brown palm civet

Drawing of brown viverrid

P. jerdoni
Blanford, 1885

Two subspecies
  • P. j. caniscus
  • P. j. jerdoni
Southwest India
Map of range 		Size: 43–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 38–53 cm (15–21 in) tail[37]

Habitat: Forest[38]

Diet: Primarily eats fruit, as well as birds, rodents, and insects[38] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[38]

Golden palm civet

Brown viverrid

P. zeylonensis
(Schreber, 1778) 		Sri Lanka
Map of range 		Size: 50–58 cm (20–23 in) long, plus 43–53 cm (17–21 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[39]

Diet: Primarily eats berries, fruits, and invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates[39] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[39]

Subfamily Viverrinae

[edit]
Main article: Viverrinae
Genus Civettictis – Pocock, 1915 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
African civet

Brown and black viverrid

C. civetta
(Schreber, 1776)

Six subspecies
  • C. c. australis
  • C. c. civetta
  • C. c. congica
  • C. c. pauli
  • C. c. schwarzi
  • C. c. volkmanni
Central and south Africa
Map of range 		Size: 60–92 cm (24–36 in) long, plus 43–61 cm (17–24 in) tail[40]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[41]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit[41] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[41]

Genus Viverra – Linnaeus, 1758 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Large-spotted civet

Drawing of brown and black viverrid

V. megaspila
Blyth, 1862 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 77–90 cm (30–35 in) long, plus 32–40 cm (13–16 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands[42]

Diet: Primarily eats birds, frogs, snakes, small mammals, eggs, crabs, fish, fruit, and roots[35][42] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[42]

Large Indian civet

Brown and black viverrid

V. zibetha
Linnaeus, 1758

Five subspecies
  • V. z. ashtoni
  • V. z. hainana
  • V. z. picta
  • V. z. pruinosus
  • V. z. zibetha
Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 50–95 cm (20–37 in) long, plus 38–59 cm (15–23 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[43]

Diet: Primarily eats fish, birds, lizards, frogs, insects, arthropods, and crabs, as well as poultry and rubbish[43] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[43]

Malabar large-spotted civet

Stuffed gray viverrid

V. civettina
Blyth, 1862 		Southwest India
Map of range 		Size: 76 cm (30 in) long, plus 33 cm (13 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[45]

Diet: Unknown[45] 		 CR 


200 Population declining[45]

Malayan civet

Brown and black viverrid

V. tangalunga
Gray, 1832

Two subspecies
  • V. t. lankavensis
  • V. t. tangalunga
Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 58–95 cm (23–37 in) long, plus 30–49 cm (12–19 in) tail[46]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[47]

Diet: Omnivorous[47] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[47]

Genus Viverricula – Hodgson, 1838 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Small Indian civet

Brown and black viverrid

V. indica
(Desmarest, 1804)

Twelve subspecies
  • V. i. atchinensis
  • V. i. baliensis
  • V. i. baptistae
  • V. i. deserti
  • V. i. indica
  • V. i. klossi
  • V. i. mayori
  • V. i. muriavensis
  • V. i. pallida
  • V. i. schlegelii
  • V. i. thai
  • V. i. wellsi
South and southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–63 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 30–43 cm (12–17 in) tail[48]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[49]

Diet: Primarily eats rodents, birds, snakes, fruit, roots, carrion, and insects[49] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[49]

References

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  1. ^ Groves, C. P.; Rajapaksha, C.; Manemandra-Arachchi, K. (2009). "The taxonomy of the endemic golden palm civet of Sri Lanka" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 155: 238–251. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00451.x.
  2. ^ Gaubert, P.; Taylor, P. J.; Veron, G. (2005). "Integrative taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics of the genets (Carnivora, Viverridae, Genetta): a new classification of the most speciose carnivoran genus in Africa" (PDF). In Huber, B. A.; Sinclair, B. J.; Lampe, K. H. (eds.). African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Tropical Biology, Museum König, Bonn. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 371–383.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hunter, Luke; Barrett, Priscilla (2020). Field Guide to Carnivores of the World (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 82, 90–96. ISBN 978-1-4729-8267-4.
  4. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Duckworth, J. W.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta abyssinica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8994A45198149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8994A45198149.en.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Van Rompaey, H.; Colyn, M. (2014). Kingdon, J.; Hoffmann, M. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. V. Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 218–248. ISBN 978-1-4081-8994-8.
  6. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Fischer, C.; Hausser, Y.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta angolensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41696A45218468. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41696A45218468.en.
  7. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta piscivora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15628A45201673. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15628A45201673.en.
  8. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Greengrass, E. J.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta bourloni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136223A45220931. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136223A45220931.en.
  9. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta tigrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41702A45219459. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41702A45219459.en.
  10. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Carvalho, F.; Camps, D.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta genetta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41698A45218636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41698A45218636.en.
  11. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T8998A45198406. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8998A45198406.en.
  12. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Dinets, V.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta victoriae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41703A45219531. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41703A45219531.en.
  13. ^ a b c Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta thierryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41701A45219325. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41701A45219325.en.
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