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List of scandentians

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Brown treeshrew on a branch
Horsfield's treeshrew (Tupaia javanica)

Scandentia is an order of small mammals. Members of this order are called scandentians, or treeshrews. They are primarily found in Southeast Asia, with the Madras treeshrew instead in mainland India. They range in size from the Bornean smooth-tailed treeshrew, at 11 cm (4 in) plus a 9 cm (4 in) tail, to the striped treeshrew, at 23 cm (9 in) plus a 13 cm (5 in) tail. They generally live in forests, and primarily eat insects and fruit. No population estimates have been made for any scandentian species, though the Nicobar treeshrew is categorized as endangered.

The twenty-three extant species of Scandentia are grouped into two families: Tupaiidae, which contains twenty-two species within three genera, and Ptilocercidae, which contains a single species, the pen-tailed treeshrew. Only a few extinct scandentian species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (1 species)
 VU Vulnerable (1 species)
 NT Near threatened (0 species)
 LC Least concern (15 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (6 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the scandentian's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

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The order Scandentia consists of two families: Tupaiidae, which contains twenty-two species within three genera, and Ptilocercidae, which contains a single species. Many of these species are further subdivided into subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species.

Family Ptilocercidae

Family Tupaiidae

  • Genus Anathana (Madras treeshrew): one species
  • Genus Dendrogale (smooth-tailed treeshrews): two species
  • Genus Tupaia (treeshrews): nineteen species
Scandentia  

Scandentians

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.[2]

Family Ptilocercidae

[edit]
Genus Ptilocercus Gray, 1848 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Pen-tailed treeshrew

Drawing of brown treeshrew

P. lowii
Gray, 1848

Two subspecies
  • P. l. continentis
  • P. l. lowii
Southeast Asia
Map of range
Size: 13–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 16–19 cm (6–7 in) tail[3]

Habitat: Forest[4]

Diet: Insects and fruit[3]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[4]

Family Tupaiidae

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Genus Anathana Lyon, 1913 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Madras treeshrew

Brown treeshrew

A. ellioti
(Waterhouse, 1850)
India
Map of range
Size: 16–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 16–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[6]

Diet: Insects, other invertebrates, and fruit[5]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[6]

Genus Dendrogale Gray, 1848 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean smooth-tailed treeshrew


D. melanura
(Thomas, 1892)

Two subspecies
  • D. m. baluensis
  • D. m. melanura
Northern Borneo
Map of range
Size: 11–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 9–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[7]

Habitat: Forest[8]

Diet: Fruit and insects[9]
 DD 


Unknown Population declining[8]

Northern smooth-tailed treeshrew

Brown treeshrew

D. murina
(Schlegel, Müller, 1843)
Mainland Southeast Asia
Map of range
Size: About 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 4–5 cm (2 in) tail[10]

Habitat: Forest[11]

Diet: Fruit, arthropods, and small vertebrates[10]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[11]

Genus Tupaia Raffles, 1821 – nineteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bangka Island treeshrew


T. discolor
Lyon, 1906
Bangka Island, Indonesia Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Unknown[13]

Diet: Fruit and insects[14]
 DD 


Unknown Unknown[13]

Common treeshrew

Gray/brown treeshrew

T. glis
(Diard, 1820)
Southeast Asia
Map of range
Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest[15]

Diet: Insects, other arthropods, and fruit[12]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[15]

Golden-bellied treeshrew


T. chrysogaster
Miller, 1903
Mentawai Islands, Indonesia
Map of range
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest[17]

Diet: Fruit and insects[14]
 VU 


Unknown Unknown[17]

Horsfield's treeshrew

Brown treeshrew

T. javanica
Horsfield, 1822
Western Indonesia
Map of range
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest[18]

Diet: Fruit and insects[14]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[18]

Javan treeshrew


T. hypochrysa
Thomas, 1895
Java, Indonesia Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Unknown[19]

Diet: Fruit and insects[14]
 DD 


Unknown Unknown[19]

Kalimantan treeshrew


T. salatana
Lyon, 1913
Southern Borneo, Indonesia Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest[20]

Diet: Termites and ants[20]
 DD 


Unknown Unknown[20]

Large treeshrew

Stuffed brown treeshrew

T. tana
Raffles, 1821

Fifteen subspecies
  • T. t. banguei
  • T. t. besara
  • T. t. bunoae
  • T. t. cervicalis
  • T. t. chrysura
  • T. t. kelabit
  • T. t. kretami
  • T. t. lingae
  • T. t. masae
  • T. t. nitida
  • T. t. paitana
  • T. t. sirhassenensis
  • T. t. speciosa
  • T. t. tana
  • T. t. utara
Southeast Asia
Map of range
Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest[21]

Diet: Insects and other invertebrates, as well as fruit[22]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[21]

Long-footed treeshrew

Stuffed brown treeshrew

T. longipes
Thomas, 1893
Borneo
Map of range
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest[23]

Diet: Fruit and insects[14]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[23]

Mindanao treeshrew


T. everetti
Thomas, 1892
Mindanao, Philippines
Map of range
Size: 17–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 11–18 cm (4–7 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest[25]

Diet: Small animals, insects, fruit, vegetables, and eggs[24]
 LC 


Unknown Population steady[25]

Mountain treeshrew


T. montana
Thomas, 1892

Two subspecies
  • T. m. baluensis
  • T. m. montana
Northern Borneo
Map of range
Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail[26]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Omnivorous[28]
 LC 


Unknown Unknown[27]

Nicobar treeshrew

Gray and brown treeshrew

T. nicobarica
(Zelebor, 1869)

Two subspecies
  • T. n. nicobarica
  • T. n. surda
Nicobar Islands, India
Map of range
Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail[29]

Habitat: Forest[30]

Diet: Insects as well as fruit[14]
 EN 


Unknown Population declining[30]

Northern treeshrew

Gray and brown treeshrew

T. belangeri
(Wagner, 1841)

Two subspecies
  • T. b. belangeri
  • T. b. chinensis
Southeast Asia
Map of range
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[32]

Diet: Insects as well as fruit[31]
 LC 


Unknown Population steady[32]

Painted treeshrew

Red and brown treeshrew

T. picta
Thomas, 1892

Two subspecies
  • T. p. fuscior
  • T. p. picta
Borneo
Map of range
Size: About 21 cm (8 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail[33]

Habitat: Forest[34]

Diet: Fruit and insects[14]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[34]

Palawan treeshrew


T. palawanensis
Thomas, 1894
Palawan, Philippines
Map of range
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest[35]

Diet: Insects and fruit[28]
 LC 


Unknown Population steady[35]

Pygmy treeshrew

Two stuffed brown treeshrews

T. minor
Günther, 1876

Four subspecies
  • T. m. humeralis
  • T. m. malaccana
  • T. m. minor
  • T. m. sincipis
Southeast Asia
Map of range
Size: 11–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 13–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[36]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Small animals, fruit leaves, seeds, and carrion[36]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[37]

Ruddy treeshrew

Drawing of brown treeshrew

T. splendidula
Gray, 1865

Five subspecies
  • T. s. carimatae
  • T. s. lucida
  • T. s. natunae
  • T. s. riabus
  • T. s. splendidula
Southern Borneo
Map of range
Size: About 18 cm (7 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail[33]

Habitat: Forest[38]

Diet: Fruit and insects[14]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[38]

Slender treeshrew


T. gracilis
Thomas, 1893

Three subspecies
  • T. g. edarata
  • T. g. gracilis
  • T. g. inflata
Borneo and nearby islands
Map of range
Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest[39]

Diet: Fruit and insects[14]
 LC 


Unknown Population declining[39]

Striped treeshrew

Drawing of brown treeshrew

T. dorsalis
Schlegel, 1857
Borneo
Map of range
Size: 14–23 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 10–13 cm (4–5 in) tail[40]

Habitat: Forest[41]

Diet: Insects, fruit, seeds, and leaves[40]
 DD 


Unknown Population declining[41]

Sumatran treeshrew


T. ferruginea
Raffles, 1821
Sumatra and Tanahbala, Indonesia Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Unknown[42]

Diet: Fruit and insects[14]
 DD 


Unknown Unknown[42]

References

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  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Scandentia". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  2. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 104–109
  3. ^ a b Askay, Sean (2000). "Ptilocercus lowii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  4. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Ptilocercus lowii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41491A22278277. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41491A22278277.en.
  5. ^ a b Bora, Suhani (2002). "Anathana ellioti". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  6. ^ a b Molur, S. (2016). "Anathana ellioti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T39593A22278758. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T39593A22278758.en.
  7. ^ Bernuetz, Madeline (2015). "Dendrogale melanura". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  8. ^ a b Gerrie, R.; Kennerley, R. (2019). "Dendrogale melanura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6405A22278427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T6405A22278427.en.
  9. ^ Hutchins, Kleiman, Geist, McDade, Trumpey, p. 294
  10. ^ a b Kyle, James (2002). "Dendrogale murina". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  11. ^ a b Timmins, R. J. (2016). "Dendrogale murina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41490A22278606. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41490A22278606.en.
  12. ^ a b c d e Francis, p. 48
  13. ^ a b Sargis, E.; Kennerley, R. (2019). "Tupaia discolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T111873499A111873502. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T111873499A111873502.en.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Selig, K. R.; Sargis, E. J.; Silcox, M. T. (2019). "The frugivorous insectivores? Functional morphological analysis of molar topography for inferring diet in extant treeshrews (Scandentia)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (6): 1901–1917. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz151.
  15. ^ a b Sargis, E.; Kennerley, R. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Tupaia glis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T111872341A123796056. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T111872341A111872390.en.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Hubrecht, Kirkwood, eds.; Fuchs, Corbach-Söhle, p. 263
  17. ^ a b Sargis, E.; Kennerley, R. (2018). "Tupaia chrysogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22446A111870274. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T22446A111870274.en.
  18. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia javanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41496A22280464. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41496A22280464.en.
  19. ^ a b Sargis, E.; Kennerley, R. (2020) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Tupaia hypochrysa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T111873049A166528096. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T111873049A166528096.en.
  20. ^ a b c Kennerley, R.; Sargis, E. (2017). "Tupaia salatana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T111871663A111871718. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T111871663A111871718.en.
  21. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia tana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41501A22279356. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41501A22279356.en.
  22. ^ Miller, Emmeline (2007). "Tupaia tana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  23. ^ a b Sargis, E.; Kennerley, R. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Tupaia longipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T111871214A123798768. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T111871214A111871245.en.
  24. ^ a b Pietryga, Jason (2002). "Urogale everetti". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  25. ^ a b Kennerley, R. (2019). "Tupaia everetti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22784A130877829. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T22784A130877829.en.
  26. ^ Phillipps, p. 146
  27. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia montana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41498A22279521. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41498A22279521.en.
  28. ^ a b Stone, p. 64
  29. ^ Oommen, M. A.; Shanker, K. (2008). "Ecology and Behavior of an Endemic Treeshrew Tupaia nicobarica Zelebor 1869 on Great Nicobar Island, India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 105 (1): 55–63.
  30. ^ a b Laginha Pinto Correia, D.; Kennerley, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tupaia nicobarica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22454A115166757. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22454A22279002.en.
  31. ^ a b Lowther, Teagan (2013). "Tupaia belangeri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  32. ^ a b Han, K. H; Duckworth, J. W.; Molur, S. (2016). "Tupaia belangeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41492A22280884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41492A22280884.en.
  33. ^ a b Phillipps, p. 148
  34. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia picta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41499A22279973. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41499A22279973.en.
  35. ^ a b Kennerley, R. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Tupaia palawanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T110678346A123808057.
  36. ^ a b Burnie, p. 133
  37. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41497A22279656. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41497A22279656.en.
  38. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia splendidula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41500A22279827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41500A22279827.en.
  39. ^ a b Han, K. H.; Stuebing, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tupaia gracilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41495A115189017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41495A22280735.en.
  40. ^ a b Miller, Melissa (2019). "Tupaia dorsalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  41. ^ a b Gerrie, R.; Kennerley, R. (2019). "Tupaia dorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41493A22280298. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41493A22280298.en.
  42. ^ a b Sargis, E.; Kennerley, R. (2020) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Tupaia ferruginea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T111873543A166528436. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T111873543A166528436.en.

Sources

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